Effective Public Health Program Implementation

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Evaluate the hypothetical program that you created (see attached paper) using the following types of evaluation: formative, process, outcome, and impact. Identify each type of evaluation that you are using and the part of the program to which it applies, program goals, and program accomplishments. Describe successful areas of the program and areas that need improvement. For the areas requiring improvement, present the changes that will be made, the anticipated outcomes, and how those changes would be evaluated.

Write a 15–20-page, double-spaced paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.

Utilize at least 7–10 scholarly sources in your research and be sure to include a references page. Write in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrate ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; and display accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.

Support your statements with scholarly references and appropriate examples. Cite all sources using the APA format.

Reference

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Types of evaluation.
           Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/std/Program/
           pupestd/Types%20of%20Evaluation.pdf

Assignment 2 Grading Criteria Maximum Points
Evaluated program using formative, process, outcome, and impact processes.150
Described areas of success and areas that need improvement.95
Provided recommendations, outcomes, and future evaluation methods.95
Presented a structured document free of spelling and grammatical errors.20
Properly cited sources using APA format.20
Used at least seven current and relevant references.20
Total:400

The setting or context in which the problem, issue, suggestion, initiative, or educational need can be observed

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In collaboration with your approved course mentor, you will choose a specific evidence-based practice proposal topic for the Capstone Project. Consider the clinical environment in which you are currently working or have recently worked. The Capstone Project topic can be a clinical practice problem, an organizational issue, a quality improvement suggestion, a leadership initiative, or an educational need appropriate to your area of interest as well as your practice immersion (practicum) setting. A combination of 100 “supervised clinical hours” in community health and leadership areas will be obtained through the application of the objectives listed in the “Guidelines for Undergraduate Field Experiences” manual and as captured in the ISP.

Practicum immersion experiences are required in a community health setting. Community health and leadership practice immersion can occur in the same site and in conjunction with the evidence-based project in the NRS-490V course. Definitions of community-based settings should encourage community integration and involvement; expand accessibility of services and supports; promote personal preference, strengths, dignity; and empower people to participate in the economic mainstream. Examples of the integration of community health, leadership, and an EBP can be found at Healthy People 2020.

The goals of the practice immersion experience is to apply the learning from your research, community health, and leadership courses:

After studying this course, you should be able to:

  1. Demonstrate and apply knowledge of factors to consider when planning to work with a chosen community.
  2. Demonstrate and apply knowledge of approaches that will facilitate engagement of the community.
  3. Demonstrate and apply knowledge and skills required to work constructively with communities.
  4. Demonstrate and apply knowledge related to engagement of organizational leadership and change agents.
  5. Demonstrate and apply knowledge related to disseminating project findings/data with organizational leadership and change agents.
  6. Demonstrate and apply knowledge related to completing an evidence-based project to impact population health outcomes.
  7. Demonstrate and apply Healthy People 2010/2020 principles related to completing an evidence-based project to impact population health outcomes.

According to Healthy People.gov, educational and community-based programs and strategies are designed to reach people outside of traditional health care settings. These settings may include:

  • Schools
  • Worksites
  • Health care facilities
  • Communities

Each setting provides opportunities to reach people using existing social structures. This maximizes impact and reduces the time and resources necessary for program development.

In a composition of no more than 750 words, describe the nature of your proposed project topic. Include the following in your discussion:

  1. The setting or context in which the problem, issue, suggestion, initiative, or educational need can be observed.
  2. A description providing a high level of detail regarding the problem, issue, suggestion, initiative, or educational need.
  3. Impact of the problem, issue, suggestion, initiative, or educational need on the work environment, the quality of care provided by staff, and patient outcomes.
  4. Significance of the problem, issue, suggestion, initiative, or educational need and its implications to nursing.

Preview and utilize the “Project Topic Checklist” resource located in the topic materials to assist in developing your proposed Capstone Project topic. This resource will assist you in organizing your work and will provide additional information regarding the assignment. Note: You are required to retrieve and assess a minimum of 15 peer-reviewed articles. Plan your time to complete this assignment accordingly.

Attach the completed “Project Topic Checklist” to your assignment submission.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

You are not required to submit this assignment to Turnitin.

Accurate identification and usage of research is essential to achieving successful outcomes

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In nursing practice, accurate identification and usage of research is essential to achieving successful outcomes. Being able to articulate the information and successfully summarize relevant peer-reviewed articles in a scholarly fashion helps to support the student’s ability and confidence to further develop and synthesize the progressively more complex assignments that constitute the components of the course change proposal Capstone Project.

For this assignment, the student will provide a synopsis of 15 peer-reviewed articles from nursing journals using an evaluation table that determines the level and strength of evidence for each of the 15 articles. The articles should be current within the last 5 years and closely relate to the PICOT statement you developed earlier in this topic. Appropriate resources to include involve quantitative research, descriptive analyses, longitudinal studies, or meta-analysis articles. A systematic review may be used to provide background information for the purpose or problem identified in the proposed Capstone Project.

While APA format is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and in-text citations and references should be presented using APA documentation guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are not required to submit this assignment to Turnitin.

Change needed in your community and an explanation for how you will begin to implement that change

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During NP clinical practicum experiences, we identify, as nurses, many health care issues that need to be addressed at the local, state, or national level. Addressing the need for change in health care policy is now an intricate part of your role as a social change agent.

For this Discussion, you will identify a change needed in your community (state of Mississippi) and what your nursing legacy for positive social change will be.

To prepare:

  • Consider the health care issues and deficits you have recognized in your professional practice.
  • Identify a change needed in your community (state of Mississippi) in health care policy and discuss how you could impart change during your career as an NP.
  • Consider your future as a NP and what your nursing legacy will be. How will you impart Social Change?

To complete:

Post 1-2 pages on:

A change needed in your community (state of Mississippi) and an explanation for how you will begin to implement that change.

Then, share with your colleagues a brief explanation of what your nursing legacy will be and how will you impart Social Change.

References

Buppert, C. (2015). Buppert, C. (2015). Lawmaking and Health Policy. In Nurse Practitioner’s Business Practice and Legal Guide (5th ed.). (423-436). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett.

Christensen, C. M., Bohmer, R. M. J., & Kenagy, J. (2000). Will disruptive innovations cure health care? Harvard Business Review, 78(5), 102-112, 199.

National Conference of State Legislatures. (n.d.). Glossary of Legislative Terms. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/glossary-of-legislative-terms.aspx

You may use other scholarly resources and websites as you see fit.  

Differences between the nursing process and strategic planning

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Discussion: Introduction to the Planning Process

The nursing process provides a cornerstone for care. Engaging in assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation helps to move the patient from his or her current state toward a desired outcome.

How does this correlate with the strategic planning process?

In this Discussion, you examine similarities and differences between the nursing process and strategic planning. You also consider why it is important for a nurse leader-manager to be familiar with the planning hierarchy and to apply business principles to promote strategic change at the organizational or systems level.

To prepare:

Review the information related to the nursing process and the strategic planning process addressed in Chapter 4 of the Sare and Ogilvie text and the other Learning Resources. Think about how the nursing process is similar to and different from the strategic planning process.

Reflect on the value of nurse leader-managers’ contributions to strategic planning, as discussed by Dr. Huston in this week’s media.

Using the Walden library, identify an example from the literature that demonstrates why it is beneficial for nurse leader-managers to be familiar with the planning hierarchy and why they should be engaged in strategic planning in addition to and in contrast with operational planning.

Post an explanation of how you view the similarities and differences between the nursing process and the strategic planning process. Share an example from the literature that demonstrates why it is beneficial for nurse leader-managers to be aware of the planning hierarchy and why they should be engaged in strategic planning in addition to and in contrast with operational planning.

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days using one or more of the following approaches:

Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information or research.

Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.

Validate an idea with your own experience and additional resources.

Required Readings

Marquis, B. L., & Huston, C. J. (2015). Leadership roles and management functions in nursing: Theory and application (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.

Chapter 7, “Strategic and Operational Planning” (pp. 138–161)

(Note: You may have read this in a previous course.)

This chapter describes the planning hierarchy and provides foundational information on strategic planning. As you read, think about distinctions between strategic and operational planning, as well as why a nurse leader-manager needs to be aware of and engaged in both.

Sare, M. V., & Ogilvie, L. (2010). Strategic planning for nurses: Change management in health care. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

“Introduction” (pp. xiii–xiv)

Chapter 1, “Why Nursing Needs Strategic Planning: Professional Empowerment in the New Millennium” (pp. 3–16)

Chapter 2, “The Healthcare Habitat: The Evolving Professional Home of Nursing” (pp. 17–40)

Chapter 3, “The Business That We Find Ourselves In” (pp. 41–53)

Chapter 4, “Just What Is Strategic Planning?” (pp. 57–82)

Chapter 1 sets the context for why strategic planning is important for nurses and introduces key terms, while Chapter 2 addresses the evolving landscape of healthcare. Chapter 3 explores the merging of nursing care and business, as well as developments leading up to the current business model of care. Chapter 4 examines the nursing process and strategic planning.

Carney, M. (2009). Enhancing the nurses’ role in healthcare delivery through strategic management: Recognizing its importance or not? Journal of Nursing Management, 17(6), 707–717.

Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

The author examines the importance of strategic planning for nurse leader-managers and the extent to which nurses have adopted strategic planning into language and self-perception.

Fairholm, M. R., & Card, M. (2009). Perspectives of strategic thinking: From controlling chaos to embracing it. Journal of Management and Organization, 15(1), 17–30.

Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

This article addresses strategic planning and strategic thinking,which can be used to fill the gaps of strategic planning.

 Lafley, A. G., Martin, R. L., Rivkin, J. W., & Siggelkow, N. (2012). Bringing science to the art of strategy: Leaders rarely succeed in marrying empirical vigor and creative thinking. Here’s how they could do better. Harvard Business Review, 90(9), 56–66.

Retrieved from https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/pl/57319184/57319186/32e10ac6b49a087fb3f3b290416c5148

This article outlines how to blend creativity with a scientific method to succeed in strategic planning.

 Paul, J., Charles, T., & Davis, S. (2011). Plan for success. An effective planning cycle can reap big rewards. Marketing Health Services, 31(4), 13–15.

Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

This article describes the planning process used by Geisinger Health System.

Peled, R., & Schenirer, J. (2009). Healthcare strategic planning as part of national and regional development in the Israeli Galilee: A case study of the planning process. Health Information Management Journal, 38(3), 43–50.

Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

This case study demonstrates the application of three phases of strategic planning to optimally allocate scarce resources.

 American Nurses Association. (2012b). The nursing process. Retrieved from http://nursingworld.org/EspeciallyForYou/What-is-Nursing/Tools-You-Need/Thenursingprocess.html

This item outlines the nursing process, which is a foundation for nurses in varying roles and different settings. The nursing process involves assessment, diagnosis, outcomes/planning, implementation, and evaluation.

 Authenticity Consulting. (n.d.a). All about strategic planning. Retrieved March 8, 2013, from http://managementhelp.org/strategicplanning/index.htm

View the description of strategic planning.

 Harvard Business Review. (2013). HBR blog network. Retrieved from http://blogs.hbr.org

Search for and read blog posts related to strategic planning.

 Healthy People 2020. (n.d.). Retrieved January 28, 2012, from http://healthypeople.gov/2020/default.aspx

View the information related to health care-related issues in the United States and consider their significance for strategic planning.

 Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. (n.d.).Retrieved January 28, 2012, fromhttp://www.iom.edu

Search this site for information related to the current health care environment and strategic planning.

 National Institute of Nursing Research. (2011). Bringing science to life: NINR strategic plan. Retrieved from http://www.ninr.nih.gov/AboutNINR/NINRMissionandStrategicPlan

Read the information related to strategic planning for the National Institute of Nursing Research.

 Society for Healthcare Strategy & Market Development. (n.d.). Retrieved January 28, 2012, from http:/www.shsmd.org/

Review the information on this website for information related to strategic planning.

Required Media

Laureate Education (Producer). (2013g). Skills of a nurse leader [Video file]. Retrieved from https://class.waldenu.edu

Note:  The approximate length of this media piece is 7 minutes.

Dr. Carol Huston discusses why it is important for nurse leader-managers to become strategic planners regardless of their role within an organization and how they can develop the skills and disposition for proactive approaches to change rather than being reactive to change.

Accessible player  

Optional Resources

Lewis, B. E. (2011). Narrative medicine and healthcare reform. The Journal of Medical Humanities, 32(1), 9–20.

Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, dose, route of administration, side effects, adverse reactions, any drug interactions, potential safety issues, and the impact on the client's health status

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Max Points: 150

Details:

Interview a patient with a chronic pulmonary health condition who is on at least two medications.

In a 1,350-1,600-word paper, discuss the following:

  1. Obtain a complete health history.
  2. Obtain a complete medication history, including prescription and over-the-counter drugs or supplements.
  3. Analyze the client’s current knowledge level of medications and compliance with the prescribed dosing and administration.
  4. For each medication, identify the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, dose, route of administration, side effects, adverse reactions, any drug interactions, potential safety issues, and the impact on the client’s health status.
  5. Formulate possible interventions related to lack of drug efficacy, lack of client knowledge, or client compliance issues as identified during the interview.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

Strengths and limitations of the screening guidelines

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Discussion: Guidelines on Screening Procedures

The goal of health promotion and education is to help prevent disease in patients. However, this is not always successful, and disease it not always preventable. With disease, early detection is ideal, often making screening procedures a routine part of clinical care. Unfortunately, many patients do not utilize these health services. This can be attributed to lack of awareness or access to care, financial concerns, or even levels of comfort with health care providers. In your role as the advanced practice nurse, you must be aware of potential obstacles for patients and implement strategies to ensure patients receive necessary screenings. Although a variety of screening procedures are recommended for women at various stages of life, not all screenings are appropriate for all patients. Understanding the strengths and limitations of each screening, as well as current guidelines for use is essential to effectively facilitate patient care. For this Discussion, the course Instructor will assign a specific topic for you to research.

To prepare:

  • Review this week’s media presentation, as well as Chapters 6 and 8 of the Tharpe et al. text and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services article in the Learning Resources.
  • Research guidelines on screening procedures for the topic assigned to you by the course Instructor (e.g., guidelines on screening for domestic violence, safety, nutrition, osteoporosis, heart disease, mental health, eating disorders, thyroid disease, pap smear, mammogram, cancer, and sexually transmitted infections). Note: The course Instructor will assign a topic to you by Day 1 of this week.
  • Reflect on strengths and limitations of the screening guidelines.
  • Consider how the guidelines might support your clinical decision making.
By Day 3

Post an explanation of the guidelines on screening procedures for the topic assigned to you. Include an explanation of strengths and limitations of the guidelines. Then, explain how the guidelines might support your clinical decision making.

ASSIGNED TOPIC IS CERVICAL CANCER

How is integrity displayed in your clinical setting

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Write a 1- 2 page essay addressing the discussion questions posed for the one you selected.  Be sure to clearly identify the news clipping you selected.

Adhere to APA formatting and cite all sources. Review the rubric for further information on how your assignment will be graded.

Find Out More: You may use these and other outside sources to frame your discussion.

  • The Pain of Wrong Site Surgery
  • Judgment Upheld in Arkansas Brain Surgery Lawsuit
  • National Quality Forum

Assignment Discussion Questions

1. Discuss the issues of integrity in this case.

2. Should criminal charges be considered in this case, if accurately reported? Discuss your answer. 

3. Why did you choose to respond to this story?

4. How is integrity displayed in your clinical setting?

Video transcript

 #1 Wrong Operation Doctor (ethics and integrity) Hospitals find it hard to protect patients from wrong-site surgery. Last year a jury returned a $20 million negligence verdict against Arkansas Children’s Hospital for surgery performed on the wrong side of the brain of a 15-year-old boy who was left psychotic and severely brain damaged. Testimony showed that the error was not disclosed to his parents for more than a year. The hospital issued a statement saying it deeply regretted the error and had “redoubled our efforts to prevent” a recurrence. So, what happened? “Health care has far too little accountability for results … . All the pressures are on the side of production; that’s how you get paid,” said Peter Pronovost, a prominent safety expert and medical director of the Johns Hopkins Center for Innovation in Quality Patient Care. He added that increased pressure to quickly turn over operating rooms has trumped patient safety, increasing the chance of error. Kenneth W. Kizer, who coined the term “never event” nearly a decade ago when he headed the National Quality Forum, a leading patient safety organization, said he believes reducing the number of errors will require tougher reporting rules and increased transparency.  

Important influences in governance for a hospital to operate efficiently and effectively

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Chapter 4-Hospitals:  Origin, Organization and Performance

Due at 5PM CST, Monday, September 11, 2017

Assigned Readings:  Chapter 4

Answer the following questions:

  1. For a hospital to operate efficiently and effectively, the three important influences in its governance, medical staff, board of trustees, and administration, must work together in reasonable harmony. What factors might contribute to tensions among these groups?
  2. As the nursing profession has expanded through advanced degrees, specialization, and clinical practice, nurses’ salaries and responsibilities have also increased. Now, hospitals substitute non-nurses for nurses to perform all but the most technical tasks. What are the implications for the nursing profession? Have nurses lost their traditional role of hands-on patient care and, if so, is that to their advantage or disadvantage?
  3. The traditional management style of hospitals has been hierarchical and internally focused.  What are three important challenges that face hospitals to accommodate new payer and consumer expectations?
  4. The availability of hospital insurance removed an important cost constraint from hospital services and charges. What were some positive and negative consequences of that development?
  5. The organization and practices of modern hospitals reflect the promotion of specialization and sub-specialization by academic health centers. What were the advantages and disadvantages to patients of increasing the number of physicians who limit their activities to narrower fields of practice?
  6. With significant oversupply of hospital beds in the U.S. what is the rationale for taxpayer support of the separate and costly hospital system of the Department of Veterans Affairs?

The best way to achieve consistency for information systems

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What are the advantages of standardizing coding terminologies? And what is the best way to achieve consistency for information systems?
 

As Dr. John Glaser notes in the “What Is Health Informatics?” media presentation (assigned in Week 1), a group of physicians may use many different terms to describe one patient’s painful experience. This simple example can be extrapolated to guide your thinking about the obstacles that have arisen for information system development because of the varied and complex nature of health care.
 

In this week’s Discussion, you evaluate the interoperability and coding challenges encountered in today’s health care organizations.
 

To prepare:

  • Think      about how controlled terminology and standards facilitate information      sharing, for example, sharing data between an emergency care clinic and a      pharmacy or between a primary care physician’s office and a specialist’s      office.
  • Reflect      on the national health IT agenda as presented in the Learning Resources.
  • Consider      challenges health care providers are facing in light of the national      health IT agenda related to sharing data across information systems and/or      controlled terminology standards. What strategies could a health care      organization use to address interoperability challenges? Conduct      additional research as necessary to determine possible solutions.

By tomorrow Wednesday 09/13/17, write a minimum of 550 words essay in APA format with a minimum of 3 references from the list below. Include the level one headings as numbered below:

post a cohesive response that addresses the following:

1) Evaluate the challenges that health care organizations may face when sharing data across systems.

2) Using your professional experience and/or information gathered through research, provide at least two specific examples of interoperability challenges.

3) Propose at least two strategies a health care organization might implement to address interoperability challenges.

Required Readings

Course Text: Ball, M. J., Douglas, J. V., Hinton Walker, P., DuLong, D., Gugerty, B., Hannah, K. J., . . . Troseth, M. R. (Eds.) (2011). Nursing informatics: Where technology and caring meet (4th ed.). London, England: Springer-Verlag.

Chapter 13, “Standards and Interoperability

This chapter introduces the definition, standards, and challenges of interoperability. The authors also detail the impact that interoperable systems will likely have on the future of electronic health records (EHRs) in response to the national health IT agenda.

Course Text: American Nurses Association. (2008). Nursing informatics: Scope and standards of practice. Silver Spring, MD: Author.

Trends in Care Delivery Models and Innovation” (pp. 63-66)

This excerpt gives examples of projects that are being used to accelerate informatics implementations in organizations.

Grain, H. (2010). Clinical terminology. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 151, 70-83.

This article begins with an historical overview of computer use in the health care industry. Then it takes an in-depth look at the incentives being used to increase the percentage of practice settings that comply with the integration of electronic health records and interoperable technologies.

Hovenga, E. J. (2010). National standards in health informatics. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 151, 133-155.

This article provides an in-depth review of the development of national standards. It includes a look at the components of standards and how they affect the interoperability of systems.

Kuperman, G. J., Blair, J. S., Franck, R. A., Devaraj, S., & Low, A. F. H. (2010). Developing data content specifications for the Nationwide Health Information Network Trial Implementations. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 17(1), 6-12.

The authors of this article use the experiences of the Nationwide Health Information Network’s Trial Implementations project to describe the process and challenges of developing content specific standards.

Truran, D., Saad, P., Zhang, M., & Innes, K. (2010). SNOMED CT and its place in health information management practice. Health Information Management Journal 39(2), 37-39.

Real-world examples are used in this article to predict how the management of health information will change as standardized terminologies are implemented within practice settings.

American Nurses Association (2006). ANA recognized terminologies and data element sets. 

Retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org/npii/terminologies.htm 

By navigating through this website, you can see the table that shows the data sets recognized by the American Nurses Association.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Health data standards.

Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/health_data_standards.htm 

This website provides a link to two organizations that focus on health standards and statistics. The first organization that you may choose to view is the National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics, which was established by Congress and advises the Department of Health and Human Services. The second is called the Public Health Data and Standards consortium, a not-for-profit organization that works with a variety of agencies, associations, and organizations.

Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC®). (2011).

Retrieved from http://loinc.org 

Access this website to gain information on LOINC’s universal coding system for laboratory and clinical observations.

Saba, V. (2011). Clinical Care Classification System.

Retrieved from http://www.sabacare.com/ 

At this website, you can view the framework of the Clinical Care Classification (CCC) coding structure. Use the side tabs to view the features that make this coding terminology widely accepted as a means to document patient care in electronic health care records.

U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2011). Unified Medical Language System® (UMLS®).

Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls 

The Unified Medical Language System uses its three tools, or Knowledge Sources, named Metathesaurus, Semantic Network, and SPECIALIST Lexicon and Lexical Tools to combine many popular standards and terminologies used in the health care industry. This integrated system facilitates interoperability between computer systems.

Required Media

Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2011). Transforming nursing and healthcare through technology: The standardized representation of health information. Baltimore, MD: Author.

Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 16 minutes.

This week’s media presentation introduces the importance of standardized data in interoperable systems.

Optional Resources

Konicek, D. (2010, March 1-4). Foundations of nursing informatics: SNOMED CT: Terminology implications for meaningful use. Session presented at the HIMSS 10 Annual Conference and Exhibition, Georgia World Conference Center, Atlanta, GA.

Retrieved from http://www.himss.org/content/files/proceedings/2010/FNI4.pdf 

ABC Coding Solutions. Retrieved from http://www.alternativelink.com/ali/home/