How do you know if you are burning predominantly fat versus carbohydrate?

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1. What are the two scenarios/environments in which prolonged exercise does not lead to a steady state?
2. Explain the process of using an incremental exercise test to measure VO2 max.
a. What physiological characteristics influence your VO2 max capabilities?
3. What is lactate threshold?
a- How does this threshold differ between trained and untrained?
b- What mechanisms lead to the lactate threshold?
4. What is the Respiratory Exchange Ratio and what does it tell us?
How do you know if you are burning predominantly fat versus carbohydrate?