public health organizations

Social media channels are designed to be engaging; however, these media are often used by public health organizations and practitioners as a means to disseminate mass information, rather than to engage audiences in meaningful interaction. Harnessing social media to best achieve public health outcomes is a topic of much discussion and study in the public health community.

For this assignment, you will analyze public health communication via social media in your community. Follow a public health organization, local or national, on a social media channel (e.g., Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn) for at least 3 weeks. In a paper of 1,000-1,250 words, address the following: public health organizations

ORDER A FREE-PLAGIARISM PAPER HERE

1.    Describe the benefits/advantages and challenges/risks of using social media for public health communication.

2.    Describe the organization you followed and the social media channel you selected. What kind of information is shared on social media by the organization?

3.    To what degree does the organization engage with users/followers (e.g., responding to questions, engaging in conversation, hosting “chats” with experts, soliciting information)?

4.    What improvements or suggestions would you make to this organization regarding its social media engagement? Why?

5.    Use at least three scholarly sources to support your paper.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.View less » public health organizations

The continued rising cost of healthcare coverage has thus forced some employers to take the health matters of their employees in their own hands by forcing them to participate in a company mandated healthcare program or face severe penalties for non-participation

Create a 3 page essay paper that discusses Should Overweight Employee Be Penalized. We live in a modern society that provides us with more than ample means of living a healthy lifestyle through the proper nutrition intake, diet, and exercise. However, most people fail to take advantage of these basic opportunities presented to them. The result is a weakened state of health for the individual. As such, the individual ends up requiring much more healthcare than his insurance program can provide.

ORDER A FREE-PLAGIARISM PAPER HERE

Added to this problem is the fact that the new health care laws of the United States has made it more difficult and expensive for the employers to keep their employees covered with ample medical insurance benefits. The continued rising cost of healthcare coverage has thus forced some employers to take the health matters of their employees in their own hands by forcing them to participate in a company mandated healthcare program or face severe penalties for non-participation. Their intention is clear, to keep their health care costs down, but at the expense of sticking their noses in where it does not belong, in the private lives of their employees. Their participate or pay fines choice disrespects the freedom of an individual to choose how he lives his life and how he participates in various activities. It would appear that an increasing number of companies are opting for such health care rider coverage for their employees. The continued rising cost of healthcare coverage has thus forced some employers to take the health matters of their employees in their own hands by forcing them to participate in a company mandated healthcare program or face severe penalties for non-participation As many as. “almost half (47%) of companies already use or plan to use financial penalties over the next three to five years on workers who don’t take part in health-improvement programs.View less »The continued rising cost of healthcare coverage has thus forced some employers to take the health matters of their employees in their own hands by forcing them to participate in a company mandated healthcare program or face severe penalties for non-participation

Adaptive Response Essay Assignment

As an advanced practice nurse, you will examine patients presenting with a variety of disorders. You must, therefore, understand how the body normally functions so that you can identify when it is reacting to changes. Often, when changes occur in body systems, the body reacts with compensatory mechanisms. These compensatory mechanisms, such as adaptive responses, might be signs and symptoms of alterations or underlying disorders Adaptive Response Essay. In the clinical setting, you use these responses, along with other patient factors, to lead you to a diagnosis.
Consider the following scenarios:

Scenario 1:
Jennifer is a 2-year-old female who presents with her mother. Mom is concerned because Jennifer has been “running a temperature” for the last 3 days. Mom says that Jennifer is usually healthy and has no significant medical history. She was in her usual state of good health until 3 days ago when she started to get fussy, would not eat her breakfast, and would not sit still for her favorite television cartoon. Since then she has had a fever off and on, anywhere between 101oF and today’s high of 103.2oF. Mom has been giving her ibuprofen, but when the fever went up to 103.2oF today, she felt that she should come in for evaluation. Adaptive Response Essay. A physical examination reveals a height and weight appropriate 2-year-old female who appears acutely unwell. Her skin is hot and dry. The tympanic membranes are slightly reddened on the periphery, but otherwise normal in appearance. The throat is erythematous with 4+ tonsils and diffuse exudates. Anterior cervical nodes are readily palpable and clearly tender to touch on the left side. The child indicates that her throat hurts “a lot” and it is painful to swallow. Vital signs reveal a temperature of 102.8oF, a pulse of 128 beats per minute, and a respiratory rate of 24 beats per minute Adaptive Response Essay.

Scenario 2:
Jack is a 27-year-old male who presents with redness and irritation of his hands. He reports that he has never had a problem like this before, but about 2 weeks ago he noticed that both his hands seemed to be really red and flaky. He denies any discomfort, stating that sometimes they feel “a little bit hot,” but otherwise they feel fine. He does not understand why they are so red. His wife told him that he might have an allergy and he should get some steroid cream. Jack has no known allergies and no significant medical history except for recurrent ear infections as a child. He denies any traumatic injury or known exposure to irritants. He is a maintenance engineer in a newspaper building and admits that he often works with abrasive solvents and chemicals. Normally he wears protective gloves, but lately they seem to be in short supply so sometimes he does not use them. He has exposed his hands to some of these cleaning fluids, but says that it never hurt and he always washed his hands when he was finished. Adaptive Response Essay Assignment
Scenario 3:
Martha is a 65-year-old woman who recently retired from her job as an administrative assistant at a local hospital. Her medical history is significant for hypertension, which has been controlled for years with hydrochlorothiazide. She reports that lately she is having a lot of trouble sleeping, she occasionally feels like she has a “racing heartbeat,” and she is losing her appetite. She emphasizes that she is not hungry like she used to be. The only significant change that has occurred lately in her life is that her 87-year-old mother moved into her home a few years ago. Mom had always been healthy, but she fell down a flight of stairs and broke her hip. Her recovery was a difficult one, as she has lost a lot of mobility and independence and needs to rely on her daughter for assistance with activities of daily living. Martha says it is not the retirement she dreamed about, but she is an only child and is happy to care for her mother. Mom wakes up early in the morning, likes to bathe every day, and has always eaten 5 small meals daily. Martha has to put a lot of time into caring for her mother, so it is almost a “blessing” that Martha is sleeping and eating less. She is worried about her own health though and wants to know why, at her age, she suddenly needs less sleep.

To Prepare
• Review the three scenarios, as well as Chapter 6 in the Huether and McCance text.
• Identify the pathophysiology of the disorders presented in each of the three scenarios, including their associated alterations. Consider the adaptive responses to the alterations.
• Review the examples of “Mind Maps—Dementia, Endocarditis, and Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)” media in this week’s Learning Resources. Then select one of the disorders you identified from the scenarios. Use the examples in the media as a guide to construct a mind map for the disorder you selected. Consider the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of the disorder, as well as any adaptive responses to alterations.
• Review the Application Assignment Rubric found under Course Information

To Complete
Write a 3-page paper excluding the title page, reference page and Mind Map that addresses the following:
• For each of the three scenarios explain the pathophysiology, associated alterations and the patients’ adaptive responses to the alterations caused by the disease processes. You are required to discuss all three scenarios within the paper component of this assignment.
• Construct one mind map on a selected disorder presented in one of the scenarios. Your Mind Map must include the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of the disorder, as well as any adaptive responses to alterations.

Please include introduction, summary and in text citations should have page number or paragraph number. Reference should be within the last five years. Adaptive Response Essay Assignment

ORDER   A PLAGIARISM FREE PAPER   NOW

Adaptive Response

Introduction

Adaptive response comprises of cell-mediated and antibody response that is facilitated by T-cells, B-cells and lymphocyte cells. The three cell types present antibodies that circulate in the lymph and plasma where they come into contact with and bind the antigen from the foreign material. When the antibody binds the antigen, it inactivates the foreign material (such as microbial toxins and viruses) by obstructive its capacity to bind host cell receptors. The antibodies produced by B-cells, also referred to as immunoglobulin, have a Y-shaped protein structure that is comprised of two light and two heavy chains. Typically, three types of immunoglobulin exist to include IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each type is differentiated by structure and function, having evolved to handle specific antigens. Humoral immunity (response mounted by antibodies) is just one type of adaptive response. Another type of adaptive response is cell-mediated immunity from T-cell activation that fights against foreign antigens on the host cell’s surface. Besides that, T-cells are present signal molecules that release cytokines, and activate antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, NK, and macrophages (Coico & Sunshine, 2015). As such, it is clear that the adaptive response mounted is dependent on the specific foreign material that gains access to the body and the antigen that it produces. The present paper explains the concept of adaptive response by explaining the pathophysiology, associated alterations, and the patients’ adaptive response of different disorders as presented.

Scenario 1

Jennifer appears to be suffering from tonsillitis, a tonsils inflammation that results from respiratory issues, allergies or bacteria. Once the tonsils are inflamed, they turn red in color and become swollen with yellowish or grayish surface coating. The conditions first presents as a sudden sore throat that then swells up. This makes it difficult to swallow. From the throat, the tonsils also well up and obstruct respiration. The condition typically occurs in children younger than six years of age with incidences among adults and teenagers very rare. An adaptive response occurs in this case when T-cells and B-cells are activated to eliminate the homeostatic change and return the body to normal (Parham, 2014).

Scenario 2

Jack appears to be suffering from dermatitis. This a common non-immunological mediated inflation that results from the keratinocytes in the skin cells releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to chemical stimuli that include soap detergents and cleansers. The major pathophysiological change from the condition is cytokines being releases, changes to the epidermal cells and disruption of the skin barrier. 40% of reported cases of dermatitis are resultant of occupational hazards thus explaining why skin appearance and work history is important before making this diagnosis. Jack’s treatment will entail using topical agents that prevent additional skin irritation to include corticoid skin moisturizers, emollients, and creams (Gaspari, Tyring & Kaplan, 2017).

Scenario 3

Martha appears to be suffering from stress. This is a condition typically referred to as stress response whereby the body undergoes adaptations that are mobilized in the body to correct allostatic imbalance. The imbalance is from endocrine and neural changes to include secretion of norepinephrine and catecholamines-epinephrine from the sympathetic nervous system, particularly the nerve endings. The secretions induce vasoconstriction that increase the blood pressure and heart rate. They also increase oxygen and nutrient availability in the muscles. Additionally, glucocorticoids are secreted as steroid hormones by the adrenal glands. Although a lot of hormone changes occur in the body to constitute a stress response (such as decrease in reproductive hormones and insulin, and increase in beta-endorphin, prolactin and glucagon), the most significant changes involve sympathetic nervous system activation and glucocorticoids secretion. When the changes occur in the body, symptoms will present to include insomnia, depression, poor appetite, chest pains, and elevated heart rate. Once stress presents in a body, an adaptive response is initiated that prepares the body for either a flight or fight response as a strategy for correcting the imbalance (Copstead-Kirkhorn & Banasik, 2014). Adaptive Response Essay Assignment

Mind Map for Scenario 2 – Dermatitis

Figure 1. Mind map for dermatitis

Epidemiology

Dermatitis commonly occurs as an occupational hazard for persons whose skins come into regular contact with chemical irritants. Examples of occupations at high risk of dermatitis include hair stylists, medical personnel, and maintenance workers. The condition is significantly more common among females and blamed on environmental factors instead of genetic factors (Gaspari, Tyring & Kaplan, 2017).

Pathophysiology

Dermatitis is an inflammation that is non-immunologically mediated by the skin cells releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines when it comes into contact with chemical stimuli. Some of the pathophysiological changes that occur include release of cytokines and modifications to the epidermal cells (Gaspari, Tyring & Kaplan, 2017).

Risk factors

Dermatitis is an occupational hazard for persons whose skins come into regular contact with chemical irritants. This is seen in persons who work in the agricultural industry, mechanics, nurses and cleaners (Gaspari, Tyring & Kaplan, 2017).

Clinical presentation

Dermatitis presents as skin fissures, dryness, inflammation, cracking and erythematous plaques. It begins with web spaces that extend to the ventral and dorsal surfaces of the fingers. Other symptoms include pain, burning sensation, stinging and mild pruritus (Gaspari, Tyring & Kaplan, 2017).

Diagnosis

Diagnosis occurs through the history and clinical examination that includes the dermatitis distribution in the fingernails, web spaces, abdomen, face, dorsal and palmar, as well as extension to wrist and forearms. The history focuses on the possibility of occupational hazards and whether the patient regularly handles chemical irritants (Gaspari, Tyring & Kaplan, 2017).

Adaptive responses to alteration

The skin hardens as an adaptation to the expression of inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Also, an inelastic accommodation could occur in the skin where a thicker, mildly scaly, and glossy stratum granulosum occurs to replace normal skin (Gaspari, Tyring & Kaplan, 2017).

Summary

Adaptive response represents a natural reaction that the body mounts to counter a homeostatic imbalance. In fact, it occurs to offer protection and terminate infection from pathogens, a process that evolves over an individual’s lifetime even as the lymphocyte population changes. It is notable that the response is not passed on in the genes or inherited, rather it is developed during an individual’s lifetime to determine fitness level and disease susceptibility. In inability to successfully develop adaptive response leaves the body susceptible to pathogenic infection. Still, it is notable that the immunity resultant from adaptive response is important to the body, acting as a line of defense that eliminates pathogens. Once pathogens breach the external barrier and find an activated compromised immunity, the body mounts an adaptive response that is specific and slow with an inflammatory response that has memory to recognize the signature antibodies for the pathogen. Overall, adaptive response allows the body to destroy infectious pathogens that are inflammation-resistant even as it offers long-term protection that protects the body against future infection by the same pathogenic agents.

References

Coico, R. & Sunshine, G. (2015). Immunology: A short course (7^th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell.

Copstead-Kirkhorn, L. & Banasik, J. (2014). Pathophysiology (5^th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences.

Gaspari, A., Tyring, S. & Kaplan, D. (2017). Clinical and Basic Immunodermatology (2^nd ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing Switzerland.

Parham, P. (2014). The Immune System (4^th ed.). New York, NY: Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group.

Consider the following scenarios:

Scenario 1:

Jennifer is a 2-year-old female who presents with her mother. Mom is concerned because Jennifer has been “running a temperature” for the last 3 days. Mom says that Jennifer is usually healthy and has no significant medical history. She was in her usual state of good health until 3 days ago when she started to get fussy, would not eat her breakfast, and would not sit still for her favorite television cartoon. Adaptive Response Essay. Since then she has had a fever off and on, anywhere between 101oF and today’s high of 103.2oF. Mom has been giving her ibuprofen, but when the fever went up to 103.2oF today, she felt that she should come in for evaluation. A physical examination reveals a height and weight appropriate 2-year-old female who appears acutely unwell. Her skin is hot and dry. The tympanic membranes are slightly reddened on the periphery, but otherwise normal in appearance. The throat is erythematous with 4+ tonsils and diffuse exudates. Anterior cervical nodes are readily palpable and clearly tender to touch on the left side. The child indicates that her throat hurts “a lot” and it is painful to swallow. Vital signs reveal a temperature of 102.8oF, a pulse of 128 beats per minute, and a respiratory rate of 24 beats per minute Adaptive Response Essay.

Scenario 2:

Jack is a 27-year-old male who presents with redness and irritation of his hands. He reports that he has never had a problem like this before, but about 2 weeks ago he noticed that both his hands seemed to be really red and flaky. He denies any discomfort, stating that sometimes they feel “a little bit hot,” but otherwise they feel fine. He does not understand why they are so red. His wife told him that he might have an allergy and he should get some steroid cream. Jack has no known allergies and no significant medical history except for recurrent ear infections as a child. He denies any traumatic injury or known exposure to irritants Adaptive Response Essay. He is a maintenance engineer in a newspaper building and admits that he often works with abrasive solvents and chemicals. Normally he wears protective gloves, but lately they seem to be in short supply so sometimes he does not use them. He has exposed his hands to some of these cleaning fluids, but says that it never hurt and he always washed his hands when he was finished Adaptive Response Essay.

Scenario 3:

Martha is a 65-year-old woman who recently retired from her job as an administrative assistant at a local hospital. Her medical history is significant for hypertension, which has been controlled for years with hydrochlorothiazide. She reports that lately she is having a lot of trouble sleeping, she occasionally feels like she has a “racing heartbeat,” and she is losing her appetite. She emphasizes that she is not hungry like she used to be. The only significant change that has occurred lately in her life is that her 87-year-old mother moved into her home a few years ago. Mom had always been healthy, but she fell down a flight of stairs and broke her hip. Her recovery was a difficult one, as she has lost a lot of mobility and independence and needs to rely on her daughter for assistance with activities of daily living. Adaptive Response Essay. Martha says it is not the retirement she dreamed about, but she is an only child and is happy to care for her mother. Mom wakes up early in the morning, likes to bathe every day, and has always eaten 5 small meals daily. Martha has to put a lot of time into caring for her mother, so it is almost a “blessing” that Martha is sleeping and eating less. She is worried about her own health though and wants to know why, at her age, she suddenly needs less sleep.

To Prepare

Review the three scenarios, as well as Chapter 6 in the Huether and McCance text.
Identify the pathophysiology of the disorders presented in each of the three scenarios, including their associated alterations. Consider the adaptive responses to the alterations.
Review the examples of “Mind Maps—Dementia, Endocarditis, and Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)” media in this week’s Learning Resources. Then select one of the disorders you identified from the scenarios. Use the examples in the media as a guide to construct a mind map for the disorder you selected. Consider the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of the disorder, as well as any adaptive responses to alterations.
Review the Application Assignment Rubric found under Course Information
To Complete Adaptive Response Essay

Write a 2- to 3-page Adaptive Response Essay paper excluding the title page, reference page and Mind Map that addresses the following:

For each of the three scenarios explain the pathophysiology, associated alterations and the patients’ adaptive responses to the alterations caused by the disease processes. You are required to discuss all three scenarios within the paper component of this assignment.
Construct one mind map on a selected disorder presented in one of the scenarios. Your Mind Map must include the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of the disorder, as well as any adaptive responses to alterations.

Scenario 1

Disease identification

The underlying condition in Jennifer’s case presents clinical manifestations of pharyngitis. According to Cohen and colleagues (2017) children with beta-hemolytic streptococci ( GABHS) pharyngitis manifest symptoms such as elevated fever( above 101.O F), tender and palpable anterior cervical lymph nodes, increased heart rate and complaint of a sore throat (Cohen et al., 2017). Further, upon physical examination, Jennifer’s skin is hot and dry a symptom associated with the disease. Notably, the physical examination confirmed the clinical manifestation of staphylococcus pharyngitis.

ORDER   A PLAGIARISM FREE PAPER   NOW

Pathophysiology

Pharyngitis is a disease resulting from type 2 hypersensitivity reaction in the body. According to Ivaska and colleagues (2015), the pharyngitis causing beta hemolytic staphylococcal bacteria invades the pharyngeal mucosa resulting in a hypersensitivity response. In this regard, the bacterial invasion triggers a local inflammation response at the site of infection, which, primarily emanates from the immune system producing antibodies against extracellular fluids. Therefore, the inflammation response in the affected pharynx nodes is responsible for pharyngitis in children. Further, Somro et al. (2012) pinpoint that the M protein fragments of GAS serotypes may result in rheumatoid fever if the underlying disease in children is not treated. Adaptive Response Essay.

Disease-associated alterations

Upon invasion by staphylococcus bacteria, the resultant inflammation response in the affected throat tissues stimulates the body to increase blood flow to the throat. In this regard, the patient experiences episodes of increased heart rate. Consequently, there is increased lymphocytes production in the blood circulating to the throat since the body’s immune system responds to the invasion, resulting to redness and pain in the throat (Somro et al., 2012). In this regard, an alteration in the body normal function is an indication that the immune system is fighting back the invasion by the disease-causing pathogens Adaptive Response Essay.

Patients’ adaptive responses

Patients’ adaptive response is subject to early and late activation of the immunological memory cells. According to Somro et al. (2012), previous exposure of the body’s immune system to pharyngitis causing staphylococcus, either by immunization or previous infection, stimulates the production of antigen-specific antibodies in the body. In this regard, when a patient is re-infected by the disease-causing pathogen, the immune system is induced to rapidly initiate a fast response in fighting the pathogen (Somro et al., 2012). As such, during reinfection by the pathogens, the disease-associated alterations in the body tend to minimal Occurs more rapidly as compared

Scenario 2

Disease identification

In this scenario, Jack’s underlying condition would be irritant-induced contact dermatitis (ICD) resulting from a type 4 hypersensitivity allergic reaction. According to Shrotriya, Ranpise, and Vidhate (2017), the clinical manifestations of ICD include redness in the affected skin, itchiness and dryness in the affected areas. Notably, the allergic hypersensitivity resulted from exposure the exposure of Jack’s hand to chemicals such as poison ivy. In this regard, upon exposure to the chemical s, the body’s immune system became activated resulting in eczema.

Pathophysiology and associated alterations

Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) results from activation of the innate immune system primarily due to exposure to chemical irritants. Shrotriya, Ranpise, and Vidhate (2017) assert that the condition emanates from the activation of cytokines and macrophages on initial exposure to a chemical allergen. Notably, ICD triggers the release of release of T cells ( CD8) which destroy the target cells, while macrophages release hydrolytic enzymes that hydrolyze target cells upon contact.immune system  In this regard, ICD causes alterations in the layers of the skins, notably. Further, practices such as repeated hand washing upon chemical exposure facilitate the occurrence of ICD (Shrotriya, Ranpise, & Vidhate, 2017). The research also attributes the occurrence to the removal of essential components of the skin layers such fats and oils thus facilitating skin susceptibility to toxic chemicals (Shrotriya, Ranpise, & Vidhate, 2017).

Adaptive response

Irritant-induced inflammatory response results to the release of allergen-specific cells. Notably, Jung et al. (2018) observe that the body keeps an immunological memory on initial exposure. Therefore, upon re-exposure to the allergens, the T effector cells are rapidly stimulated which results in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Adaptive Response Essay. In this regard, Jung et al. (2018), assert that continuous exposure to ICD allergens facilitates pathogenesis of ACD. However, Shrotriya, Ranpise, and Vidhate (2017) assert that other cells including the Natural killer cells and mast cells play a role in facilitating the pathogenesis of ACD when a patient is repeatedly exposed to ICD allergens Adaptive Response Essay.

Scenario 3

Disease identification

In the third scenario, the clinical manifestations reveal that Martha has developed a posttraumatic stress disorder. According to Joshi et al. (2017), PTSD is a psychological condition that develops in individuals who have experienced a traumatic event. On the other hand, Shalev, Liberzon, and Marmar (2017) assert that fear, sleep disturbance, hyper-vigilance and a frequent flashback of traumatic events as some of the clinical manifestations of PTSD. In this regard, considering that Martha’s recent turn of events was traumatic, I can attribute the clinical manifestations in the scenario to PSTD.

Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology of PSTD reveals endocrinological alterations emanating from the disease facilitates hormonal imbalance in patients. According to Joshi et al. (2017), recent studies reveal that PSDT results in a decreased volume in the hippocampus left amygada and cingulate cortex in patients. On the other hand, studies by Shalev, Liberzon, and Marmar (2017), revealed that PSDT patients have increased norepinephrine levels in their body. Further, there inhibition in the activity of adrenergic receptors in the body and consequently increased activation of glucocorticoid receptors. In this regard, hormone imbalance is a common occurrence in Patients with the disease revealing the underlying causes of the disease clinical manifestations (Shalev, Liberzon, & Marmar, 2017). Adaptive Response Essay.

Disease alterations

PSTD facilitates the release of the Adrenocortropicoid hormone (ACTH) in the brain, which results in illness disorder in patients. According to Joshi et al. (2017), the patients tend to be more concerned about their health condition and in most cases, most end up developing emotional distress. In this regard, uncertainty and dissatisfaction predominantly facilitate development misperceptions in the normal body functioning such as loss appetite. Furthermore, Joshi et al. (2017), asserts that illness disorders in PSTD may progress to a life-threatening condition, such as the development of suicidal thoughts Adaptive Response Essay.

Adaptive response

The body responds by realizing the flight or fight hormone when confronted with a dangerous situation. In this regard, PSTD patients tend to release the release the two hormones when exposed to traumatic events. However, as Joshi et al. (2017), observes in some cases PSTD patients are unable to recover from traumatic events. As such, when exposed to stressors, patients respond differently depending on novelty, level of trauma and the predisposing environmental factors.

Pharyngitis Mind Map

References

Cohen, J. F., Cohen, R., Bidet, P., Elbez, A., Levy, C., Bossuyt, P. M., & Chalumeau, M. (2017). Efficiency of a clinical prediction model for selective rapid testing in children with pharyngitis: A prospective, multicenter study. PloS one, 12(2), e0172871.

Ivaska, L., Niemelä, J., Vuorinen, T., Waris, M., Rantakokko-Jalava, K., & Peltola, V. (2015) Viral and Bacterial Etiology of Acute Pharyngitis in Children. In Open Forum Infectious Diseases Infectious. Diseases Society of America 1(2),1769

Joshi, M., Bartter, T., Joshi, A., Glare, P. A., Nicholas, M. K., & Blyth, F. M. (2017). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.retrieved from http://78.39.227.9/handle/Hannan/110235 Adaptive Response Essay

Jung, Y., Kim, J. C., Park, N. J., Bong, S. K., Lee, S., Jegal, H., … & Kim, S. N. (2018). Eupatilin, an activator of PPARα, inhibits the development of oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis symptoms in Balb/c mice. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.

Shalev, A., Liberzon, I., & Marmar, C. (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder. New England Journal of Medicine, 376(25), 2459-2469.

Shrotriya, S. N., Ranpise, N. S., & Vidhate, B. V. (2017). Skin targeting of resveratrol utilizing solid lipid nanoparticle-engrossed gel for chemically induced irritant contact dermatitis. Drug delivery and translational research, 7(1), 37-52.

Somro, A., Akram, M., Khan, M. I., Asif, H. M., Sami, A., Shah, S. A. M., … & Rehman, R. U. (2012). Pharyngitis and sore throat: A review. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(33), 6190-6197 Adaptive Response Essay.

Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience Assignment

Agonist-to-Antagonist Spectrum of Action

The agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action plays an important role in understanding psychopharmacologic agents. Neurotransmitters that naturally occur in the body can act as agonist that stimulate receptors; and psychopharmacologic agents can do the same (Stahl, 2013). If a drug stimulates a receptor less than the naturally occurring neurotransmitter, it is considered a partial agonist. Partial agonists can both increase and block neurotransmitter activity when there is deficient or excessive activity (Stahl, 2013).  Antagonists do not produce any activity without an agonist, since an antagonist works to block the action of agonists (Stahl, 2013). When there is an inverse agonist, it does not increase or block the signal transduction like an agonist or antagonist (Stahl, 2013). An inverse agonist causes an action that is opposite of the agonist, and results in the receptor decreasing the standard transduction level of the signal (Stahl, 2013). Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience Assignment

Knowing which neurotransmitters need to be either stimulated, blocked, increased, or decreased will help determine which psychopharmacologic agents will be most effective in achieving the desired outcome. In psychopharmacology, conventional and atypical antipsychotic drugs tend to be antagonist or partial agonists of dopamine (Stahl, 2013). Atypical antipsychotics can also be antagonists or inverse agonists of serotonin while hypnotic medications to improve insomnia are an example of agonists of melatonin (Stahl, 2013). Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience

ORDER   A PLAGIARISM FREE PAPER   NOW

Actions of G Couple Proteins and Ion Gated Channels.

Ion gated channels and g couple proteins both play a role in receiving neurotransmitter signals that cause changes in neuronal activity and are commonly targeted by pharmacological interventions (Stern et al., 2015). Ion gated channels are open or gated by the binding of a neurotransmitter that activates the channel and causes a quick synaptic transmission (Alexander et al., 2017). When a presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter, the gated ion channel receives the signal from the neurotransmitter and quickly transmits it to activate a post-synaptic response that is usually excitatory or inhibitory (Alexander et al., 2017). Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience

G couple proteins work through second messenger systems that sequentially alter the functionality of multiple different target proteins and transmit signals more slowly than the rapid effect of ion gated channels (Stern et al., 2015). While ion gated channels can rapidly alter neuronal activity and membrane potential, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are slower to alter neuronal activity because they involve multiple-enzyme cascades and can cause post-translational modifications that can transmit or terminate the received signals (Stern et al., 2015). Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience Assignment

Epigenetics and Pharmacologic Action

Epigenetics is defined as “mechanisms leading to changes in gene expression that do not involve changes in DNA sequences” (Prabhakar et al., 2017, p. 73). It is possible that the changes that occur in gene function could be heritable, but the effects of the gene changes may also be treatable or reversible (Stern et al., 2015). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a large role in epigenetics and the regulation of gene expression (Prabhakar et al., 2017). If pharmacologic treatments can target lncRNAs, they may be able to epigenetically modulate biochemical pathways that address the effects of the gene changes and make the pharmacologic action more effective (Prabhakar et al., 2017). Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience

Impact When Prescribing Medications

As a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner, it is important to be aware of the action of medications that you choose to prescribe. The above information regarding the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum, ion gated channels, g couple proteins, and epigenetics is important to consider when deciding the best psychopharmacologic approach to treating patients. Anxiety disorder is a common disorder that patients seek treatment for. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are common anxiolytic medications. If serotonin is the neurotransmitter that is being targeted to treat the anxiety, the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action needs to be considered to determine what type of pharmacologic action is needed. Generally, an agonist action is needed to increase serotonin at the receptor sites to treat the anxiety (Stahl, 2013).

Place your order now, we write everything from scratch

You also need to consider whether the signal will be transmitted quickly via an ion gated channel, or more slowly via g-coupled protein receptors and a second messenger system. Another consideration specific to treating anxiety, is that at least one third of patients with anxiety do not respond to currently available drugs (Peedicayil, 2020). Therefore, epigenetics and epigenetic drugs should be considered, as evidence suggests that epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression can contribute to the pathogenesis of anxiety and other psychiatric disorders (Peedicayil, 2020). Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience

References

Alexander, S. P., Peters, J. A., Kelly, E., Marrion, N. V., Faccenda, E., Harding, S. D., Pawson, A. J., Sharman, J. L., Southan, C., Davies, J. A., & CGTP Collaborators. (2017). The concise guide to pharmacology 2017/2018: Ligand-gated ion channels. British Journal of Pharmacology, 174, S130–S159. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13879

Peedicayil, J. (2020). The potential role of epigenetic drugs in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 16, 597–606. https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s242040

Prabhakar, B., Zhong, X., & Rasmussen, T. P. (2017). Exploiting long noncoding RNAs as pharmacological targets to modulate epigenetic diseases. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, (90), 73–86. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5369047/pdf/yjbm_90_1_73.pdf

Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical application (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=BBtMzTV8OMgC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=psychopharmacological+agonist+to+antagonist+spectrum+of+action+&ots=Hhnpt4RsLW&sig=lTv2dLHW58MpmvZsJzRcAIzkJGA#v=onepage&q=antagonist&f=false

Stern, T. A., Maurizio, F. M., Wilens, T. E., & Rosenbaum, J. F. (2015). Massachusetts general hospital psychopharmacology and neurotherapeutics (1st ed.). Elsevier. Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience