NURS 6521: Advanced Pharmacology

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NURS 6521: Advanced Pharmacology

Module 1: Foundational Concepts of Advanced Pharmacology

What’s Happening This Module?

This course is composed of eight (8) separate modules. Each module consists of an overarching topic in which each week within the module includes specific subtopics for learning. As you work through each module, you will have an opportunity to draw upon the knowledge you gain in various discussion and assignment components which will be due throughout each of the modules NURS 6521: Advanced Pharmacology.

Module 1: Basic Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts/Ethical and Legal Aspects of Prescribing is a one-week module. In Week 1 of the course, you will examine how patient factors may influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of pharmacotherapeutics. You will also examine the ethical and legal implications of prescribing drugs, as well as advanced practice nurse strategies in guiding prescription drug decision-making.

What do I have to do? When do I have to do it?
Review your Learning Resources Days 1-7 Week 1
Discussion: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Post by Day 3 of Week 1, and respond to your colleagues by Day 6 of Week 1.
Assignment: Ethical and Legal Implications of Prescribing Drugs Submit your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 1.

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Go to the Week’s Content

Week 1

Week 1: Basic Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts/Ethical and Legal Aspects of Prescribing

How do beta-blockers work? What exactly do antibiotics do to the bacteria they target? What effects does an anti-depressant have on blood flow?

Questions like these are related to the underlying pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of pharmacotherapeutics. As an advanced practice nurse, understanding these fundamental pharmacotherapeutic concepts is important to ensure that the prescription drugs you recommend for your patients will be safe and effective to treat and/or manage their symptoms. Additionally, as the advanced practice nurse, it is your responsibility to ensure that when prescribing prescription drugs, you adhere to the ethical and legal principles set forth for prescribing drugs as an added layer of protection and safety for the patients you will treat NURS 6521: Advanced Pharmacology.

This week, you will analyze factors that may influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics processes of a patient and assess the details of a personalized plan of care that you develop based on influencing factors and patient history. You will also evaluate and analyze ethical and legal implications and practices related to prescribing drugs, including disclosure and nondisclosure, and analyze the process of writing prescriptions to avoid medication errors. NURS 6521: Advanced Pharmacology

Learning Objectives

Students will:

  • Analyze factors that influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in patients
  • Assess patient factors and history to develop personalized plans of care
  • Evaluate ethical and legal implications related to prescribing drugs
  • Analyze ethical and legal practices of prescribing drugs
  • NURS 6521: Advanced Pharmacology
  • Analyze strategies to address disclosure and nondisclosure
  • Justify advanced practice nurse strategies to guide prescription drug decision-making
  • Analyze the process of writing prescriptions to avoid medication errors

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Discussion: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

As an advanced practice nurse assisting physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders, it is important to not only understand the impact of disorders on the body, but also the impact of drug treatments on the body. The relationships between drugs and the body can be described by pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. NURS 6521: Advanced Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to the drug through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, whereas pharmacodynamics describes what the drug does to the body.

Photo Credit: Getty Images/Ingram Publishing

When selecting drugs and determining dosages for patients, it is essential to consider individual patient factors that might impact the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. These patient factors include genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, behavior (i.e., diet, nutrition, smoking, alcohol, illicit drug abuse), and/or pathophysiological changes due to disease.

For this Discussion, you reflect on a case from your past clinical experiences and consider how a patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes may alter his or her response to a drug NURS 6521: Advanced Pharmacology.

To Prepare
  • Review the Resources for this module and consider the principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
  • Reflect on your experiences, observations, and/or clinical practices from the last 5 years and think about how pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors altered his or her anticipated response to a drug.
  • Consider factors that might have influenced the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes, such as genetics (including pharmacogenetics), gender, ethnicity, age, behavior, and/or possible pathophysiological changes due to disease.
  • Think about a personalized plan of care based on these influencing factors and patient history in your case study.
By Day 3 of Week 1

Post a description of the patient case from your experiences, observations, and/or clinical practice from the last 5 years. Then, describe factors that might have influenced pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of the patient you identified. Finally, explain details of the personalized plan of care that you would develop based on influencing factors and patient history in your case. Be specific and provide examples NURS 6521: Advanced Pharmacology.

By Day 6 of Week 1

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses and respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days by suggesting additional patient factors that might have interfered with the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of the patients they described. In addition, suggest how the personalized plan of care might change if the age of the patient were different and/or if the patient had a comorbid condition, such as renal failure, heart failure, or liver failure. NURS 6521: Advanced Pharmacology

Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the “Post to Discussion Question” link, and then select “Create Thread” to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on Submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and you cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on Submit! NURS 6521: Advanced Pharmacology

Submission and Grading Information

Grading Criteria

To access your rubric:

Week 1 Discussion Rubric

Post by Day 3 of Week 1 and Respond by Day 6 of Week 1

To Participate in this Discussion:

Week 1 Discussion

Assignment: Ethical and Legal Implications of Prescribing Drugs

What type of drug should you prescribe based on your patient’s diagnosis? How much of the drug should the patient receive? How often should the drug be administered? When should the drug not be prescribed? Are there individual patient factors that could create complications when taking the drug? Should you be prescribing drugs to this patient? How might different state regulations affect the prescribing of this drug to this patient?

These are some of the questions you might consider when selecting a treatment plan for a patient.

As an advanced practice nurse prescribing drugs, you are held accountable for people’s lives every day. Patients and their families will often place trust in you because of your position. With this trust comes power and responsibility, as well as an ethical and legal obligation to “do no harm.” It is important that you are aware of current professional, legal, and ethical standards for advanced practice nurses with prescriptive authority. Additionally, it is important to ensure that the treatment plans and administration/prescribing of drugs is in accordance with the regulations of the state in which you practice. Understanding how these regulations may affect the prescribing of certain drugs in different states may have a significant impact on your patient’s treatment plan. In this NURS 6521: Advanced Pharmacology Assignment, you explore ethical and legal implications of scenarios and consider how to appropriately respond.

To Prepare
  • Review the Resources for this module and consider the legal and ethical implications of prescribing prescription drugs, disclosure, and nondisclosure.
  • Review the scenario assigned by your Instructor for this Assignment.
  • Search specific laws and standards for prescribing prescription drugs and for addressing medication errors for your state or region, and reflect on these as you review the scenario assigned by your Instructor.
  • Consider the ethical and legal implications of the scenario for all stakeholders involved, such as the prescriber, pharmacist, patient, and patient’s family NURS 6521: Advanced Pharmacology.
  • Think about two strategies that you, as an advanced practice nurse, would use to guide your ethically and legally responsible decision-making in this scenario, including whether you would disclose any medication errors.
By Day 7 of Week 1

Write a 2- to 3-page paper that addresses the following:

  • Explain the ethical and legal implications of the scenario you selected on all stakeholders involved, such as the prescriber, pharmacist, patient, and patient’s family.
  • Describe strategies to address disclosure and nondisclosure as identified in the scenario you selected. Be sure to reference laws specific to your state NURS 6521: Advanced Pharmacology.
  • Explain two strategies that you, as an advanced practice nurse, would use to guide your decision making in this scenario, including whether you would disclose your error. Be sure to justify your explanation.
  • Explain the process of writing prescriptions, including strategies to minimize medication errors. NURS 6521: Advanced Pharmacology

Reminder: The School of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The School of Nursing Writing Template with Instructions provided at the Walden Writing Center offers an example of those required elements (available at https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates/general#s-lg-box-20293632). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

Submission and Grading Information

To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

  • Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK1Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
  • Click the Week 1 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
  • Click the Week 1 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
  • Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “WK1Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
  • If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
  • Click on the Submit button to complete your submission. NURS 6521: Advanced Pharmacology

Intervention Research and Systems Research

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Intervention Research and Systems Research

Week 1 discussion

DQ1

Public health practice was initially concerned with infectious and environmentally related diseases, but in recent years has evolved to focus more on injury prevention, substance abuse, violence, tobacco-related, and other chronic diseases. Present at least one pivotal legal and historical occurrence that resulted in this shift of public health effort. Justify your rationale with supportive evidence. Intervention Research and Systems Research

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DQ2

Review the Ten Great Public Health Achievements (Exhibit 2.3) of your textbook. Select one of the 10 achievements. What is the importance of your chosen achievement to society? In your own words, defend its right to be considered a “Great Public Health Achievement.” Select three other peers’ postings and debate their analysis. Keep in mind all postings should be substantive and well supported with examples, details, and evidence. Brief responses are not appropriate.

Week 2 discussion

DQ1

Focus on a “current event” ethical dilemma in public health. Apply the principles of the ethical practices of public health to resolve the issue (see page 125 of the textbook). You may integrate recommendations based on conclusions from public health acts and principles to support your position. Select three other peers’ postings and provide feedback on the presented resolution. Offer further suggestions, details, or examples.

DQ2

State agencies typically follow one of two general structure models: the free-standing agency model or the super agency model. What are the pros and cons of each model? Which model do you think is “ideal” for a state agency and why? Intervention Research and Systems Research

Week 3 discussion

DQ1

Within a budget there are two categories: mandatory and discretionary. In which categories do most public health programs fall? Provide an example of an expenditure that is considered mandatory. Justify your rationale. Provide an example of an expenditure that is discretionary. Justify your rationale.

DQ2

What are the responsibilities and role of the Appropriations Committee? What is the importance of this committee to public health spending as it relates to Medicaid and Medicare?

Week 4 discussion

DQ1

The public health workforce is found in both population-based and institutional services that stem from the official public health agencies. What are the most frequent employment sites for health care workers? Present an example of an organization, institution, or agency that would be categorized under each service, population-based and institutional. Provide an example of a job title and an associated job description at each level of service. Select three other peers’ postings to peer review. Provide appropriate feedback.

DQ2

Review the Root Cause Analysis Topic Materials to learn more about conducting a root cause analysis. Using the “Root Cause Analysis Template,” conduct a root cause analysis of the “Root Cause Analysis Scenario.” Post a description of the problem and a summary of your root cause analysis, including recommendations for proposed action to eliminate the problem from reoccurring. Select other peers’ postings to peer review. Provide appropriate feedback.

Week 5 discussion

DQ1

Identify five sources of data available at the federal level. What is the importance of each data source in public health funding and surveillance? Describe the information/content that can be found in these data sources. Present an example of an industry that might find each of these data sources useful.

DQ2

What is the difference between service-based and population-based applications for information systems in public health organizations? Present an example of each application and justify your rationale. Select three other peers’ postings to peer review. Provide appropriate feedback.

Week 8 discussion

DQ1

As it relates to the development and management of public health assessment activities, what is your response to the following statement? Intervention Research and Systems Research

It is suggested that the assessment process is driven by decisions made by the community members themselves, rather than by influences from the outside community.

Select three other peers’ postings and debate their response. Keep in mind all postings should be substantive and well supported with examples, details, and evidence. Brief responses are not appropriate.

DQ2

What are the four organizational strategy types? Describe how an organization chooses which strategy to implement.

Week 9 discussion

DQ1

Provide an example of the three prevention strategies: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention as they relate to disaster epidemiology. Justify your rationale. Select three other peers’ postings and debate their responses.

DQ2

How are surveillance systems used in post-disaster situations? Support your answer with examples and evidence.

Week 10 discussion

DQ1

Explain the life cycle of public health partnerships. Why are collaborative partnerships important? What reasons or issues lead to the termination of partnerships?

DQ2

What is the difference between intervention research and systems research? Provide an example of a public health advancement or accomplishment that represents each type of research. In addition, explain the role of systems research and the integration of systems theory for public health programs implemented within community-based organizations. Justify your rationale. Intervention Research and Systems Research

infectious and environmentally related diseases

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infectious and environmentally related diseases

Week 1 discussion

DQ1

Public health practice was initially concerned with infectious and environmentally related diseases, but in recent years has evolved to focus more on injury prevention, substance abuse, violence, tobacco-related, and other chronic diseases. Present at least one pivotal legal and historical occurrence that resulted in this shift of public health effort. Justify your rationale with supportive evidence.

DQ2

Review the Ten Great Public Health Achievements (Exhibit 2.3) of your textbook. Select one of the 10 achievements. What is the importance of your chosen achievement to society? In your own words, defend its right to be considered a “Great Public Health Achievement.” Select three other peers’ postings and debate their analysis. Keep in mind all postings should be substantive and well supported with examples, details, and evidence. Brief responses are not appropriate. infectious and environmentally related diseases

Week 2 discussion

DQ1

Focus on a “current event” ethical dilemma in public health. Apply the principles of the ethical practices of public health to resolve the issue (see page 125 of the textbook). You may integrate recommendations based on conclusions from public health acts and principles to support your position. Select three other peers’ postings and provide feedback on the presented resolution. Offer further suggestions, details, or examples.

DQ2

State agencies typically follow one of two general structure models: the free-standing agency model or the super agency model. What are the pros and cons of each model? Which model do you think is “ideal” for a state agency and why?

Week 3 discussion

DQ1

Within a budget there are two categories: mandatory and discretionary. In which categories do most public health programs fall? Provide an example of an expenditure that is considered mandatory. Justify your rationale. Provide an example of an expenditure that is discretionary. Justify your rationale.

DQ2

What are the responsibilities and role of the Appropriations Committee? What is the importance of this committee to public health spending as it relates to Medicaid and Medicare?

Week 4 discussion

DQ1

The public health workforce is found in both population-based and institutional services that stem from the official public health agencies. What are the most frequent employment sites for health care workers? Present an example of an organization, institution, or agency that would be categorized under each service, population-based and institutional. Provide an example of a job title and an associated job description at each level of service. Select three other peers’ postings to peer review. Provide appropriate feedback.

DQ2

Review the Root Cause Analysis Topic Materials to learn more about conducting a root cause analysis. Using the “Root Cause Analysis Template,” conduct a root cause analysis of the “Root Cause Analysis Scenario.” Post a description of the problem and a summary of your root cause analysis, including recommendations for proposed action to eliminate the problem from reoccurring. Select other peers’ postings to peer review. Provide appropriate feedback.

Week 5 discussion

DQ1

Identify five sources of data available at the federal level. What is the importance of each data source in public health funding and surveillance? Describe the information/content that can be found in these data sources. Present an example of an industry that might find each of these data sources useful. infectious and environmentally related diseases

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DQ2

What is the difference between service-based and population-based applications for information systems in public health organizations? Present an example of each application and justify your rationale. Select three other peers’ postings to peer review. Provide appropriate feedback.

Week 8 discussion

DQ1

As it relates to the development and management of public health assessment activities, what is your response to the following statement?

It is suggested that the assessment process is driven by decisions made by the community members themselves, rather than by influences from the outside community.

Select three other peers’ postings and debate their response. Keep in mind all postings should be substantive and well supported with examples, details, and evidence. Brief responses are not appropriate.

DQ2

What are the four organizational strategy types? Describe how an organization chooses which strategy to implement.

Week 9 discussion

DQ1

Provide an example of the three prevention strategies: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention as they relate to disaster epidemiology. Justify your rationale. Select three other peers’ postings and debate their responses.

DQ2

How are surveillance systems used in post-disaster situations? Support your answer with examples and evidence.

Week 10 discussion

DQ1

Explain the life cycle of public health partnerships. Why are collaborative partnerships important? What reasons or issues lead to the termination of partnerships?

DQ2

What is the difference between intervention research and systems research? Provide an example of a public health advancement or accomplishment that represents each type of research. In addition, explain the role of systems research and the integration of systems theory for public health programs implemented within community-based organizations. Justify your rationale. infectious and environmentally related diseases

Health Primary Care Sample

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Health Primary Care Sample

As Some Companies Turn to Health Exchanges, G.E. Seeks a New Path”

Using the language of the course (for example: strategic thinking, competitive intensity, resources, competencies, capabilities, being different, operational effectiveness, etc.),  submit a one page document that summarizes the strategic implication that are presented in this article. You are required to use 1.5 spacing, one-inch margins.

Dr. Michael Holliday examining Andre Jones at the University of Cincinnati Health Primary Care in Sharonville, Ohio. CreditMark Lyons for The New York Times

CINCINNATI — Although the new federal health care law is designed to help people buying individual policies, even people with employer-provided policies are beginning to see changes in their coverage as companies rethink health care for their workers, discontinuing it in a few cases and redesigning it in many others.

They are motivated by a need to rein in health care costs, which continue to rise faster than overall inflation, but the federal health care law is also changing how some view their obligations to their employees. Health Primary Care Sample

Some major firms, like Walgreen, the drugstore chain, are giving those who qualify money to buy insurance on a private health exchange. Aon Hewitt, a benefits consultant that will oversee health plans on Walgreen’s behalf, said 18 large employers had signed up so far, including Sears and Darden Restaurants.

But here in Cincinnati, General Electric is taking the opposite approach.

One of the largest employers in the nation, it spends more than $2 billion a year offering coverage to 500,000 employees and retirees and their families. And it is using its considerable clout in places like this — where its giant aviation business gives it a major presence — to work directly with doctors and hospitals to improve care and reduce costs.

“I don’t know anybody who isn’t trying almost everything,” said Helen Darling, president of the National Business Group on Health, which represents employers providing benefits. “We’re going to see a lot of activity in the next couple of years.”

Over the last few years, G.E. has pushed for the creation of so-called medical homes, in which an individual medical practice closely coordinates a patient’s care by having access to all of the patient’s medical records.

In Cincinnati, about 118 doctors’ practices have converted to medical homes, and all five of the major health systems are making their primary care practices move in that direction. G.E. has also pushed for greater transparency of results.

“If we don’t take accountability ourselves for figuring this out, we’re part of the problem,” said Sue Siegel, a senior executive at G.E., who sees transformation of health care both as a business opportunity and a business necessity.

“We have to be involved in the solution,” she said. “We can’t just wait for someone to tell us that it is going to be fixed.”

What distinguishes the effort by G.E. is its direct focus on hospitals and doctors. Companies looking to the private exchanges are largely hoping to save money and want to be freed from the headache of administering health benefits.

In Walgreen’s case, the company says it doesn’t plan to lower its share of its workers’ health care costs but hopes to foster more competition among insurers, leading to better prices and more choice for employees. Health Primary Care Sample

In Cincinnati, G.E. took on both a cheerleading and coordinating role. In early 2010, Jeffrey R. Immelt, its chief executive, addressed local business leaders and urged them to think strategically and align their efforts to make more of a difference. There were already significant efforts under way to foster medical homes, for example, and G.E. pushed to find more financing to expand the concept to more medical practices and keep the focus on that initiative.

“The ever-present vigilance of the employers help nudge things along,” said Craig Brammer, chief executive of three area health care coalitions, including the Greater Cincinnati Health Council, which is made up of the area’s hospitals, health plans and employers.

The city’s health systems say they recognize that insurers and employers are increasingly going to reward them for better tracking their patients in and out of the hospital. “We are clearly gearing up to change directions from fee for service for what I’ll call payment for value,” said Will Groneman, an executive vice president for TriHealth, one of the systems.

The medical home also appears to resonate with employees. When Mary Farris, a 44-year-old marketing executive for G.E., found herself going to a local urgent care center because she could never get an appointment with her physician, she switched to a practice that had become a medical home.

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What strikes Ms. Farris was how much time the doctor and medical assistant spent gathering her medical history and making sure there weren’t additional medical issues. While she came in for a spider bite, the focus was on her well-being as a working mother whose father was seriously ill at the time. “The picture was more on all of me as opposed to one isolated incident,” she said. “Somebody was trying to connect the dots.”

In Cincinnati, there are beginning to be grudging signs of success. Early results are promising: patients enrolled in medical homes had 3.5 percent fewer visits to the emergency room and 14 percent fewer hospital admissions over the four years from 2008 through 2012. G.E. plans to ask an outside firm to do a more detailed analysis.

But employers looking to adapt a similar strategy will find “it’s hard to do,” said David Lansky, the chief executive of the Pacific Business Group on Health, which represents West Coast employers. While “the opportunity is significant,” he said, companies may not have the time or resources to work in too many of their locations, with different hospitals and health plans in each market.

Some companies — Trader Joe’s for example — decided to send at least some employees to the new public exchanges. Trader Joe’s has left coverage for three-quarters of its work force untouched but is giving part-time workers a contribution of $500 to buy policies in the newly created state marketplaces. Because of the employees’ low incomes, the company says it believes many will be eligible for federal subsidies to help them afford coverage. Health Primary Care Sample

But a few major employers are taking even more aggressive stances and are trying to reshape how health care is delivered in this country.

They are increasingly looking to make direct connections with health systems, particularly well-regarded institutions that can deliver good care for what can be very expensive back or heart problems. G.E. recently signed an agreement with Hospital for Special Surgery in New York, a high-volume orthopedic hospital, to oversee the care of some employees getting hip and knee replacements. Last year, Walmart contracted with health systems like the Cleveland Clinic, Mayo and Geisinger, among others, to take care of employees who need transplants, heart and spine care. The company says it will soon expand the program to other centers of excellence.

The decision doesn’t always sit well with the home team. In Cincinnati, the UC Health System, which includes an academic medical center that also serves the area’s major source of care for the uninsured, says it would welcome a similar opportunity to provide joint replacements for G.E., but executives say they simply cannot afford to offer significant discounts. “We don’t have the resources to cut deals,” said Dr. Myles Pensak, an executive for UC Health.

G.E. is unapologetic. The company says it will continue to try a variety of approaches until it finds a way to tame health care costs even more than the annual growth rate achieved so far of under 3 percent. “You’ll see many, many experiments across the board,” Ms. Seigel saidView less » Health Primary Care Sample

implications of climate change :Human health

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implications of climate change :Human health

Capstone Project: Week 3 Milestone—Mini Literature Review Literature reviews form the foundation for every academic product—from a paper for a course, to a paper for a publication in a journal. This week, you will begin writing a 3- to 4-page Mini Literature Review. Note: You are not required to submit your draft this week. You will submit your draft next week. However, your bibliography is dueby Day 4 of this week. To prepare for this Capstone Project: Locate and review 6–10 scholarly resources on your chosen topic from the Walden Library databases. (CINAHL is a good choice.) Remember, these should be timely resources (within the last 5–6 years). Create a bibliography (in APA format) of the resources you have found. To see an example of a bibliography in proper APA format, refer to the last page of the example mini literature review by Kubin located in your Week 2 Resources. Submit your bibliography no later than Day 4 of this week. Review the bibliography you submitted this week and select 6–8 resources for your Mini Literature Review. implications of climate change :Human health Review the sample mini literature review (by Kubin) in your Learning Resources as a guide for writing your Mini Literature Review. Review the Capstone Project Guide (located in the Program of Study button). To complete the next step in this Capstone Project, begin writing the first draft of your 3- to 4-page Mini Literature Review. Your draft should include the following: A brief introduction that provides information about the scope and nature of the issue, at least 5–6 body paragraphs that provide sufficient detail, and a conclusion. Your paper should evidence the 6–8 resources from the bibliography submitted this week. You should include both parenthetical (in-text citations) as well as your references at the end of the document (i.e., your bibliography sources that apply) in proper APA format.. Use the Capstone Project Guide to develop the subtopics of this Mini Literature Review which form the body paragraphs of your Mini Literature Review. For example, in the introduction, you can provide epidemiological and statistical data about your issue. You can also discuss how this issue transcends borders, etc. By organizing your Mini Literature Review using the Capstone Guide, you will be better prepared to create your narrated Capstone Project Presentation in Powerpoint for uploading to the Week 5 Capstone Project Discussion Forum. Please refer to the Kaltura Media Uploader page located in the course navigation menu for more information about using Kaltura to create a narrated presentation. Summarize and analyze these resources. Paraphrase them in your own words. List the key arguments and findings, describing how you think they apply to your topic, and what the implications of the findings may be for your Capstone Project. Note: It’s best to create an outline prior to writing your paper to assist you with organization. In addition, tutors from the Writing Center can also help you create a thesis statement, organize your paper, and give you tips for using your resources, using APA, formatting your paper, and writing effective conclusions. Since you have time, you may plan to submit your draft to the Writing Center before the deadline in Week 4. Don’t forget to run your draft through Turnitin. Be sure to support your work with specific citations from this week’s Learning Resources and your additional scholarly sources as appropriate. Refer to the Essential Guide to APA Style for Walden Students to ensure that your in-text citations and reference list are correct. This is the topic we be work on Effects of ClimateChange on Human Health It is nowevident without doubt that climate change is here with us.

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Climate change is aglobal challenge, characterized by harsh environmental conditions. It is evidentin the case where there has been frequent increase in temperature, increaseddesertification, cases of erratic rainfall and floods in some areas, and hurricanesexperienced in most countries (World HealthOrganization, 2015). implications of climate change :Human health Human beings desire a conducive environment tothrive well. Since climate change is characterized by most negativeenvironmental impacts, then in one way or another climate change affects humanbeings, especially in terms of health (Bateson, et al., 2004).Therefore, there is a need to carry out this study to determine the magnitudeof the effects of climate change on human health. This the bibliography References Bosello, F., Roson, R., & Tol,R. S. (2006). Economy-wide estimates of the implications of climate change:Human health. Ecological Economics, 58(3), 579-591. Casimiro, E., Calheiros, J., Santos,F. D., & Kovats, S. (2006). National assessment of human health effects ofclimate change in Portugal: approach and key findings. Environmental HealthPerspectives, 1950-1956. Costello, A., Abbas, M., Allen, A.,Ball, S., Bell, S., Bellamy, R., … & Patterson, C. (2009). Managing thehealth effects of climate change: lancet and University College LondonInstitute for Global Health Commission. The Lancet, 373(9676),1693-1733. Epstein, P. R. (2005). Climatechange and human health. New England Journal of Medicine, 353(14),1433-1436. Haines, A., & Patz, J. A.(2004). Health effects of climate change. Jama, 291(1), 99-103. Haines, A., Kovats, R. S.,Campbell-Lendrum, D., & Corvalán, C. (2006). Climate change and humanhealth: impacts, vulnerability and public health. Public health, 120(7),585-596. McMichael, A. J., Woodruff, R. E.,& Hales, S. (2006). Climate change and human health: present and futurerisks. The Lancet, 367(9513), 859-869. Patz, J. A., & Kovats, R. S.(2002). Hotspots in climate change and human health. BMJ: British MedicalJournal, 325(7372), 1094. Howthe sources are applicable to the topic All the sources areapplicable to the research topic because they contain important informationconcerning how climate change affects human health. Bosello, Roson, and Tol (2006)estimate the economic implications of climate change, focusing mainly on thehuman health. This source is relevant to the research topic because it explainsthe economic effects of climate change on human health. Casimiro et al. (2006)explain how climate change affects human health, particularly in Portugal henceshowing the usefulness of this article to the research topic. The third sourceexplains the management of human health effects caused by climate change, whichshows that it contains relevant information about the topic. Epstein (2005)explains the relationship between climate change and human health, which showsthat this article is relevant to the research topic. Haines and Patz (2004)explain the health effects of climate change hence showing that their articlecontains essential information relevant to the research topic. According to Haines et al (2006), climate change affectshuman health significantly. In their article they have explained therelationship between the two factors, discussing the impact and vulnerabilityof climate change. Therefore, this source is relevant to the research topicbecause it addresses similar concepts. McMichael, Woodruff, and Hales (2006)discuss the present and future risks of climate change and health henceconfirming the relevance of the source. Lastly, Patz and Kovats (2002) addresshotspots in climate change and human health, which shows that their articlecontains relevant information to the research topic. Please put it in apa format citation Thank you References Bateson, P., Barker, D., Clutton-Brock, T., Deb,D., D’Udine, B., Foley, R. A., & Sultan, S. E. (2004). Developmentalplasticity and human health. Nature, 430(6998), 419-421 Retrievedfrom implications of climate change :Human health http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15269759 World Health Organization. (2015). Climate Change.Retrieved November 27, 2015, from World Health Organization:http://www.who.int/topics/climate/en/View less »

Nursing Care Models Paper

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Nursing Care Models Paper

Purpose
The purpose of this assignment is to identify nursing care models utilized in today\’s various health care settings and enhance your knowledge of how models impact the management of care and may influence delegation. You will assess the effectiveness of models and determine how you would collaborate with a nurse leader to identify opportunities for improvement to ensure quality, safety and staff satisfaction.

Course Outcomes – Nursing Care Models Paper

Completion of this Nursing Care Models Paper assignment enables the student to meet the following course outcomes.

 

CO1: Apply leadership concepts, skills, and decision making in the provision of high quality nursing care, healthcare team management, and the oversight and accountability for care delivery in a variety of settings. (PO2)

CO2: Implement patient safety and quality improvement initiatives within the context of the interprofessional team through communication and relationship building. (PO3)

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CO3: Participate in the development and implementation of imaginative and creative strategies to enable systems to change. (PO7)

CO6: Develop a personal awareness of complex organizational systems and integrate values and beliefs with organizational mission. (PO7)

CO7: Apply leadership concepts in the development and initiation of effective plans for the microsystems and/or system-wide practice improvements that will improve the quality of healthcare delivery. (PO2, and 3)

CO8: Apply concepts of quality and safety using structure, process, and outcome measures to identify clinical questions as the beginning process of changing current practice. (PO8)

Nursing Care Models Paper Due Dates

Submit by Sunday, 11:59 p.m. MT, end of Week 5.

Rubric

Click to view and download the NR447 Nursing Care Models Paper Rubric (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..

Points

This Nursing Care Models Paper assignment is worth 200 points.

Nursing Care Models Paper Directions

Read your text, Finkelman (2016), pp- 111-116.
Observe staff in delivery of nursing care provided. Practice settings may vary depending on availability.
Identify the model of nursing care that you observed. Be specific about what you observed, who was doing what, when, how and what led you to identify the particular model.
Write a 5-7 page Nursing Care Models Paper that includes the following:
Review and summarize two scholarly resources (not including your text) related to the nursing care model you observed in the practice setting.
Review and summarize two scholarly resources (not including your text) related to a nursing care model that is different from the one you observed in the practice setting.
Discuss your observations about how the current nursing care model is being implemented. Be specific.
Recommend a different nursing care model that could be implemented to improve quality of nursing care, safety and staff satisfaction. Be specific.
Provide a summary/conclusion about this experience/assignment and what you learned about nursing care models.
Write your Nursing Care Models Paper using APA format using Microsoft Office 2010 or later.

methods chosen with respect to the health question

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methods chosen with respect to the health question

IHP 525 Final Project Part I Guidelines and Rubric

Overview

The final project for this course is divided into two parts. Part I is the creation of an article review.

Regardless of their field of interest, health professionals across disciplines need to be able to analyze and use biostatistical data to address health concerns among the populations they serve. They need to be able to identify trends, draw conclusions, and make recommendations for improving health outcomes based on solid evidence. It is also important that they are able to communicate that information effectively to those directly or indirectly impacted. They also need to understand what others are doing in their field, the strengths and limitations of that work, and how it affects their own organization, even if they do not intend to become statisticians. methods chosen with respect to the health question 

The two summative assessments for this course lay the foundation for these critical skills—first, by asking you to evaluate the strengths and limitations of existing biostatistical articles and to identify the selection process of appropriate methodologies in different contexts (Part I). You will present your analysis through a written executive summary geared toward an audience of fellow health professionals. Then, in Part II, you will calculate descriptive and inferential statistics of a small data set. You will explain the basic parameters of the data, graph it, and run simple hypothesis tests. You will present your analysis in a statistical report geared toward a non-technical audience, draw conclusions, and make recommendations for further research.

In Part I, you will review and analyze published research that you might encounter as a health professional. You will select two journal articles from the provided list on a topic of interest. You will create an article review that identifies the articles and their relevance to your field; summarizes the articles, including their findings; compares and contrasts the statistical methods used in the articles; explains why the methods used were appropriate; discusses their limitations; and concludes with recommendations for future work.

Part I is divided into three journals, which will be submitted at various points throughout the course to scaffold learning and ensure quality final submissions.

These article journals will be submitted in Modules Two, Five, and Six. The completed article review will be submitted in Module Eight.

In this assignment, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following course outcomes: methods chosen with respect to the health question 

? Analyze the role of biostatistics for its impact on professional decision making in the public health, nursing, or health science fields

? Interpret key biostatistical metrics, methods, and data for addressing population-based health problems

? Evaluate the quality and limitations of published public health, nursing, and health science research by comparing and contrasting biostatistical methods and analysis used to support a variety of health initiatives

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? Communicate biostatistical results, procedures, and analysis to other health professionals and the general public for informing their decisions related to population-based health problems

Prompt

Imagine you are a biostatistician working at a local health organization. Part of your job is to analyze trends and draw conclusions about health issues that affect your organization. Your supervisor has asked you to do a quick literature search for published research on an upcoming topic as preparation for a new project. The goal is to understand the current biostatistical methods and guidelines being used on similar studies so that you could eventually use that to inform the design of the new study.

Your job is to find a minimum of two research articles on your topic from the Final Project Part I Articles List document, examine the broad health question(s) addressed in each, and critically assess the statistical methods used to analyze the data and arrive at the articles’ conclusions. You will present the results of this analysis to your supervisor and peers in an article review.

Specifically, your article review must address the following critical elements:

I. Background: Use this section to provide a brief context for the health problem, issue, or trend you are researching. Specifically, you should answer:

A. What topic or health question did you research and why is it relevant to public health, nursing, or the health science professions? Give real-world examples to support your answer.

B. How can biostatistics help inform decision making around your topic? Support your answer with specific examples.

II. Article Selection: In this section, discuss how and why you selected your main article and the related article. Be sure to:

A. Explain why you selected these specific articles to examine over others in your field that use biostatistical methods and data. Justify your answer. methods chosen with respect to the health question 

B. Assess each article’s importance to health decision making in your field. Give real-world examples to illustrate your answer.

III. Findings: This section should highlight the major findings of each of the articles you selected for your supervisor and peers. Specifically:

A. What are the findings of each article and what implications do they have individually and collectively for solving the health problem in question? Support your answer with specific examples from your field.

B. Explain how key biostatistical calculations and methods support the conclusions in each article. Cite relevant information from the articles that support your answer.

IV. Methods: Use this section to compare and contrast the methods used in the articles you selected with an eye to assessing the quality and limitations of the findings and informing future research. Specifically, you should:

A. Explain why the authors of each article selected the methods they did. How appropriate were the methods to the overall purpose of the paper? Justify your response.

B. Analyze a difference and similarity in the methods chosen with respect to the health question being addressed in the selected articles. Explain your answer using evidence from the articles selected and information you have learned in the course.

C. Assess a strength and limitation of the different approaches used in the articles you selected. Explain your answer using evidence from the articles you selected and information you have learned in the course.

V. Conclusions: What does your evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the articles you selected suggest for future research in this field? Be sure to provide specific suggestions for potential next steps, based on evidence from your analysis, and explain how these suggestions would help improve decision making.

Journals

The journal activities in this course act as milestones that will help you prepare for your Final Project Part I submission.

Module Two Journal: Article Selection

In Module Two, you will submit a paragraph to select and explain your articles and health question. This assignment will be graded using the Journal Rubric.

Module Five Journal: Article Findings

In Module Five, you will explain the findings in the two articles relating to the health question you identified. This will be submitted as a table and at least two paragraphs. This assignment will be graded using the Journal Rubric.

Module Six Journal: Article Methods

In Module Six, you will complete a table in which you compare the methods used in the two articles. You will also submit explain this comparison. This assignment will be graded using the Journal Rubric. methods chosen with respect to the health question 

Final Project Part I Submission: Article Review

In Module Eight, you will submit your Final Project Part I: Article Review. To create this document, revise the journals throughout the course incorporating the feedback from your peers and instructor into one final document that includes all the sections of this article review project. The final submission will be graded using the Final Project Part I Rubric. methods chosen with respect to the health question 

Assignment 2: Contributing Factors

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Assignment 2: Contributing Factors

In M1 Assignment 3 , you selected a public health problem for which you will develop a PSA. For this assignment, you will examine your chosen PSA topic in more depth by researching the underlying social determinants of the public health problem you selected. You will also research the common measures of health used to research this problem. In this assignment, you will operationalize a particular instance of the concepts discussed in the readings.Assignment 2: Contributing Factors

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Directions:

Use the readings for the module, the Argosy University online library resources, and the Internet to research common measures of health to complete the below assignment.

In 3–5 pages:

Identify and analyze the underlying determinants and contributing factors of the problem? Include your thoughts on factors such as social and political trends.

Determine what common measures of health can be used for your selected problem.

Determine the goals of your PSA.

Justify your reasoning with scholarly research.

Your final product will be in a Microsoft Word document, approximately 3–5 pages in length, and utilize at least 3 scholarly sources in research (beyond the textbook). Your paper should be formatted following current APA standards; written in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrate ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; and display accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.View less » Assignment 2: Contributing Factors

Breast Cancer Concept Map

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Breast Cancer Concept Map

Summary of three patient education priorities

Physical assessment

Based on CC’s assessment summary she is at high risk of breast cancer given the history of the disease in the family. It would be crucial that a physical assessment is carried out by a professional to determine the likelihood of a lump in her breasts. Research indicates that although people have been given a tutorial to understand how the physical examination is carried out, most may not do it right (Colditz & Bohlke, 2014). Breast Cancer Concept Map

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Health promotion

The BMI of the patient is high indicating a higher chance of acquiring breast cancer also given her age. The practitioner should propose a change of diet and more exercise to maintain a healthier body. Alcohol has also been shown to increase chances of acquiring breast cancer to those at risk (Scoccianti et al., 2014). The patient should, therefore, cut on the daily wine intake.

Coping Mechanisms

The patient is at high risk of getting breast cancer and presence of susceptibility gene can be detected using molecular diagnostics (Colditz & Bohlke, 2014). The patient should be educated on what to expect and the change in the quality of life after diagnosis. This helps in coping with the disease when it occurs. Breast Cancer Concept Map

Summary of three patient education priorities

Physical assessment

Based on CC’s assessment summary three patient priorities emerge: diabetes, heart disease and breast cancer. She is at high risk of breast cancer given the history of the disease in the family and the link between breast cancer and type 2 diabetes (Colditz & Bohlke, 2014). It would be crucial that a physical assessment is carried out by a professional because of the cystic breast disease and the likelihood of a lump in her breasts. A yearly mammogram is important to detect cancer early, when it is most treatable. Reliable self-breast examination, research indicates that although people have been given a tutorial to understand how the physical examination is carried out, most may not do it right (Colditz & Bohlke, 2014). Alcohol has also been shown to increase chances of acquiring breast cancer to those at risk (Scoccianti et al., 2014). CC should therefore, cut on the daily wine intake. Breast Cancer Concept Map

Health promotion

The hemoglobin A1c level predisposes her for high risk of diabetes, also given her family history. The practitioner should propose a life style change of diet and more exercise to maintain a healthier body.

Coping Mechanisms

With diabetes, CC is at high risk of getting heart disease. The complication that begins when the arteries get narrow (atherosclerosis), and reduce function in different parts of the body: heart, brain, legs. These complications include coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, peripheral arterial disease, nephropathy, retinopathy, and possibly neuropathy and cardiomyopathy. Therefore, clinicians place diabetes alongside the other major risk factors as important causes of cardiovascular disease (CVD) (Colditz & Bohlke, 2014). CC should be educated on what to expect and the change in the quality of life after diagnosis. This helps in coping with the disease when it occurs. Breast Cancer Concept Map.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy versus Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy versus Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy

According to the World Health Organization, mental and behavioral health disorders are a global public health concern that affects more than 70 million people at one point in life. This estimate contributes to approximately 10% of the global disease burden and is expected to increase by the year 2030 (David et al., 2018).  In the United States, behavioral and mental disorders affect close to 50 million adults. However, despite the high prevalence, highly recognized therapies are effectively being used to alleviate this problem resulting to improved health outcomes CBT vs REBT Essay. The best examples of therapies being used are: cognitive behavioral therapy and rational emotive behavioral therapy.

Cognitive behavioral therapy is a treatment approach used to manage people with different mental and behavioral health problems based on thoughts, behavior and emotions. In comparison, rational emotive behavioral therapy emphasizes on rational thinking for the development of healthy expressions and emotional behavior. This paper discusses the similarities and differences between the two behavioral therapies and how the differences might impact my clinical practice as a mental health counselor. CBT vs REBT Essay To add on, I will discuss about the version of cognitive behavioral therapy I would use with clients with supporting reasons. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy versus Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy

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Similarities Between Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) And Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy

Cognitive behavioral therapy and rational emotive behavioral therapy use theories which are founded from the ABC model. Therefore, the two therapies have similar beliefs in terms of development and maintenance of psychopathology (Brown  & Gaudiano, 2013) CBT vs REBT Essay.  To add on, the practical applications of both CBT and REBT are the same more so in terms of organization and interrelations of beliefs which may either be labeled as irrational or dysfunctional. The last similarity is that the major notions of CBT and REBT uphold that human behavior and emotions are highly dependent on individual beliefs, ideas, thinking and attitude and not by the sole occurrence of events. Therefore, for behavioral and emotional change to occur, one has to change his/her thinking.

Differences Between Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) And Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy

A major difference between CBT and REBT is that REBT addresses the irrational thoughts and philosophical basis of emotional disturbance based on a client’s personality, which results to solutions that involve unconditional self-acceptance. On the contrary, CBT addresses irrational thoughts based on a client’s disorder through reinforcement of positive qualities which leaves many pitfalls in case of a client’s poor performance (David, Lynn & Ellis, 2010).  CBT insists on psychoeducation as an early vital component of treatment while REBT is highly reliant on psychoeducation in the entire period of treatment CBT vs REBT Essay.

With regards to the therapeutic relationships, CBT emphasizes on having a high quality therapeutic relationship for good treatment outcomes whereas REBT does not recognize the necessity of a therapeutic relationship. In terms of reasoning, CBT utilizes inductive reasoning by laying emphasis on inferential thinking. In contrast, REBT maximizes on deductive thoughts with a focus on evaluative reasoning (Sapp, 2014) v. Generally, these differences would help to gauge the best case practice scenarios that one therapy may be well suited to adequately address a client’s needs as in comparison to another for a mental health counselor. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy versus Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy

The Version Of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy I Might Use With Clients

The version of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy that I might use with clients is Dialectical Behavioral therapy. This form is highly reliable in being able to identify the triggers which result to negative tendencies and thoughts such as self-harm, suicidal thoughts and drug abuse (Craske & American Psychological Association, 2017).  It also provides a mental health counselor with a framework for identifying the irrational and dysfunctional behavior in a client and the tools that can effectively be used to counteract it CBT vs REBT Essay.

Conclusion

From this discussion on the similarities and differences between REBT and CBT, it is rather evident that the latter is more advantageous as compared to the former CBT vs REBT Essay. A perfect example is in the management of self-esteem, the establishment of a therapeutic relationship and thinking style. With this knowledge, mental health counselors are able to apply the most effective therapies depending on a client’s needs.

References

Brown, L., & Gaudiano, B. (2013). Investigating the similarities and differences between

practitioners of second-and third-wave cognitive-behavioral therapies. Behaviour Modification.

Craske, M. G., & American Psychological Association,. (2017). Cognitive-behavioral therapy.

David, D., Cotet, C., Matu, S., Mogoase, C., & Stefan, S. (2018). 50 years of rational‐emotive

and cognitive‐behavioral therapy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(3), 304–318 CBT vs REBT Essay.

David D., Szentagotai A., Lupu V., & Cosman D. (2013). Rational emotive behavior therapy,

cognitive therapy, and medication in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial, posttreatment outcomes, and six‐month follow‐up. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 728–746.

David, D., Lynn, S. J., & Ellis, A. (2010). Rational and irrational beliefs: Research, theory, and

clinical practice. New York: Oxford University Press. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy versus Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy

Sapp, M. (2014). Cognitive-behavioral theories of counseling: Traditional and nontraditional

approaches. Springfield, Ill: C.C. Thomas.

 

Assignment 1: Cognitive Behavioral Theory Versus Rational Emotive Behavioral Theory

While cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) have many similarities, they are distinctly different therapeutic approaches CBT vs REBT Essay. When assessing clients and selecting one of these therapies, you must recognize the importance of not only selecting the one that is best for the client, but also the approach that most aligns to your own skill set. For this Assignment, as you examine the similarities and differences between CBT and REBT, consider which therapeutic approach you might use with your clients.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

  • Compare cognitive behavioral therapy and rational emotive behavioral therapy
  • Recommend cognitive behavioral therapies for clients

To prepare:

  • Review the media in this week’s Learning Resources.
  • Reflect on the various forms of cognitive behavioral therapy CBT vs REBT Essay.

The Assignment

In a 1- to 2-page paper, address the following:

  • Briefly describe how cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) are similar.
  • Explain at least three differences between CBT and REBT. Include how these differences might impact your practice as a mental health counselor.
  • Explain which version of cognitive behavioral therapy you might use with clients and why. Support your approach with evidence-based literature  Cognitive Behavioral Therapy versus Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy