Our stage of life, intellectual/cognitive abilities, and sociocultural position in life, affect our perspectives and resultant behaviors about a number of conditions including cancer

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Prior to completing this discussion, read Chapter 9 in the textbook, the SOC313 Family Document, and review the Instructor Guidance.

Our stage of life, intellectual/cognitive abilities, and sociocultural position in life, affect our perspectives and resultant behaviors about a number of conditions including cancer. Consider the information provided in the SOC313 Family Document. Both Ella and Evan have been diagnosed with cancer. Ella has been fighting cancer with complementary and alternative methods with some success for many years. Evan, her grandson, is 10 years old and has recently been diagnosed with leukemia but has not yet begun treatment.

Putting yourself in either Ella or Evan’s place, what might your perspective on your cancer be? Integrate how the stage of life, cognitive abilities, and sociocultural position of your chosen person influences her/his perspective on his/her individual disease. Our stage of life, intellectual/cognitive abilities, and sociocultural position in life, affect our perspectives and resultant behaviors about a number of conditions including cancer

Guided Response: Read several of your classmates’ posts and respond to two of your peers.  Did your classmates select the same or different individual?  Respond to similarities and differences in your perspective and your classmates’ perspectives.  Taking on the role of either Evan’s mother or Ella’s husband, comment on how your perspective of the disease differs from your classmates’ perspectives. Share any additional insights you have after reading these different perspectives.

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SOC313 Family Document

Throughout this class, we will meet two families, the Maldonado’s and the Olson’s. The two families are

considered extended family via Sarah and Joe Miller. We will learn about their relationships, work

environments, and the psychosocial effects related to health challenges faced by each family. You will

use this document for the discussions and written assignments. We begin with the Maldonado family.

Manny and Donna Maldonado have been married for 42 years. Manny is age 65 and Donna is 63. Sarah,

Mike and Becky are the children of Manny and Donna Maldonado. Sarah is the eldest daughter,

followed by her brother, Mike, and her sister, Becky.

 Manny is Hispanic American and owns a 20,000-acre produce farm that has been in his family for

three generations. Although Manny speaks and understands some English, he prefers to speak

Spanish. This creates a language barrier between Manny and other family members who do not

speak Spanish. Donna is fluent in Spanish, having learned the language from Manny and his family. Our stage of life, intellectual/cognitive abilities, and sociocultural position in life, affect our perspectives and resultant behaviors about a number of conditions including cancer

 Donna works on the farm with her husband. She has long suffered from mood swings, which is

mostly frustrating to Manny. He says it is “brujeria,” meaning her moods are caused by witchcraft

and “mal d ojo” or “evil eye.” He believes someone put a spell on Donna. When this is believed to

be the case, the person will visit a Curandero (healer) who will perform a healing ritual.

o Sarah works as a nurse, and recently took Family Leave of Medical Absence (FMLA) due to

her children’s recent issues.

o Joe is the President of Illusion Technologies. Joe’s parents are John and Ella Miller. More

details about Joe are shared in the Olson family section below.

 Lucy, age 20, has a history of severe substance use disorder, along with having been

diagnosed with bipolar disorder. In the past two years, Lucy has had four different jobs.

She is unable to hold a job long-term. She now works on her grandparent’s produce

farm.

 Josh, age 17, has been sneaking away with friends, smoking marijuana and skipping

school.

 Evan, age 10, was recently diagnosed with leukemia; however, he has not yet started

treatments. Even’s doctors have recommended chemotherapy, radiation, and a bone

marrow transplant. Sarah and Joe intend to follow this treatment plan.

o Mike Maldonado is age 36. He currently works for a state University as a tenured faculty of

the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Mike was recently diagnosed with HIV. Mike

and Dan did not have any children. Our stage of life, intellectual/cognitive abilities, and sociocultural position in life, affect our perspectives and resultant behaviors about a number of conditions including cancer

o Dan was Mike’s husband. He recently passed away at the age of 38 due to an AIDS-related

illness. They were married for 10 years.

o Becky is age 33. She is divorced and working on the family produce farm as well as

attending a local college at night to complete her bachelor’s degree in Child Psychology. She

has one child, Abe.

 Abe is age 12. He is a good student, but his behavior has changed recently, showing

anger and defiance towards both of his parents and several teachers at school. His

mother, Becky, has been treating Abe’s behavioral changes with diet and alternative

medicines.

Next, we will meet the Olson family.

Frederic Olson was married to Mary Olson. Mary passed away 10 years ago at the age of 77. Frederic is

age 87. Ella is the only child of Frederic and Mary Olson.

 Fredric has pronounced symptoms from Parkinson’s disease. He has tremors and balance problems,

along with muscle stiffness and gait (manor of walking) changes. He struggles to begin any

movement. However, once he is moving, he cannot stop easily. His gait has changed to smaller

steps and shuffling.

 As he progresses through the stages of the disease, Frederic needs increasing assistance with his

activities of daily living (ADLs), which entails bathing, dressing, food preparation, eating, taking

medications, et cetera. He recently moved to an Assisted Living community and only leaves the

facility for medical appointments. The family visits Grandpa Frederic on an alternating schedule at

his new home every week. The Assisted Living community has regularly scheduled social events in

which Grandpa Frederic actively participates.

o Ella is married to John Miller. Ella and John are both 70 years old. John and Manny

Maldonado became best friends when John married Ella. Ella and Manny grew up together

on their neighboring farms. Ella and John recently sold their 10,000-acre farm to the

Maldonado family since the two farms were adjacent to each other.

o Ella has been trying to heal herself from breast cancer using a variety of natural means. She

grew up on a farm and was accustomed to using home remedies. Therefore, Ella is not

willing to utilize Western medicine practices.

o While the alternative health care methods kept Ella in remission for a few years, recently

she learned the cancer has returned. In addition, the cancer has metastasized to her lungs

and bones. Ella has chosen to forego Western medical treatment options such as

chemotherapy, radiation, and pharmacological breast cancer treatment medications. She

has requested to live out her last days at home. Ella has agreed to be admitted to Hospice

home care, with John as her primary caregiver. Ella and John are seeking quality palliative

end of life care. Our stage of life, intellectual/cognitive abilities, and sociocultural position in life, affect our perspectives and resultant behaviors about a number of conditions including cancer

o John, Ella’s husband, is of Native American origin. He is well educated and uses Western

medicine, but relies heavily on Native American methods, such as meditation and banishing

bad spirits from their home.

o John is an attorney for the Maldonado produce farm and his son’s company, Illusion

Technologies.

o John and Ella’s children are Sam, age 50, Lila, age 45, and Joe, age 43.

 Sam is divorced and has no children. He works as a foreman on the Maldonado produce

farm. He is an alcoholic and has been diagnosed with severe substance use disorder due

to his alcohol addiction. His alcohol use is affecting his position as the foreman. Over

the past few months, he has experienced emotional outbursts, missed work, and started

arguments with the workers, third-party wholesalers, and Al Goldberg (Olson family).

Sam has been upset that his parents sold the family farm to the Maldonado family

instead of passing it down to him.

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 Lila, age 47, is married to Al Goldberg. She is a Social Worker for the state. Her job is

very stressful as her caseload includes at-risk children. There is a great deal of

documentation required; therefore, she works many 10 to 12 hour days. Lila is

overweight and has Type II diabetes. She has not controlled her weight or diabetes well.

Recently, her doctor changed her medication. She is now taking daily insulin injections

to help manage her diabetes.

 Al, age 47, Lila’s husband, is the general manager of the Maldonado family produce

farm. Al had first option for buying the Olson family farm. He opted out of purchasing

the farm and agreed with the sale to the Maldonado family. He has no known health

issues; however, due to an early childhood trauma, he is afraid of hospitals and funeral

homes.

 Alisha is Lila and Al’s only child. She is 20 years old and is currently attending college

full time on a nursing scholarship. The college campus is an hour away from her

parent’s home. She lives on campus in the dorms, does not work at this time, and

has no known health problems.

 Joe, who is Sarah (from the Maldonado family) Miller’s husband, is the President of

Illusion Technologies, a rapidly growing company with 50 employees. He has a patent

pending on two security-based software programs that could be worth millions. He and

his father are in negotiations to purchase land to build a state-of-the-art office building.

 Sarah, Joe’s wife, is a nurse and recently took a Family Medical Leave of Absence (FMLA)

due to the health and behavioral problems with her children. Details about Joe and

Sara’s children are shared in the Maldonado family section.

The family members share a long history of friendship and love of farming. They have shared many life

events, such as holidays, births, and deaths. Their families have been intertwined for generations

through the raising of the children and grandchildren. For the most part, the families get along well.

However, even though they share some of the same cultural traditions and backgrounds, they do clash

from time to time. For instance, some of the Olson family members are not in full agreement with Ella’s

use of home remedies and alternative treatments for her breast cancer. However, the Maldonado

family understands and supports her choices. Further, Ella is encouraging Sarah Miller and Mike

Maldonado to pursue Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) to treat Evan’s leukemia and

Mike’s HIV. The members of both families are dealing with very busy schedules and major health

challenges. Our stage of life, intellectual/cognitive abilities, and sociocultural position in life, affect our perspectives and resultant behaviors about a number of conditions including cancer

A 7-year history of respiratory illness, which occurs several times throughout the year, not seemingly connected to the changes in season

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Review the following case study and complete the questions that follow. Submit your completed document to Blackboard using the assignment link. A 7-year history of respiratory illness, which occurs several times throughout the year, not seemingly connected to the changes in season

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As a nurse practicing within a family practice, you are interviewing a 55-year-old woman who is an executive assistant at a local law firm, where she has worked for 9 years. She has a 7-year history of respiratory illness, which occurs several times throughout the year, not seemingly connected to the changes in season. She does not use tobacco products in any form. During your questions regarding her home and work environments, she reports that she enjoys working adjacent to the courthouse in a building over 100 years old because it is such a contrast to her brand-new home on a local golf course. When describing the health of her coworkers, she indicates, “We all share illnesses, which seem to affect everyone else during the year; we just seem to be sicker more often!”

  • What information is pertinent to your client’s case?
  • How would you assess your client’s risk?
  • What would be an exposure pathway for your client?

Your document should be 1-2 pages in length, in APA format, typed in Times New Roman with 12-point font, double-spaced with 1” margins, and include at least two citations using references less than five years old. A 7-year history of respiratory illness, which occurs several times throughout the year, not seemingly connected to the changes in season

Future of nursing PPT presentation

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Format: Students will prepare and post a PowerPoint presentation, with speaking notes underneath slide and references applying APA format and style. The length of the presentation shall not exceed 20 slides (typical for 20-minute presentation). Cite sources on slides AND notes, and include references on final slide. In addition, submit a Reference list in APA format in a WORD document to the drop box.

Content Outline:

IOM Recommendation – Increase the proportion of nurses with a baccalaureate degree to 80% by 2020.
Present a description of IOM Recommendation
Describe the justification for this recommendation (why it is important, citing the research that supports the recommendation). Future of nursing PPT presentation
Summary of current, related research
Summarize two recent (within 5 years) peer-reviewed research journal articles that focus on a concept or circumstance related to the recommendation (or topic area).
i. Identify the definition of the concept/circumstance studied in the research article.

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Progress in achieving IOM goal
Present the current status of progress in achieving the recommendation. Provide data for state and/or region. Include graphs or tables if available for the data.
Present at least two examples of innovative programs or initiatives that have led to progress in achieving the recommendation.
Present the role of the professional nurse in achieving this recommendation. What action can nurses do to shape the future of nursing?
APA and scholarly writing
a. Submit a minimum of 5 references – no more than 2 textbooks. Future of nursing PPT presentation

b. Cite sources within slides; list references on final slide, and submit separate WORD document with References listed (in APA format).

– Dimensions of Professional Nursing Practice

The Future of Nursing Assignment Guidelines and Grading Rubric

Content Outline:

1. IOM Recommendation – Increase the proportion of nurses with a baccalaureate degree to 80% by 2020.

a. Present a description of IOM Recommendation

b. Describe the justification for this recommendation (why it is important, citing the research that supports the recommendation).

2. Summary of current, related research

a. Summarize two recent (within 5 years) peer-reviewed research journal articles that focus on a concept or circumstance related to the recommendation (or topic area).

i. Identify the definition of the concept/circumstance studied in the research article.

ii. Identify the setting in which the concept/circumstance was studied.

iii. Describe the study findings related to the concept/circumstance.

3. Progress in achieving IOM goal

a. Present the current status of progress in achieving the recommendation. Provide data for state and/or region. Include graphs or tables if available for the data.

b. Present at least two examples of innovative programs or initiatives that have led to progress in achieving the recommendation.

c. Present the role of the professional nurse in achieving this recommendation. What action can nurses do to shape the future of nursing?

4. APA and scholarly writing

a. Submit a minimum of 5 references – no more than 2 textbooks.

b. Cite sources within slides; list references on final slide, and submit separate WORD document with References listed (in APA format).

Format: Students will prepare and post a PowerPoint presentation, with speaking notes underneath slide and references applying APA format and style. The length of the presentation shall not exceed 20 slides (typical for 20-minute presentation). Cite sources on slides AND notes, and include references on final slide. In addition, submit a Reference list in APA format in a WORD document to the drop box.

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Resources:

The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation website has excellent resources to support your success on this assignment, including research articles, data reports, and updates on innovative projects and action coalition efforts to achieve the recommendations. Website: http://thefutureofnursing.org. Here you can find the recommendation summary, research and data by topic (Practice, Education, Leadership, and Workforce), Success Stories and Campaign for Action.

Database searches using PubMed, CINAHL, and/or Joanna Briggs using key words from your recommendation will also be an excellent resource for the research articles required for this assignment. The RWJF site also lists articles/current research, which can then be accessed via SCF Library databases (if not open access). Future of nursing PPT presentation

The Future of Nursing

In 2010, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation enlisted the Institute of Medicine to assess the changes needed to transform healthcare through nursing.  The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health (IOM, 2010) was a landmark report that addressed four key messages related to nurse training, education, professional leadership and workforce policy, with specific recommendations to advance nursing.  

Key Messages (Institute of Medicine, 2010)

 (Links to an external site.)

1 Nurses should practice to the full extent of their education and training.

2 Nurses should achieve higher levels of education and training through an improved education system that promotes seamless academic progression.

3 Nurses should be full partners, with physicians and other health professionals, in redesigning health care in the United States.

4 Effective workforce planning and policy making require better data collection and an improved information infrastructure. 

The full report is available on the RWJF Future of Nursing website (http://www.thefutureofnursing.org/

 (Links to an external site.)

), and a video summary is presented here: 

The Campaign for Action is an initiative supported by the RWJF and AARP to monitor and support the implementation of the IOM recommendations.  Many of you are familiar with the recommendation to Increase the Proportion of Registered Nurses with a Baccalaureate degree to 80% by 2020. According to the Florida Center for Nursing, what percent of employed registered nurses had a BSN or higher degree? (Charlotte, DeSoto, Manatee, and Sarasota Counties)

· 22%

· 31%

· 56%

· 80%

The correct answer is 31.4%–still far from the 80% goal by the year 2020 (source: Suncoast Nursing Action Coalition).  The Florida Center for Nursing and the Florida Action Coalition are actively working with state and community partners to increase the number of working RNs with a BSN and to achieve the other recommendations of the IOM report.  By enrolling and successfully completing the BSN, you contribute to improved patient care outcomes and promote nursing leadership in healthcare. Visit the Campaign for Action Dashboard to see how your state and region are doing in achieving the IOM recommendations: http://campaignforaction.org/dashboard. Future of nursing PPT presentation

 (Links to an external site.)

 (scroll down to find the “Learn about progress in your state” interactive tool on right side of screen). 

Grading Rubric

Future of Nursing Presentation

Criteria Ratings
IOM Recommendation Summary of recommendation accurate and provides evidence to support the recommendation = 20 Recommendation listed, but lacking sufficient evidence justifying = 10 Recommendation quoted only, with no evidence presented = 0
Summary of research Articles current, related to recommendation, and summary addresses all components of the outline = 30 Articles not directly related to recommendation; only one article presented; summary missing outline elements and/or extensive use of quotations = 15 Articles not related to recommendation, or missing = 0
Progress in achieving IOM recommendation Summary of progress clearly addresses current data, innovations and role of nurse, and includes evidence to support findings = 30 Summary lacking sufficient depth or evidence to support findings = 15 Does not address progress in achieving recommendation = 0
APA/Scholarly Writing Presentation and speaking notes follow APA format and style with minor exceptions; references sufficient, current and support presentation = 20 APA and scholarly writing have a few mistakes; references are not current or peer-reviewed; presentation exceeds 20 slides = 10 More than a few APA errors, or sources not acknowledged properly in citations or references = 0
Possible Points = 100

Major factors that have resulted in the shift in utilization from inpatient hospitalization to ambulatory care services

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Discussion Board Assignment 

Chapter 5 – Ambulatory Care in Edition 8

 Assigned Readings:  Chapter 5

Answer the following questions:

1.       Identify the major factors that have resulted in the shift in utilization from inpatient hospitalization to ambulatory care services. Describe the implications of this shift for hospitals, consumers, and the health care delivery system as a whole.

2.       In what ways have private practice physicians responded to the expansion of hospital, health plans’ and other organization-sponsored ambulatory services?  What are the implications of those responses for the patient, for the consumer, and for the health care industry as a whole? Major factors that have resulted in the shift in utilization from inpatient hospitalization to ambulatory care services

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3.       Hospital emergency departments continue to be used as an ever more important source of primary medical care by large numbers of the community’s medically underserved population. What are the implications of this practice for the patients, and on health care costs and quality of care? What would you propose as a means to change this situation?

4.        Almost two-thirds of all surgical procedures are now performed in ambulatory surgery facilities. Discuss the reasons for this shift of surgery from the inpatient setting and its effect on hospitals and consumers.

5.       Some people support the role of public health departments in providing preventive and treatment services as necessary to fill gaps in the system for the medically needy. Others believe these services are more efficiently and effectively provided through private organizations. What is your position on this issue and why? Major factors that have resulted in the shift in utilization from inpatient hospitalization to ambulatory care services

The smartphone has become an increasingly valuable tool in the field of medicine

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Discussion: Foundational Pioneers in Informatics

The smartphone has become an increasingly valuable tool in the field of medicine. Because of the phone’s small size and powerful computing capabilities, doctors, nurses, and researchers use these smartphones in a wide range of areas. For example, smartphones can be used as an electrocardiogram, to perform ultrasound procedures, to track patient progress, and as a decision support tool for generating diagnoses (Ozdalga, Ozdalga & Ahuja, 2012). Like most innovative technologies, the smartphone and its applications are a result of many years of incremental research and development.

In this Discussion, you focus on those who set the stage for the field of informatics today. By Day 1, your Instructor will assign you one of the pioneers in the field of informatics to research.

To prepare:

  • Read the articles listed in the Learning Resources for your assigned informatics pioneer.
  • Conduct research in the Walden Library or on the Internet to find additional works by or information about the individual. The smartphone has become an increasingly valuable tool in the field of medicine
  • Determine his or her area of interest and affiliations in the medical world.
  • Reflect on the contributions he or she made to the field of informatics. What most interests you? What most surprises you?
  • Consider how these contributions impact the field of informatics today.
  • Assess why it is important to be familiar with the foundational documents of nursing informatics.

By tomorrow 11/30/2016 12pm

Post a minimum of 550 words essay in APA format with a minimum of 3 scholarly references (See list provided below), which addresses the level one headings below:

1)      An overview of the individual to whom you were assigned, including his or her principal areas of interest and medical affiliations.

2)      Highlight the contributions this individual made to the field of informatics, and explain how these contributions impact the field of informatics today.

3)      Comment on the importance of being familiar with the foundational documents of nursing informatics.

Required Readings

    Kaplan, B., Brennan, P., Dowling, A., Friedman, C., & Peel, V. (2001). Towards an informatics research agenda: Key people and organizational issues. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 8(3), 235–241.

 Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. The smartphone has become an increasingly valuable tool in the field of medicine

This article highlights key areas in the field of health informatics in which additional research needs to be conducted. The authors cite organizational and social trends, and they suggest questions that need to be addressed in these areas.

Pioneers in Informatics

Harriet Werley

    Werley, H. H., Devine, E. C., & Zorn, C. R. (1988). Nursing needs its own minimum data set. The American Journal of Nursing, 88(12), 1651–1653.

 Copyright 1988 by Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Inc. Reprinted by permission of Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Inc. via the Copyright Clearance Center.

In this article, Werley, Devine, and Zorn describe their development of the nursing minimum data set (NMDS). They also discuss how the NMDS was used and why it was important.

    Werley, H. H., Devine, E. C., Zorn, C. R., Ryan, P., & Westra, B. L. (1991). The nursing minimum data set: Abstraction tool for standardized, comparable, essential data. American Journal of Public Health, 81(4), 421–426.

Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

In this article from 1991, the authors explain their usage of the nursing minimum data set to standardize collections of nursing data. The authors explore the importance of standardizing nursing data, as well as these data’s availability, reliability, and benefits at that time.

    Hobbs, J. (2011). Political dreams, practical boundaries: The case of the Nursing Minimum Data Set, 1983–1990. Nursing History Review: Official Journal of the American Association for The History of Nursing, 19, 127–155.

    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

 This article explores the development of the Nursing Minimum Data set (NMDS). The article details the contentious process that Harriet Werley utilized to identify information used in the NMDS.

    Werley, H. (1972). Research in nursing as input to educational programs. Journal of Nursing Education, 11(4), 29-38.

Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

In this article, Harriet Werley describes the relationship between nursing research and nursing education programs. Werley cites numerous studies that emphasize the need for additional nursing research and its integration into practice and curricula. The smartphone has become an increasingly valuable tool in the field of medicine

Robert Ledley and Lee B. Lusted

    Ledley, R. S., & Lusted, L. B. (1959). Reasoning foundations of medical diagnosis. Science, New Series, 130(3366), 9–21.

  Copyright 1959 by American Association for the Advancement of Science. Reprinted by permission of American Association for the Advancement of Science via the Copyright Clearance Center.

This seminal article explores the research, observation, and risk involved in diagnosing a patient in 1959. The authors discuss the reasoning foundations behind how physicians made a medical diagnosis in their era.

    Ledley, R. S. (1964). High-speed automatic analysis of biomedical pictures. Science, New Series, 146(3641), 216–223.

 Copyright 1964 by American Association for the Advancement of Science. Reprinted by permission of American Association for the Advancement of Science via the Copyright Clearance Center.

 The authors of this article describe contemporary technologies in the nursing field of 1964. In particular, they focus on the high-speed automatic analysis of biomedical pictures.

    Ledley, R. (2004). Editorial for computerized medical imaging and graphics. Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, 28(1–2), 1.

   Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

This article explains how advances in medical imaging technology have drastically changed patient care. The author also defines and explains different types of medical imaging and graphics.

    Ledley, R. S., & Lusted, L. B. (1960). The use of electronic computers in medical data processing: Aids in diagnosis, current information retrieval, and medical record keeping. IRE Transaction on Medical Electronics, ME-7(1), 31–47.

    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

  In this article, the authors discuss the use of computers in medical data processing in 1960. The article explains how computers changed the abilities of physicians to make educated diagnoses and keep medical records.

  Ledley, R. S. (1987). Medical informatics: A personal view of sowing the seeds. Proceedings of ACM Conference on History of Medical Informatics, 1987, 31–41.

  Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

This 1987 article describes a personal view of medical informatics. The author relays personal experiences with early medical informatics systems.

MUMPS (Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System) in Octo Barnett’s Laboratory of Computer Science, Neil Pappalardo, Curtis Marble, and Robert Greenes

    Ashenhurst, R. L., McIlroy, M. D., Gawlick, H. J., Daley, L. R., Fournier, A., Cohen, D., & … Rule, J. B. (1990). ACM Forum. Communications of the ACM, 33(5), 479–482.

Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

    This article includes numerous letters to the editor of Association of Computing Machinery’s (ACM) journal. The letters discuss numerous issues that were prevalent in computing and informatics at the time of publication.

    Barnett, G. O. (1987). History of the development of medical information systems at the Laboratory of Computer Science at Massachusetts General Hospital. Proceedings of ACM Conference on History of Medical Informatics, 1987, 43–49.

    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

  In this article, the author explores the history of the development of medical information systems at the laboratory of computer science at the Massachusetts General Hospital. The author describes the importance of different medical information systems and how they were utilized at this particular hospital.

    Dezelic, G. (2007). A short review of medical informatics history. Acta Informatica Medica, 15(1), 43–48.

Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

This article provides a summary of the history of medical informatics. The author describes key medical informatics pioneers and systems.

    Lincoln, T. L. (1987). An historical perspective on clinical laboratory information systems. Proceedings of ACM Conference on History of Medical Informatics, 1987, 117–121.

  Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

  The author of this article discusses some of the medical information systems in use in 1987.This article provides a historical perspective on clinical laboratory information systems and how they have evolved over time.

    Waxman, B. D. (1987). Planting the seeds. Proceedings of ACM Conference on History of Medical Informatics, 1987, 27–29.

    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

This article describes the history of informatics prior to 1987. The author discusses the information gathered at the proceedings of the ACM conference and who “planted the seeds” of medical information systems.

Morris Collen

    Collen, M. F. (1966). Periodic health examinations using an automated multitest laboratory. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 195(10), 830–833.

  Copyright 1966 by American Medical Association.  Reprinted by permission of American Medical Association via the Copyright Clearance Center.

This article explains how automated multitest laboratories changed the way basic health examinations are performed. The article gives a brief history of health examinations, the importance of automated multitest laboratories, and the equipment used.

    Collen, M. F., Rubin, L., Neyman, J., Dantzig, G. B., Baer, R. M., & Siegelaub, A. B. (1964). Automated multiphasic screening and diagnosis. American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health, 54(5), 741–750.

 Copyright 1964 by American Public Health Association. Reprinted by permission of American Public Health Association via the Copyright Clearance Center.

The authors of this article provide a brief description of the current state of quantitative testing in their era. In particular, they explore the use of multiphasic screening and diagnosis at that time, and its contribution to the medical field. The smartphone has become an increasingly valuable tool in the field of medicine

    Oakes, T., Syme, S., Feldman, R., Friedman, G., Siegelaub, A., & Collen, M. (1973). Social factors in newly discovered elevated blood pressure. Journal of Health And Social Behavior, 14(3), 198–204.

    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

    This article explores a study that sought to determine the social factors associated with newly discovered high blood pressure. The study demonstrates how automated multiphasic health testing can effectively gather information.

Homer R. Warner

    Clayton, P. D. (1995). Presentation of the Morris F. Collen Award to Homer R. Warner, MD, PhD: “Why not? Let’s do it!” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 2(2), 137–142.

    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

This article outlines the story of Homer Warner and his contribution to the field of medical information systems. The author describes how Dr. Warner used mathematical techniques to make technological advancements in the field of cardiology.

    Warner, H. R. (1995). Viewpoint: Medical informatics: A real discipline? Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 2(4), 207–214.

    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

 In this article, Dr. Warner, a pioneer of medical informatics, states his views on medical informatics and how they are a necessary discipline in the medical field. Warner also discusses the history, importance, and usage of medical informatics.

    Warner, H. R. (1959). The use of an analog computer for analysis of control mechanisms in the circulation. Proceedings of the IRE, 47(11), 1913–1916.

    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

    In this 1959 article, Dr. Warner discusses the use of an analog computer for analyzing the control mechanisms in the circulation system. Dr. Warner uses examples as well as history to show how an analog computer has contributed to the field of cardiology in his practice.

    Warner, H. R. (2001). Good isn’t enough. Health Management Technology, 22(6), 30–31.

    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

In this article, Homer Warner examines natural language processing (NLP) technology. Warner identifies numerous areas where NLP may be applied, and he also provides predictions for its development.

    Warner, H. R. (1966). The role of computers in medical research. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 196(11), 944–949.

  Copyright 1966 by American Medical Association. Reprinted by permission of American Medical Association via the Copyright Clearance Center.

This 1966 article explores the potential uses of computers in medical research. The author describes how computers had changed the field of medical research at the time of the article’s publication.

Edward Shortliffe

    Hickam, D. H., Shortliffe, E. H., Bischoff, M. B., Scott, A. C., & Jacobs, C. D. (1985). The treatment advice of a computer-based cancer chemotherapy protocol advisor. Annals of Internal Medicine, Part 1, 103(6), 928–936.

    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

The authors of this article describe their use for ONCOCIN as a computer-based cancer chemotherapy protocol advisor. The article specifies how ONCOCIN combined formal guidelines with judgments of oncologists to determine the best route of therapy for certain cases.

    Shortliffe, E. H., Tang, P. C., & Deimer, D. E. (1991). Patient records and computers. Annals of Internal Medicine,115(12), 979–981.

    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

  This article explores improvements in clinical information-management systems using the computer technology of the early 1990s. The authors stress their concerns surrounding the use of technology to solve the problems of paper records.

    Shortliffe, E. H. (1998). Health care and the next generation Internet. Annals of Internal Medicine,129(2), 138–140.

    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

 In this article, the author anticipates the future of health care from a 1998 perspective. The article focuses on the potential impacts of the next version of the Internet in health care.

    Shortliffe, E. H. (2005). Strategic action in health information technology: Why the obvious has taken so long. Health Affairs, 24(5), 1222–1233.

  Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

     This article describes the gradual advance toward implementations of health information technology. The author examines the challenges and the opportunities that the field of health information technology faced prior to the article’s publication.

    Tu, S. W., Kahn, M. G., Musen, M. A., Ferguson, J., Shortliffe, E., & Fagan, L. M. (1989). Episodic skeletal-plan refinement based on temporal data. Communications of the ACM, 32(12), 1439–1455.

    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. The smartphone has become an increasingly valuable tool in the field of medicine

     This article describes a medical expert system (ONCOCIN) used in the late 1980s to create skeletal-planning techniques. The authors explain how this system proved to be innovative and beneficial to the health care field at that time.

Dr. Warner Slack

    Hicks, G. P., Gieschen, M. M., Slack, W. V., & Larson, F. C. (1966). Routine use of a small digital computer in the clinical laboratory. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 196(11), 973–978.

    Copyright 1966 by American Medical Association. Reprinted by permission of American Medical Association via the Copyright Clearance Center.

 The authors of this article describe the use of a small digital computer in an early clinical computer laboratory. The authors examine the benefits and drawbacks of using those digital computers in a clinical laboratory.

    Slack, W. V., & Van Cura, L. J. (1968). Patient reaction to computer-based medical interviewing. Computers and Biomedical Research, 1(5), 527–531.

    Copyright 1968 by Elsevier Science and Technology. Reprinted by permission of Elsevier Science and Technology via the Copyright Clearance Center.

 In this article, the authors discuss patients’ reactions to computer-based medical interviewing. They also theorize how patients may have thought and felt about computer-based medical technology.

    Fisher, L. A., Johnson, T., Porter, D., Bleich, H. L., & Slack, W. V. (1977). Collection of a clean voided urine specimen: A comparison among spoken, written, and computer-based Instructions.American Journal of Public Health, 67(7), 640.

    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

The authors of this article describe a study that sought to determine the effectiveness of different methods of instructing patients on how to collect a urine specimen. The article has a significant focus on the effects of computer-based instructions.

    Safran, C. (2002). Presentation of Morris F. Collen Award to Professors Howard Bleich and Warner Slack. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 9(4), 406–408.

Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

   This article describes the conferral of the Morris F. Collen award to Howard Bleich and Warner Slack. The article also provides an overview of the doctors’ accomplishments in the medical field.

    Safran, C., & Rind, D. M. (1995). Guidelines for management of HIV infection with computer-based patient’s record. Lancet, 346(8971), 341.

    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

 This article describes a trial of an electronic medical record (EMR) system that provides electronic messages to help reinforce adherence to clinical practice guidelines. The article presents findings on the effects of the EMR’s alert messages.

Ed Hammond

    Hammond, W. E. (2008). eHealth interoperability. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics,134, 245–253.

    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

This article explores the concept of interoperability between health information technology systems. The author outlines different types of interoperability and describes their importance.

    Hammond, W. E., Stead, W. W., Feagin, S. J., Brantley, B. A., & Straube, M. J. (1977). Data base management system for ambulatory care. In Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer Application in Medical Care, (p. 173). American Medical Informatics Association. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2464520/pdf/procascamc00015-0181.

 This article describes a database management system (DBMS) used for ambulatory care. The authors explain the benefits and uses of DBMSs for this type of care.

    Hammond, W. E., II, Stead, W. W., Straube, M. J., & Hammond, W. E., III. (1983). Adapting to the day to day growth of TMR. In Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer Application in Medical Care (p. 101). American Medical Informatics Association.

    Copyright 1983 by IEEE.  Reprinted by permission of IEEE via the Copyright Clearance Center.

This article describes computer applications in medical care and computer systems in hospitals. The authors also explore the connection between medical records and quality assurance.

    Stead, W. W., & Hammond, W. E. (1987). Demand-oriented medical records: Toward a physician work station. In Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer Application in Medical Care (p. 275). American Medical Informatics Association.

    Copyright 1987 by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.  Reprinted by permission of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers via the Copyright Clearance Center.

This article provides a brief overview of the use of computer-based medical records at the time of publication. The authors also focus on using demand-oriented medical records at a physician workstation.

    Stead, W. W., & Hammond, W. E. (1980). How to realize labor savings with a computerized medical record. In Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer Application in Medical Care, 2 (p. 1200). American Medical Informatics Association.

 In this article, the authors discuss concerns about computerized medical record systems increasing the cost of labor. The authors also examine how medical record systems may actually reduce labor costs.

Clem McDonald

    McDonald, C. J., & Tierney, W. M. (1986). The Medical Gopher—A microcomputer system to help find, organize and decide about patient data. Western Journal of Medicine, 145(6), 823–829.

Copyright 1986 by BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. Reprinted by permission of BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. via the Copyright Clearance Center.

    The authors of this article describe the purpose and uses of the Medical Gopher. The Media Gopher is a computer system that helps find, organize, and provide decision support based on stored patient data.

    McDonald, C. J., Hui, S. L., Smith, D. M., Tierney, W. M., Cohen, S. J., Weinberger, M., & McCabe, G. P. (1984). Reminders to physicians from an introspective computer medical record. Annals Of Internal Medicine, 100(1), 130.

 Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

 This article details the effects of a computerized medical record that provides reminder messages to physicians. The authors provide recommendations for similar systems in the future.

    McDonald, C. J., & Hammond, W. E. (1989). Standard formats for electronic transfer of clinical data. Annals of Internal Medicine, 110(5), 333–335.

 Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

The authors of this article stress the need for standardizing the way clinical systems transmit data, and they describe some early attempts to create clinical data transmission standards.

    McDonald, C. J., Murray, R., Jeris, D., Bhargava, B., Seeger, J., & Blevins, L. (1977). A computer-based record and clinical monitoring system for ambulatory care. American Journal of Public Health, 67(3), 240–245.

Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

This article provides an overview of the Regenstrief Medical Record system, which was first implemented in 1973. The authors explain how the record system presents a pioneering approach to storing medical records electronically.

    Wilson, G. A., McDonald, C. J., & McCabe, G. P., Jr. (1982). The effect of immediate access to a computerized medical record on physician test ordering: A controlled clinical trial in the emergency room. American Journal of Public Health, 72(7), 698–702.

    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

    In this article, the authors describe the results of a controlled clinical trial that tested how the availability of patient computerized medical record summaries affected the rates at which physicians ordered additional testing. No significant decrease or increase in the number of tests ordered was found to have occurred.

Optional Websites

    HIMSS. (2013). Retrieved February 21, 2013, from http://www.himss.org

    ANIA. (n.d.). Retrieved February 21, 2013, from https://www.ania.org The smartphone has become an increasingly valuable tool in the field of medicine

Strengths-based leadership is a management approach that not only recognizes an individual’s strengths, but also draws upon these strengths to enhance the dynamics of the workplace

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Discussion: Strengths-Based Leadership

The task of leadership is not to put greatness into people, but to elicit it, for the greatness is there already.

—John Buchan

It can be demoralizing when managers focus primarily on the deficiencies of employees, yet it can sometimes be difficult to see beyond the negatives. Strengths-based leadership is a management approach that not only recognizes an individual’s strengths, but also draws upon these strengths to enhance the dynamics of the workplace. Strengths-based leadership can be applied to employees performing at their personal best or to those who may need redirection. In addition, the principles of strengths-based leadership can be carried over to managers themselves. When nurse managers are aware of their own strengths, they can better leverage them to effectively manage difficult situations. Strengths-based leadership is a management approach that not only recognizes an individual’s strengths, but also draws upon these strengths to enhance the dynamics of the workplace

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To prepare

Review the article “Know Your Own Strength.” How can strengths-based leadership improve the skills and attitudes of employees?

Reflect on your own personal and professional leadership strengths. Consider how you might use these strengths to manage staff members who seem to be disengaged or problematic. In addition, determine how you might use these strengths to resolve difficult situations between employees.

Recall a time when you either observed a disengaged or problematic employee(s) at work or observed a difficult or conflict situation between employees.

Imagine that you were the nurse manager in the above situation. How might you have used your strengths to effectively manage this employee or situation? Also, give some thought to the strengths of those posing the problem. How might you have used their strengths to resolve the situation?

Post an explanation of what you consider to be your top two strengths as a leader. Then, briefly describe the situation you selected and explain how you could leverage your own strengths (applying strengths-based leadership) to successfully manage that situation. Explain at least two ways you might also capitalize on the strengths of the employee(s) involved to successfully resolve the situation. Strengths-based leadership is a management approach that not only recognizes an individual’s strengths, but also draws upon these strengths to enhance the dynamics of the workplace

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days using one or more of the following approaches:

Suggest another way a colleague might capitalize on the identified strengths of the employee(s).

Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information and evidence or research.

Expand on a colleague’s posting by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.

Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.

Required Readings

Lussier, R. N., & Hendon, J. R. (2016). Human resource management: Functions, applications, & skill development (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Chapter 7, “Training, Learning, Talent Management, and Development” (pp. 234–274)

Chapter 7 explores many types of training that organizations can offer new employees, such as on-the-job training, classroom training, and e-learning. It also highlights career development opportunities for existing employees.

Manion, J. (2011). From management to leadership: Strategies for transforming health care (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Chapter 7, “Coaching and Developing Others” (pp. 283–349)

This chapter compares the roles of leader and coach and explains why some leaders fail to employ effective coaching strategies. The author discusses coaching best practices and reviews in depth one practice, the six-step coaching model.

Kanefield, A. (2011). Know your own strength. Smart Business St. Louis, 4(2), 6.

Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

This article provides simple rationale for employing strengths-based leadership in clinical settings.

Tyra, S. (2008). Coaching nurses: A real example of a real difference. Creative Nursing, 14(3), 111–115.

Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.  Strengths-based leadership is a management approach that not only recognizes an individual’s strengths, but also draws upon these strengths to enhance the dynamics of the workplace

The author of this article uses an authentic coaching example to explain the stages of the coaching process. The author identifies coaching strategies as well as general feelings both the coach and the nurse might experience.

Optional Resources

 The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania. (2006). Authentic happiness.Retrieved from https://www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu/

 Ellisen, K. (2011). Mentoring smart. Nursing Management, 42(8), 12–16.

Meister, J. C., & Willyerd, K. (2010). Mentoring millennials. Harvard Business Review, 88(5), 68–72.

Conceptual models, theories, and empirical indicators are linked and provide a nursing knowledge system to apply the model or theory to nursing practice, research, and education

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Details:

Conceptual models, theories, and empirical indicators are linked and provide a nursing knowledge system to apply the model or theory to nursing practice, research, and education. Advanced-practice nurses are required to understand the linkages as applied to nursing and translate the components into practice. To continue development of nursing knowledge, advanced practice nurses can create structure to test theory.  

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General Guidelines:

Use the following information to ensure successful completion of the assignment:

  • This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
  • Doctoral learners are required to use APA style for their writing assignments. The APA Style Guide is located in the Student Success Center.
  • This assignment requires that at least two additional scholarly research sources related to this topic, and at least one in-text citation from each source be included.
  • You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Conceptual models, theories, and empirical indicators are linked and provide a nursing knowledge system to apply the model or theory to nursing practice, research, and education

Directions:

Write a 1,000-1,250 word paper examining how the Conceptual – Theoretical – Empirical (CTE) structure translates into nursing practice based on one of the middle range theories that has been formulated or derived from your preferred conceptual model of nursing. Translate and apply the selected theory to nursing practice using actual examples. Evaluate the theory using the CTE steps below:

  1. Evaluation of the conceptual-theoretical-empirical linkages.
  2. Evaluation of the selected theory.
  3. Evaluation of the empirical indicators.
  4. Evaluation of research findings.
  5. Evaluation of the utility and soundness of the practice theory. Conceptual models, theories, and empirical indicators are linked and provide a nursing knowledge system to apply the model or theory to nursing practice, research, and education

Counseling scenario for a family dealing with a substance use disorder

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For this assignment, you will be developing a family therapy plan for a family dealing with a substance use disorder.

Part 1: Write a 300-700-word counseling scenario for a family dealing with a substance use disorder. Please note the scenario should be hypothetical and lend itself to one of the brief substance use disorder therapy models discussed in CSAT TIP #34. Include information about his/her life circumstances and add family members with descriptive information about each family member and about the family’s interactions to the scenario. Counseling scenario for a family dealing with a substance use disorder

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Part 2: Write a 750-1,250-word paper to provide brief therapy to the hypothetical client and his/her family using one of the brief therapy models described in CSAT TIP #34.

Your plan should include the following:

  1. The therapy model you will implement with the family and rationale for the selected model.
  2. Two to four initial counseling goals that you hope to achieve using this model.
  3. Planned frequency and duration of counseling.
  4. A description of three counseling activities, exercises, or homework assignments that you will use (one in the initial session, one in a subsequent session, and one at termination) that are consistent with the model you have selected.

While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected and in-text citations and references should be presented using APA documentation guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Counseling scenario for a family dealing with a substance use disorder

Quality of medical care are no longer left to clinicians who decide for themselves what technical performance constitutes “good care.”

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  1.    Definitions of the quality of medical care are no longer left to clinicians who decide for themselves what technical performance constitutes “good care.”  Name one (1) other dimension of quality care and why is it important? 
  2.            What is the primary method of continuous quality improvement (CQI) in health care, and what is its underlying premise?
  3.            Since an ever-increasing amount of research is funded by commercial companies, what is your opinion on a requirement for authors of scientific studies who receive income from these companies to disclose funding sources in their scientific publications? Quality of medical care are no longer left to clinicians who decide for themselves what technical performance constitutes “good care.”

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Future of Health Care Questions:

  1.            Today’s not-for-profit hospitals and health systems are commonly multi-billion dollar tax-exempt organizations. What is your position on the new federal scrutiny upon, and reporting requirements for justifying the charitable missions of not-for-profit hospitals and health systems?
  2.            In 1999, the Institute of medicine report, To Err is Human, generated a brief flurry of concerns about avoidable hospital deaths.  While progress has been made in addressing system errors and deficiencies, it remains inconsistent across the nation’s hospitals.  Fourteen years after this report, is it time for the professions, payers and the public to demand corrections of system problems in an accountable, transparent and publicly disclosed manner?  What form can or should these demands take? Quality of medical care are no longer left to clinicians who decide for themselves what technical performance constitutes “good care.”

Using Nightengale’s concepts of ventilation, light, noise, and cleanliness

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Applying Nursing Theory Discussion

Instructions:

  1. Select one of the following scenarios related to a specific nursing. Think about what you would do in the scenario presented and post your ideas.
  2. Post two discussion questions based on the readings along with your answers.
  3. Read and then respond to at least two of your classmate’s postings.

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Theorist Scenario
Florence Nightengale Using Nightengale’s concepts of ventilation, light, noise, and cleanliness, analyze the setting in which you are practicing nursing (working as an employee or student).Using Nightengale’s theory, evaluate the nursing interventions you have identified for an individual patient in your facility or practice.

OR

Your hospital patient is an 82 year-old woman. She does not have immediate family and has been living alone in her own home. Her hospitalization was unanticipated; it followed a visit to the emergency room for a burn on her lower leg. The patient has been hospitalized for 14 days. She pleads with you to allow her friend to bring her dog, a 16-year-old Scotty Terrier, to the hospital. She tells you that none of the other nurses have listened to her when she asked them about such a visit. Based on Nightingale’s model, and 13 cannon, what actions would you take for this patient? Using Nightengale’s concepts of ventilation, light, noise, and cleanliness
Betty Neuman Martina is a middle-aged Hispanic woman who brings her family to a local free clinic to obtain medical care. She works part time in a restaurant for minimum wage. She lives in a small apartment with her daughter and four preschool children; her daughter speaks only very broken English. Martina’s medical diagnoses are hypertension, arthritis, and depression.

Use the Neuman System Model as a conceptual framework to respond to the following:Describe the family as a system.How does the dominant Anglo culture impact on  the family’s stability as a system?What stressors (actual and potential) threaten the family?What additional assessment data are needed related to Martina’s medical diagnoses?What additional assessment data are needed related to the family’s health status?How will cultural differences influence planning for prevention as intervention at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels?

OR
Imogene King Think about and write your personal definitions of environment, health, nursing, and person. (Do these sound familiar to you?). Compare your definitions with King’s definitions. How are they similar? How are they different? Are they more alike than different? If they are more alike, develop a plan to use King’s framework and theory more extensively in your paper (and practice).

OR

Does the philosophy of one of the agencies in which you have practiced encourage the involvement of the patients in their care? If so, does mutual goal setting occur? If not, what changes would you suggest to promote more active involvement of the patients in their own care?

Analyze an interaction  you have had with a patient. Were you able to achieve a transaction as King describes it? If so, think about what you did differently with this person? If not, think about the interaction and try to identify why the transaction was not achieved?
Hildegard Peplau During the therapeutic relationship, patients may distort their perceptions of others. Therefore they may relate to the nurse not on  the basis of the nurse’s realistic attributes, but wholly or chiefly on the basis of interpersonal relationships existing in their environment. With  the patient and nurse roles you have described above, discuss how these distorted perceptions may affect the patient’s care and the nurse-patient relationship. Using Nightengale’s concepts of ventilation, light, noise, and cleanliness

OR

Considering the nurse-patient relationship created in question #1 above, discuss the phases and the changing roles that would be considered when working with this patient. Consider experiences in which you would 0r/and would not be able to accomplish the appropriate goals for each phase of the nurse-patient relationship.
Madeleine Leininger Discuss the usefulness of the Culture Care: Diversity and Universality Theory in the  21st Century to discover nursing knowledge and to provide culturally congruent care. Take into consideration the current trends of consumers of healthcare, cultural diversity factors, and changes in medical and nursing school curricula. Listed below are some examples of trends and changes you may want to consider in your discussion: The importance of transcultural nursing knowledge in an increasingly diverse worldAn increase of lay support groups to provide information and sharing of experiences and support for patients and/or families experiencing chronic, terminal, or life-threatening illnesses or treatment modalities from diverse and similar (common) cultures.Use of cultural values, beliefs, health practices, and research knowledge in undergraduate, alternative medicine, herbs, vitamins, minerals, and other over-the-counter medications, which demand a transcultural knowledge base.