PSY 7864 Capella University Data Analysis & Application Template Research Paper Discussion

Question Description
INSTRUCTIONS
Complete the following for this assignment:

You will complete this assignment using the Data Analysis and Application template (DAA Template [DOC]).
Refer to IBM SPSS Step-by-Step Guide: One-Way ANOVA [DOC] for additional information on using SPSS for this assignment.
If necessary, review the Copy/Export Output Instructions [HTML] to refresh your memory on how to perform these tasks. Your submission should be in narrative format with supporting statistical output (table and graphs) integrated into the narrative in the appropriate places (not all at the end of the document).
As you work on this assignment, you may find the Data Set Instructions [DOC] helpful.
You will analyze the correlations among the following variables in the grades.sav data set:

section.
quiz3.
Step 1: Write Section 1 of the DAA: The Data Analysis Plan.

Briefly describe the goal of your analysis.
State your research question, null, and alternate hypothesis.
Specify the variables used in this analysis (predictor, outcome) and the scale of measurement of each variable.
State the sample size (N) and the alpha level you will use (.05 unless otherwise specified).
Explain why the analysis is a good choice based on the nature of your variables.
Step 2: Write Section 2 of the DAA: Testing Assumptions.

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Articulate and test the assumptions of ANOVA.
Paste the SPSS histogram output for quiz3 and discuss your visual interpretations.
Paste SPSS descriptives output showing skewness and kurtosis values for quiz3 and interpret them.
Paste the SPSS descriptives output showing skewness and kurtosis values for quiz3 and interpret them.
Paste the SPSS output for the Shapiro-Wilk test of quiz3 and interpret it.
Report the results of the Levene test and interpret it.
Explain whether the assumptions of ANOVA are met. If assumptions are not met, discuss how to ameliorate violations of the assumptions. PSY 7864 Capella University Data Analysis & Application Template Research Paper Discussion
Step 3: Write Section 3 of the DAA: Results and Interpretation.

Paste the SPSS output of the means plot and provide an interpretation.
Also report the means and standard deviations of quiz3 for each level of the section variable.
Paste the SPSS ANOVA output and report the results of the F test. Include the following
Degrees of freedom.
F value.
p value.
Calculated effect size.
Interpretation of the effect size.
Finally, if the omnibus F is significant, provide the SPSS post-hoc (Tukey HSD) output.
Interpret the post-hoc tests.
Interpret statistical results against the null hypothesis and state whether it is accepted or rejected.
Step 4: Write Section 4 of the DAA: Statistical Conclusions.

Provide a brief summary of your analysis and the conclusions drawn.
Analyze the limitations of the statistical test.
Provide any possible alternate explanations for the findings and potential areas for future exploration.
Step 5: Write Section 5 of the DAA: Application.

Analyze how you might use this statistical approach in your field and what the potential implications would be.
Submit your DAA template as an attached Word document in the assignment area.

READINGS
Read about how to apply your knowledge of ANOVA and run some analyses in SPSS.

George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 25 step by step: A simple guide and reference (15th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Chapter 12, pages 159–168, describes how to run an ANOVA in SPSS.
Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS: North American edition (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Review Chapter 12’s information on post hoc procedures and output from one-way ANOVAs to help you with your assignment.
The 7864 Course Study Guide [PDF] highlights content to focus on as you read and absorb the materials. You may also find some additional articles with direct relevance to your field here.

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IBM SPSS Step-by-Step Guide: One-Way ANOVA
Note: This guide is an example of creating ANOVA output in SPSS with the grades.sav file. The variables shown in this guide do not correspond with the actual variables assigned in Unit 10 Assignment 1. Carefully follow the instructions in the assignment for a list of assigned variables. Screen shots were created with SPSS 21.0.
Creating One-Way ANOVA Output
To complete Section 2 of the DAA for Unit 10 Assignment 1, you will generate SPSS output for a histogram, descriptive statistics, and the Shapiro-Wilk test, which are covered in previous step-by-step guides. The Levene test (homogeneity of variance) is covered in the steps below.
Refer to the Unit 10 assignment instructions for a list of assigned variables. The example variables year and final are shown below.
Step 1. Open grades.sav in SPSS.

Step 2. On the Analyze menu, point to Compare Means and click One-Way ANOVA…

Step 3. In the One-Way ANOVA dialog box:
• Move the assigned dependent variable into the Dependent List box.
• Move the assigned independent variable into the Factor box. The examples of final and year are shown below. PSY 7864 Capella University Data Analysis & Application Template Research Paper Discussion

• Click the Options button.

Step 4. In the One-Way ANOVA: Options dialog box:
• Select Homogeneity of variance test (for the Levene test for Section 2 of the DAA).
• Select Descriptive and Means Plot (for Section 4 of the DAA).
• Click Continue.

• Return to the One-Way ANOVA dialog box and select the Post Hoc button.
Step 5. In the One-Way ANOVA: Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons dialog box:
• Check the Tukey option for multiple comparisons.
• Click Continue and OK.

Interpreting One-Way ANOVA Output
A string of ANOVA output will appear in SPSS. (The output below is for the example variable final.)
Step 1. Copy the Levene test output from SPSS and paste it into Section 2 of the DAA Template. Then interpret it for the homogeneity of variance assumption.

Test of Homogeneity of Variances
final
Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
.866 3 101 .462
Step 2. Copy the means plot, paste it into Section 4 of the DAA Template, and interpret it.

Step 3. Copy the descriptives output. Paste it into Section 4 along with the report of means and standard deviations of the dependent variable at each level of the independent variable.
Descriptives
final
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Frosh 3 59.33 5.859 3.383 44.78 73.89 55 66
Soph 19 62.42 6.628 1.520 59.23 65.62 48 72
Junior 64 61.47 8.478 1.060 59.35 63.59 40 75
Senior 19 60.89 7.951 1.824 57.06 64.73 43 74
Total 105 61.48 7.943 .775 59.94 63.01 40 75

Step 4. Copy the ANOVA output, paste it into Section 4, and interpret it.
ANOVA
final
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 37.165 3 12.388 .192 .902
Within Groups 6525.025 101 64.604
Total 6562.190 104
Step 5. Finally, if the overall ANOVA is significant, copy the post hoc output, paste it into Section 4, and interpret it. PSY 7864 Capella University Data Analysis & Application Template Research Paper

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Discussion
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: final
Tukey HSD
(I) Year in school (J) Year in school Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Frosh Soph -3.088 4.993 .926 -16.13 9.96
Junior -2.135 4.748 .970 -14.54 10.27
Senior -1.561 4.993 .989 -14.61 11.48
Soph Frosh 3.088 4.993 .926 -9.96 16.13
Junior .952 2.100 .969 -4.53 6.44
Senior 1.526 2.608 .936 -5.29 8.34
Junior Frosh 2.135 4.748 .970 -10.27 14.54
Soph -.952 2.100 .969 -6.44 4.53
Senior .574 2.100 .993 -4.91 6.06
Senior Frosh 1.561 4.993 .989 -11.48 14.61
Soph -1.526 2.608 .936 -8.34 5.29
Junior -.574 2.100 .993 -6.06 4.91

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Data Set Instructions
The grades.sav file is a sample SPSS data set. The fictional data represent a teacher’s recording of student demographics and performance on quizzes and a final exam across three sections of the course. Each section consists of about 35 students (N = 105).
Last week, you converted grades2.dat to grades.sav. There are 21 variables in grades.sav. Open your grades.sav file and go to the Variable View tab. Make sure you have the following values and scales of measurement assigned.
SPSS variable Definition Values Scale of measurement
id Student identification number Nominal
lastname Student last name Nominal
firstname Student first name Nominal
gender Student gender 1 = female; 2 = male Nominal
ethnicity Student ethnicity 1 = Native; 2 = Asian; 3 = Black;
4 = White; 5 = Hispanic Nominal
year Class rank 1 = freshman; 2 = sophomore;
3 = junior; 4 = senior Scale
lowup Lower or upper division 1 = lower; 2 = upper Ordinal
section Class section Nominal
gpa Previous grade point average Scale
extcr Did extra credit project? 1 = no; 2 = yes Nominal
review Attended review sessions? 1 = no; 2 = yes Nominal
quiz1 Quiz 1: number of correct answers Scale
quiz2 Quiz 2: number of correct answers Scale
quiz3 Quiz 3: number of correct answers Scale
quiz4 Quiz 4: number of correct answers Scale
quiz5 Quiz 5: number of correct answers Scale
final Final exam: number of correct answers Scale
total Total number of points earned Scale
percent Final percent Scale
grade Final grade Nominal
passfail Passed or failed the course? Nominal

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Data Analysis & Application Template
Learner Name
Capella University

Data Analysis and Application (DAA) Template
Use this file for all assignments that require the DAA Template. Although the statistical tests will change from week to week, the basic organization and structure of the DAA remains the same. Update the title of the template and the running head. All should be written in narrative form (delete numbered lists).
Data Analysis Plan (1 Paragraph)
1. Briefly describe the goal of your analysis.
2. State your research question, null and alternate hypothesis.
3. Specify the independent and dependent variables used in this analysis and the scale of measurement of each variable.
4. State the sample size (N) and the alpha level you will use (.05 unless otherwise specified).
5. Explain why the analysis is a good choice based on the nature of your variables.
Testing Assumptions (1-2 Paragraphs)
1. Articulate the assumptions of the statistical test.
2. Paste the SPSS output from analyses that test those assumptions and interpret them. Each pasted SPSS table or figure should be accompanied by an interpretation (that is, immediately above or below) where the output appears.
3. Summarize whether or not the assumptions are met. If assumptions are not met, discuss how to ameliorate violations of the assumptions.
Results & Interpretation (1-2 paragraphs)
1. Paste the SPSS output from you main inferential statistic(s). Each pasted SPSS table or figure should be accompanied by a statement summarizing the main finding in text form and an interpretation of that result. Be sure to include effect sizes.
2. Interpret statistical results against the null hypothesis and state whether it is accepted or rejected. PSY 7864 Capella University Data Analysis & Application Template Research Paper Discussion
Statistical Conclusions (1 paragraph)
1. Provide a brief summary of your analysis and the conclusions drawn.
2. Analyze the limitations of the statistical test.
3. Provide any possible alternate explanations for the findings and potential areas for future exploration.
Application (1 paragraph)
1. Think of your own field of study. Describe how this type of analysis might be used in your field.
2. Analyze what the value and potential implication of such an analysis would be.

References
Provide references in proper APA Style if necessary.

PSY 7864 Capella University Data Analysis & Application Template Research Paper Discussion