t Tests and ANOVA

This week, you explore key statistical concepts related to data and problem solving through the completion of the following exercises using SPSS and the information found in your Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research textbook. The focus of this assignment is to become familiar with the SPSS data analysis software, and to develop an understanding of how to calculate and summarize inferential statistics using t tests and ANOVA. How to calculate and summarize inferential statistics using t tests and ANOVA

To prepare:

• Review      the Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research chapters      that you read as a part of the Week 5 Learning Resources. As you do so,      pay close attention to the examples presented—they provide information      that will be useful for you to recall when completing the software      exercises. You may also wish to review the Research Methods for      Evidence-Based Practice video resources.
• Refer      to the Week      5 t Test Exercises (see attached      file) and follow the directions to perform a t test.
• Download      and save the Polit2SetC.sav (see      attached file) data set. You will open the data file in SPSS.
• Compare      your data output against the tables presented in the Week 5 t Test Exercises  SPSS Output.      (see attached file)
• Formulate      an initial interpretation of the meaning or implication of your      calculations.
• Refer      to the Week      5 ANOVA Exercises (see attached file) and      follow the directions to perform an ANOVA using the Polit2SetA.sav       (see attached file) data set.
• Compare      your data output against the tables presented in the Week 5 ANOVA Exercises SPSS Output      (see attached file) How to calculate and summarize inferential statistics using t tests and ANOVA
• Formulate      an initial interpretation of the meaning or implication of your      calculations.

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To complete:

1) Complete the Part I, Part II, and Part III steps and Assignments as outlined in the Week 5 t Test Exercises (see attached file) page.

2) Complete the steps and Assignment as outlined in the Week 5 ANOVA Exercises (see attached file) page.

3) Create one document with your responses to the t test exercises and the ANOVA exercises.

Required Media

“One Sample T-Test”

Used by permission from SPSSVideoTutor.com A division of Consumer Raters LLC., 1121 S Military Trail, 314, Deerfield Beach, FL 33442, USA

Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 3 minutes.

“Independent Samples T-Test” 

Used by permission from SPSSVideoTutor.com A division of Consumer Raters LLC., 1121 S Military Trail, 314, Deerfield Beach, FL 33442, USA 

Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 5 minutes.

Dependent Samples T-Test”

Used by permission from SPSSVideoTutor.com A division of Consumer Raters LLC., 1121 S Military Trail, 314, Deerfield Beach, FL 33442, USA

Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 6 minutes.

“One-way Analysis of Variance”

SPSSVideoTutor.com A division of Consumer Raters LLC., 1121 S Military Trail, 314, Deerfield Beach, FL 33442, USA

Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 7 minutes.

Required Readings

Gray, J.R., Grove, S.K., & Sutherland, S. (2017). Burns, and Grove’s the practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier.

Chapter 25, “Using Statistics to Determine Differences”

This excerpt elaborates on how statistics are used to examine causality using procedures such as contingency tables, chi-squares, t tests, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). How to calculate and summarize inferential statistics using t tests and ANOVA

Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research

Chapter 5, “Statistical Inference”

This chapter discusses inferential statistics, sampling error, sampling distributions, and the laws of probability. The chapter also introduces key terms such as standard error of mean, hypothesis testing, and parametric test.

Chapter 6, “t Tests: Testing Two Mean Differences”

This chapter considers the various forms of the t test, including the two-sample t test, Kolmogrov-Smirnov test, independent groups t test, and dependent groups t test. The chapter also discusses the many variables involved in these tests such as effect size, meta-analysis, and Cohen’s d.

Chapter 7, “Analysis of Variance” (pp. 137–146 and 155–158)

The first part of this chapter introduces the basic assumptions, requirements, general logic, and terminology surrounding analysis of variance (ANOVA). The second excerpt focuses on sampling distribution of the F ratio and the null and alternative hypotheses.

Jadcherla, S. R., Wang, M., Vijayapal, A. S., & Leuthner, S. R. (2010). Impact of prematurity and co-morbidities on feeding milestones in neonates: A retrospective study. Journal of Perinatology, 30(3), 201–208. doi:10.1038/jp.2009.149

This article outlines the procedures and results of a retrospective study of how perinatal and comorbidity factors affect the rate at which infants meet feeding milestones. The article also includes an application of inferential statistics to the results of the study.

Optional Resources

Shin, J. H. (2009). Application of repeated-measures analysis of variance and hierarchical linear model in nursing research. Nursing Research, 58(3), 211–217. doi:10.1097/NNR.0b013e318199b5ae

Walden University. (n.d.). Analysis of variance. Retrieved August 1, 2011, from http://streaming.waldenu.edu/hdp/researchtutorials/educ8106_player/educ8106_analysis_of_variance_anova.html

Walden University. (n.d.). Inferential statistics. Retrieved August 1, 2011, from http://streaming.waldenu.edu/hdp/researchtutorials/educ8106_player/educ8106_inferential_stats_and_hypothesis_testing.html

Walden University. (n.d.). t-Tests. Retrieved August 1, 2011, from http://streaming.waldenu.edu/hdp/researchtutorials/educ8106_player/educ8106_ttests.html How to calculate and summarize inferential statistics using t tests and ANOVA

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Traditional Chinese medicine utilizes yin (cooling) versus yang (warming) in assessing and treating disease. Menopause is considered a time of imbalance

Question

Question 1 1 / 1 point

Up to 21% of Asians are ultra-rapid 2D6 metabolizers, leading to:

Question options:

A need to monitor drugs metabolized by 2D6 for toxicity

Increased dosages needed of drugs metabolized by 2D6, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Decreased conversion of codeine to morphine by CYP 2D6

The need for lowered dosages of drugs, such as beta blockers

Question 2 1 / 1 point

Rifampin is a nonspecific CYP450 inducer that may:

Question options:

Lead to toxic levels of rifampin and must be monitored closely

Cause toxic levels of drugs, such as oral contraceptives, when coadministered

Induce the metabolism of drugs, such as oral contraceptives, leading to therapeutic failure

Cause nonspecific changes in drug metabolism. Traditional Chinese medicine utilizes yin (cooling) versus yang (warming) in assessing and treating disease. Menopause is considered a time of imbalance

Question 3 1 / 1 point

Inhibition of P-glycoprotein by a drug such as quinidine may lead to:

Question options:

Decreased therapeutic levels of quinidine

Increased therapeutic levels of quinidine

Decreased levels of a coadministered drug, such as digoxin, that requires P-glycoprotein for absorption and elimination

Increased levels of a coadministered drug, such as digoxin, that requires P-glycoprotein for absorption and elimination

Question 4 1 / 1 point

Warfarin resistance may be seen in patients with VCORC1 mutation, leading to:

Question options:

Toxic levels of warfarin building up

Decreased response to warfarin

Increased risk for significant drug interactions with warfarin

Less risk of drug interactions with warfarin

Question 5 1 / 1 point

Pharmacogenetic testing is required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration prior to prescribing:

Question options:

Erythromycin

Digoxin

Cetuximab

Rifampin

Question 6 1 / 1 point

Carbamazepine has a Black Box Warning recommending testing for the HLA-B*1502 allele in patients with Asian ancestry prior to starting therapy due to:

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Question options:

Decreased effectiveness of carbamazepine in treating seizures in Asian patients with the HLA-B*1502 allele

Increased risk for drug interactions in Asian patients with the HLA-B*1502 allele

Increased risk for Stevens-Johnson syndrome in Asian patients with HLA-B*1502 Allele

Patients who have the HLA-B*1502 allele being more likely to have a resistance to carbamazepine

Question 7 1 / 1 point

A genetic variation in how the metabolite of the cancer drug irinotecan SN-38 is inactivated by the body may lead to:

Question options:

Decreased effectiveness of irinotecan in the treatment of cancer

Increased adverse drug reactions, such as neutropenia

Delayed metabolism of the prodrug irinotecan into the active metabolite SN-38

Increased concerns for irinotecan being carcinogenic

Question 8 1 / 1 point

A good history of herb and supplement use is critical before prescribing because approximately ____ % of patients in the United States are using herbal products. Traditional Chinese medicine utilizes yin (cooling) versus yang (warming) in assessing and treating disease. Menopause is considered a time of imbalance

Question options:

10

5

38

70

Question 9 1 / 1 point

A potential harmful effect on patients who take some herbal medication is:

Question options:

Constipation

Lead poisoning

Diarrhea

Life-threatening rash

Question 10 1 / 1 point

A thorough understanding of herbs is critical to patient safety. An example is the use of cinnamon to treat type II diabetes. It is important the patient uses Ceylon cinnamon, as the commercially available cassia cinnamon contains:

Question options:

Coumadin, which may lead to bleeding problems

Coumarin, which can cause liver and kidney damage

Cinnamic aldehyde, which is toxic to the kidney

Cinnamate eugenol, which is toxic to the liver

Question 11 1 / 1 point

Traditional Chinese medicine utilizes yin (cooling) versus yang (warming) in assessing and treating disease. Menopause is considered a time of imbalance, therefore the Chinese herbalist would prescribe:

Question options:

Herbs which are yang in nature

Herbs that are yin in nature

Ginger

Golden seal

Question 12 1 / 1 point

According to traditional Chinese medicine, if a person who has a fever is given a herb that is yang in nature, such as golden seal, the patient’s illness will:

Question options:

Get worse

Get better

Not be adequately treated

Need additional herbs to treat the yang

Question 13 1 / 1 point

In Ayurvedic medicine, treatment is based on the patient’s dominant dosha, which is referred to as the person’s:

Question options:

Vata

Pitta

Kapha

Prakriti

Question 14 1 / 1 point

When melatonin is used to induce sleep, the recommendation is that the patient:

Question options:

Take 10 mg 30 minutes before bed nightly

Take 1 to 5 mg 30 minutes before bed nightly

Not take melatonin more than three nights a week

Combine melatonin with zolpidem (Ambien) for the greatest impact on sleep

Question 15 1 / 1 point

In the United States, over-the-counter drugs are regulated by:

Question options:

No one. There is no oversight for over-the-counter medications.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research

The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. Traditional Chinese medicine utilizes yin (cooling) versus yang (warming) in assessing and treating disease. Menopause is considered a time of imbalance

MedWatch

Question 16 1 / 1 point

As drugs near the end of their patent, pharmaceutical companies may apply for the drug to change to over-the-counter status in order to:

Question options:

Get a new patent for the over-the-counter form of the drug

Lower the costs because most prescription benefit plans do not cover generics

Market the drug to a whole new population, as they are able to market to patients instead of just providers

Continue to make large profits from their blockbuster brand-name drug

Question 17 1 / 1 point

The ailment that generates the greatest over-the-counter annual drug sales is:

Question options:

Constipation

Cough and colds

Heartburn

Acute and chronic pain

Question 18 1 / 1 point

Common over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen:

Question options:

Are always safer for the patient than prescription pain medication

Are harmful if taken in higher than recommended amounts

Have minimal interaction with prescription medications

Should never be given to children unless recommended by their provider

Question 19 1 / 1 point

When obtaining a drug history from Harold, he gives you a complete list of his prescription medications. He denies taking any other drugs, but you find that he occasionally takes aspirin for his arthritis flare ups. This is an example of:

Question options:

His appropriately only telling you about his regularly prescribed medications

His hiding information regarding his inappropriate use of aspirin from you

A common misconception that intermittently taken over-the counter medications are not an important part of his drug history

A common misuse of over-the-counter aspirin

Question 20 1 / 1 point

Michael asks you about why some drugs are over-the-counter and some are prescription. You explain that in order for a drug to be approved for over-the-counter use the drug must:

Question options:

Be safe and labeled for appropriate use

Have a low potential for abuse or misuse

Be taken for a condition the patient can reliably self-diagnose

All of the above

Question

Question 1

2 / 2 pts

Dilated and sluggish pupils, widening pulse pressure, and bradycardia are clinical findings evident of which stage of intracranial hypertension?

Stage 4

Stage 2

Stage 1

Stage 3

Question 2

2 / 2 pts

Posthyperventilation apnea (PHVA) ceases and rhythmic breathing is resumed when levels of arterial

carbon dioxide become normal. The most common side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

oxygen increase.

oxygen decrease.

carbon dioxide increase.

Question 3

2 / 2 pts

Uncal herniation occurs when

the hippocampal gyrus shifts from the middle fossa through the tentorial notch into the posterior fossa.

the diencephalon shifts from the middle fossa straight downward through the tentorial notch into the posterior fossa.

the cingulate gyrus shifts under the falx cerebri.

a cerebellar tonsil shifts through the foramen magnum.

Question 4

2 / 2 pts

What are the areas of the brain that mediate several cognitive functions, including vigilance, reasoning, and executive functions?

Occipital

Limbic

Parietal

Prefrontal

Question 5

0 / 2 pts

The most critical aspect in diagnosing a seizure disorder and establishing its cause is

computed tomography (CT) scan.

cerebrospinal fluid analysis.

health history.

skull x-ray films.

Question 6

2 / 2 pts

Cerebral edema is an increase in the fluid content of the

brain tissue.

meninges.

neurons.

ventricles.

Question 7

2 / 2 pts

Which is a characteristic of brainstem death?

Comatose

Vegetative state

Apnea

Locked-in syndrome

Question 8

2 / 2 pts

Which disease process is infratentorial?

Cerebellar neoplasm

Parkinson disease

Encephalitis

Cerebral neoplasm

Question 9

2 / 2 pts

Microinfarcts resulting in pure motor or pure sensory deficits are the result of which type of stroke?

Lacunar

Hemorrhagic

Embolic

Thrombotic

Question 10

0 / 2 pts

Spinal cord injuries are most likely to occur in which of the following regions?

Cervical and thoracic

Lumbar and sacral

Cervical and lumbar

Thoracic and lumbar

Question 11

2 / 2 pts

A right hemisphere embolic cerebrovascular accident has resulted in left-sided paralysis and reduced sensation of the left foot and leg. The vessel most likely affected by the emboli is the right _____ artery. 

middle cerebralThe most common side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) The most common side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

posterior cerebral

vertebral

anterior cerebral

Question 12

2 / 2 pts

In children most intracranial tumors are located

laterally.

below the tentorium cerebelli.

above the tentorium cerebelli.

posterolaterally.

Question 13

2 / 2 pts

What are the most common side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?

Hypertensive crisis and agitation

Orthostatic hypotension and weight gain

Dry mouth and sexual dysfunction

Sleep disturbances and nausea

Question 14

0 / 2 pts

Which neurotransmitter is reduced in people with schizophrenia?

Acetylcholine

Dopamine

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Serotonin

Question 15

0 / 2 pts

Which electrolyte imbalance contributes to lithium toxicity?

Hyponatremia

Hypernatremia

Hypokalemia

Hyperkalemia

Question 16

2 / 2 pts

Benign febrile seizures are characterized by

onset after the fifth year of life.

respiratory or ear infections.

lasting 30 minutes or more.

a temperature less than 39° C.

Question 17

2 / 2 pts

The clinical manifestations of dyskinetic cerebral palsy include

exaggerated deep tendon reflexes, clonus, and rigidity of extremities.

scoliosis, contractures, and stiffness of trunk muscles.

increased muscle tone and prolonged primitive reflexes.

jerky uncontrolled and abrupt fine musculoskeletal movements.

Question 18

2 / 2 pts

A _____ is the test done on amniotic fluid and maternal blood to test for neural tube defect. The most common side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

α-fetoprotein (AFP)

total protein

culture

C-reactive protein

Question 19

2 / 2 pts

Symptoms characteristic of bulimia nervosa include:

a perception that the body is fat when it is actually underweight.

recurrent episodes of binge eating with fears of not being able to stop eating.

absence of three consecutive menstrual periods.

a fear of becoming obese despite progressive weight loss.

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Question 20

2 / 2 pts

Intussusception causes intestinal obstruction by

the loss of peristaltic motor activity in the intestine, causing an adynamic ileus.

twisting the intestine on its mesenteric pedicle causing occlusion of the blood supply.

forming fibrin and scar tissue that attach to intestinal omentum and cause obstruction.

telescoping of part of the intestine into another usually causing strangulation of the blood supply. The most common side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Question 21

2 / 2 pts

After a partial gastrectomy or pyloroplasty, clinical manifestations that include increased pulse, hypotension, weakness, pallor, sweating, and dizziness are a result of

a rapid gastric emptying and creation of a high osmotic gradient in the small intestine that causes a sudden shift of fluid from the blood vessels to the intestinal lumen.

hemorrhage postoperatively in which a large volume of blood is lost, causing hypotension with compensatory tachycardia.

an anaphylactic reaction in which chemical mediators, such as histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes, relax vascular smooth muscles causing shock.

a concentrated bolus that moves from the stomach into the small intestine, which causes hyperglycemia, resulting in polyuria and eventually hypovolemic shock.

Question 22

0 / 2 pts

Hepatitis _____ in children is primarily associated with blood transfusions.

D

B

A

C

Question 23

2 / 2 pts

_____ diarrhea results from lactose intolerance.

Motility

Secretory

Small volume

Osmotic

Question 24

0 / 2 pts

A person with cystic fibrosis has an exocrine pancreatic insufficiency because

the pancreas has a volvulus at the ampulla of Vater.

of the impaired blood supply to the pancreas causing ischemia.

genetically the pancreas is unable to produce digestive enzymes.

the pancreatic ducts are obstructed with mucus.

Question 25

2 / 2 pts

Prolonged diarrhea is more severe in children than in adults because

children have diarrhea more often than do adults.

children have a higher fluid volume intake.

less water is absorbed from the colon in children.

fluid reserves are smaller in children. The most common side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

   c

Discussion: Therapy for Clients With Personality Disorders

Clients with personality disorders often find it difficult to overcome their problems and function in daily life. Even when these clients are aware that they have a dysfunction with their personality and are open to counseling, treatment can be challenging for both the client and the therapist. For this Discussion, as you examine personality disorders, consider therapeutic approaches you might use with clients.

                                                          To prepare:

· Review this week’s Learning Resources and reflect on the insights they provide.

· Select one of the personality disorders from the DSM-5.

Post a description of the personality disorder you selected. Explain a therapeutic approach (including psychotropic medications if appropriate) you might use to treat a client presenting with this disorder, including how you would share your diagnosis of this disorder to the client in order to avoid damaging the therapeutic relationship. Support your approach with evidence-based literature. Therapy For Clients With Personality Disorders

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                                                                    Learning Resources

Required Readings

Wheeler, K. (Ed.). (2014). Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-based practice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.

• Chapter      20, “Termination and Outcome Evaluation” (Review pp. 693–712)

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Turner, B. J., & Chapman, A. L. (2011). Psychotherapy for personality disorders. International Review of Psychiatry, 23(3), 282–302. doi:10.3109/09540261.2011.586992

Lorentzen, S., Ruud, T., Fjeldstad, A., & Høglend, P. A. (2015). Personality disorder moderates outcome in short- and long-term group analytic psychotherapy: A randomized clinical trial. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54(2), 129–146. doi:10.1111/bjc.12065

Paris, J. (2004). Personality disorders over time: Implications for psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 58(4), 420–429. PMID: 15807086

Swift, J. K., & Greenberg, R. P. (2015). What is premature termination, and why does it occur? In Premature termination in psychotherapy: Strategies for engaging clients and improving outcomes (pp. 11–31). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/14469-002 Therapy For Clients With Personality Disorders

Anemia Assignment Discussion Essay

Case Study 1

Ms. A. is an apparently healthy 26-year-old white woman. Since the beginning of the current golf season, Ms. A has noted increased shortness of breath and low levels of energy and enthusiasm. These symptoms seem worse during her menses. Today, while playing in a golf tournament at a high, mountainous course, she became light-headed and was taken by her golfing partner to the emergency clinic. The attending physician’s notes indicated a temperature of 98 degrees F, an elevated heart rate and respiratory rate, and low blood pressure. Ms. A states, “Menorrhagia and dysmenorrheal have been a problem for 10-12 years, and I take 1,000 mg of aspirin every 3 to 4 hours for 6 days during menstruation.” During the summer months, while playing golf, she also takes aspirin to avoid “stiffness in my joints.” Anemia Assignment Discussion Essay

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Laboratory values are as follows:

Hemoglobin = 8 g/dl

Hematocrit = 32%

Erythrocyte count = 3.1 x 10/mm

RBC smear showed microcytic and hypochromic cells

Reticulocyte count = 1.5%

Other laboratory values were within normal limits.

Question

Considering the circumstances and the preliminary workup, what type of anemia does Ms. A most likely have? In an essay of 750-1000 words, explain your answer and include rationale. 

Cite references to support your positions.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide.  You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin.  Anemia Assignment Discussion Essay