Nurses often schedule themselves or are asked to work extra shifts. Twelve hour shifts have become very popular in healthcare institutions. These factors, along with other professional and personal factors, can contribute to sleep deprivation, and can affect the nurse’s health, as well as their ability to perform safe patient care.

Read the following article:

• Eanes, L. (2015). The potential effects of sleep loss on a nurse’s health. American Journal of Nursing, 115(4), 34-40. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000463025.42388.10

Initial Discussion Post:

You are working with a new RN who has been employed on your unit for two months. She has recently begun course work for an advanced degree, and has been offering to work extra shifts to pay her tuition.

• Identify one (1) acute and one (1) chronic effect of sleep loss that could impact the RN’s health, and describe precautions you would suggest to prevent the problems.
• Identify a suggestion you would make to the unit manager regarding this issue.

Base your initial post on your readings and research of this topic.Your initial post must contain a minimum of 250 words. References, citations, and repeating the question do not count towards the 250 word minimum.

. A 22-year-old female who adheres to a vegan diet has been diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia. Which of the following components of her diagnostic blood work would be most likely to necessitate further investigation? (Points : 0.4)

      Decreased mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

      Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit

      Microcytic, hypochromic red cells

      Decreased erythropoietin levels

Question 2. 2. A child has been diagnosed with thalassemia. Which of the following other health problems is the child at risk for? (Points : 0.4)

      Hypocoagulation

      Iron and ferritin deficiencies

      Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly

      Neutropenia

Question 3. 3. A 24-year-old woman presents with fever and painful, swollen cervical lymph nodes. Her blood work indicates neutrophilia with a shift to the left. She most likely has: (Points : 0.4)

      A mild parasitic infection

      A severe bacterial infection

      A mild viral infection

      A severe fungal infection

Question 4. 4. A couple who are expecting their first child have been advised by friends to consider harvesting umbilical cord blood in order to have a future source of stem cells. The couple have approached their nurse practitioner with this request and are seeking clarification of exactly why stem cells are valuable and what they might expect to gain from harvesting them. How can the nurse practitioner best respond to the couple’s inquiry? (Points : 0.4)

      “Stem cells can help correct autoimmune diseases and some congenital defects.”

      “Stem cells can be used to regenerate damaged organs should the need ever arise.”

      “Stem cells can be used as a source of reserve cells for the entire blood production system.”

      “Stem cells can help treat some cancers and anemias, but they must come from your child himself or herself.”

Question 5. 5. A 16-year-old female has been brought to her primary care nurse practitioner by her mother due to the girl’s persistent sore throat and malaise. Which of the following facts revealed in the girl’s history and examination would lead the nurse practitioner to rule out infectious mononucleosis? (Points : 0.4)

      The girl has a temperature of 38.1°C (100.6°F) and has enlarged lymph noes.

      Her liver and spleen are both enlarged.

      Blood work reveals an increased white blood cell count.

      Chest auscultation reveals crackles in her lower lung fields bilaterally.

Question 6. 6. A 60-year-old woman is suspected of having non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Which of the following aspects of her condition would help to rule out Hodgkin lymphoma? (Points : 0.4)

      Her neoplasm originates in secondary lymphoid structures.

      The lymph nodes involved are located in a large number of locations in the lymphatic system.

      The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells has been confirmed.

      The woman complains of recent debilitating fatigue.

Question 7. 7. A nurse practitioner is explaining to a 40-year-old male patient the damage that Mycobacterium tuberculosis could do to lung tissue. Which of the following phenomena would underlie the nurse practitioner’s explanation? (Points : 0.4)

      Tissue destruction results from neutrophil deactivation.

      Nonspecific macrophage activity leads to pulmonary tissue destruction and resulting hemoptysis.

      Macrophages are unable to digest the bacteria, resulting in immune granulomas.

      Neutrophils are ineffective against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens.

Question 8. 8. A 66-year-old female patient has presented to the emergency department because of several months of intermittently bloody stools that has recently become worse. The woman has since been diagnosed with a gastrointestinal bleed secondary to overuse of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that she takes for her arthritis. The health care team would realize that which of the following situations is most likely? (Points : 0.4)

      The woman has depleted blood volume due to her ongoing blood loss.

      She will have iron-deficiency anemia due to depletion of iron stores.

      The patient will be at risk for cardiovascular collapse or shock.

      She will have delayed reticulocyte release.

Question 9. 9. A nurse practitioner student is familiarizing herself with the overnight admissions to an acute medical unit of a university hospital. Which of the following patients would the student recognize as being least likely to have a diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome in his or her medical history? (Points : 0.4)

      A 66-year-old obese male with left-sided hemiplegia secondary to a cerebrovascular accident

      A 90-year-old female resident of a long-term care facility who has been experiencing transient ischemic attacks

      A 30-year-old female with a diagnosis of left leg DVT and a pulmonary embolism

      A 21-yer-old male with a diagnosis of cellulitis and suspected endocarditis secondary to intravenous drug use

Question 10. 10. A 60-year-old male patient with an acute viral infection is receiving interferon therapy. The nurse practitioner is teaching the family of the patient about the diverse actions of the treatment and the ways that it differs from other anti-infective therapies. Which of the following teaching points should the nurse practitioner exclude? (Points : 0.4)

      “Interferon can help your father’s unaffected cells adjacent to his infected cells produce antiviral proteins that limit the spread of the infection.”

      “Interferon can help limit the replication of the virus that’s affecting your father.”

      “Interferon helps your father’s body recognize infected cells more effectively.”

      “Interferon can bolster your father’s immune system by stimulating natural killer cells that attack viruses.”

Question 11. 11. A nurse practitioner is providing prenatal care and education for a first-time expectant mother, 22 weeks’ gestation, who has a diagnosis of a sexually transmitted infection. Which of the following statements by the expectant mother demonstrates an adequate understanding of vertical disease transmission and congenital infections? (Points : 0.4)

      “Gonorrhea and chlamydia pose the greatest risks of transmission from mother to child.”

      “I know that my baby will need observation for HIV signs and symptoms in the weeks following my delivery.”

      “My baby could become infected either across the placenta or during the birth itself.”

      “Prophylactic immunization will reduce my baby’s chance of being born with an illness.”

Question 12. 12. The blood work of a 44-year-old male patient with a diagnosis of liver disease secondary to alcohol abuse indicates low levels of albumin. Which of the following phenomena would a clinician be most justified in anticipating? (Points : 0.4)

      Impaired immune function

      Acid-base imbalances

      Impaired thermoregulation

      Fluid imbalances

Question 13. 13. A 30-year-old man has spent 5 hours on a cross-country flight seated next to a passenger who has been sneezing and coughing, and the man has been inhaling viral particles periodically. Which of the following situations would most likely result in the stimulation of the man’s T lymphocytes and adaptive immune system? (Points : 0.4)

      Presentation of a foreign antigen by a familiar immunoglobulin

      Recognition of a foreign MHC molecule

      Recognition of a foreign peptide bound to a self MHC molecule

      Cytokine stimulation of a T lymphocyte with macrophage or dendritic cell mediation

Question 14. 14. Which of the following phenomena would be least likely to result in activation of the complement system? (Points : 0.4)

      Recognition of an antibody bound to the surface of a microbe

      The binding of mannose residues on microbial glycoproteins

      Activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on complement proteins

      Direct recognition of microbial proteins

Question 15. 15. A tourist presented to a primary care health clinic complaining of malaise, fever, and headache. She has subsequently been diagnosed with Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a pathology caused by Rickettsiaceae. Which of the followed statements best captures a characteristic trait of Rickettsiaceae? (Points : 0.4)

      They are eukaryotic.

      They have both RNA and DNA.

      They have a distinct spiral-shaped morphology.

      They are neither gram-negative nor gram-positive.

Question 16. 16. A 40-year-old woman who experiences severe seasonal allergies has been referred by her family physician to an allergist for weekly allergy injections. The woman is confused as to why repeated exposure to substances that set off her allergies would ultimately benefit her. Which of the following phenomena best captures the rationale for allergy desensitization therapy? (Points : 0.4)

      Repeated exposure to offending allergens binds the basophils and mast cells that mediate the allergic response.

      Exposure to allergens in large, regular quantities overwhelms the IgE antibodies that mediate the allergic response.

      Repeated exposure stimulates adrenal production of epinephrine, mitigating the allergic response.

      Injections of allergens simulate production of IgG, which blocks antigens from combining with IgE.

Question 17. 17. A 71-year-old male patient with a history of myocardial infarction and peripheral vascular disease has been advised by his nurse practitioner to begin taking 81 mg aspirin once daily. Which of the following statements best captures an aspect of the underlying rationale for the nurse practitioner’s suggestion? (Points : 0.4)

      Platelet aggregation can be precluded through inhibition of prostaglandin production by aspirin.

      Aspirin helps to inhibit adenosine disphosphate (ADP) action and minimizes platelet plug formation.

      Aspirin can reduce unwanted platelet adhesion by inhibiting thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthesis.

      Aspirin inhibits the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin and consequent platelet plug formation.

Question 18. 18. Following a course of measles, a 5-year-old girl developed scattered bruising over numerous body surfaces and was diagnosed with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). As part of her diagnostic workup, blood work was performed. Which of the following results is most likely to be considered unexpected by the health care team? (Points : 0.4)

      Increased thrombopoietin levels

      Decreased platelet count

      Normal vitamin K levels

      Normal leukocyte levels

Question 19. 19. A 23-year-old man has received a recent diagnosis of appendicitis following 24 hours of acute abdominal pain. The nurse practitioner providing care for the man is explaining that while it is unpleasant, the inflammation of his appendix is playing a role in his body’s fight against the underlying infectious process. Which of the following teaching points should the nurse practitioner eliminate from his teaching for the patient? (Points : 0.4)

      “Inflammation can help to remove the body tissue cells that have been damaged by infection.”

      “Inflammation will start your body on the path to growing new, healthy tissue at the site of infection.

      “Inflammation helps your body to produce the right antibodies to fight the infection.”

      “Inflammation ultimately aids in eliminating the initial cause of the cell injury in your appendix.”

Question 20. 20. A nurse practitioner is teaching her colleagues about the role of cytokines in a variety of pathologies. Which of the following teaching points best captures an aspect of the functions and nature of cytokines? (Points : 0.4)

      “A particular cytokine can have varied effects on different systems, a fact that limits their therapeutic use.”

      “Cytokine production is constant over time, but effects are noted when serum levels cross a particular threshold.”

      “Most cytokines are produced by granular leukocytes, and different cells are capable of producing the same cytokine.”

      “Cytokine actions are self-limiting in that activation of one precludes activation of other cytokines with similar actions.”

Question 21. 21. A 14-year-old boy has been diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis. Which of the following pathophysiological phenomena is most responsible for his symptoms? (Points : 0.4)

      The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is lysing many of the boy’s neutrophils.

      Viruses are killing some of his B cells and becoming incorporated into the genomes of others.

      The EBV inhibits the maturation of white cells within his peripheral lymph nodes.

      The virus responsible for mononucleosis inhibits the maturation of myeloblasts into promyelocytes.

Question 22. 22. Sputum samples from a patient with pneumonia contain an infective agent that has a peptidoglycan cell wall, expresses endotoxins, replicates readily in broth and on agar, grows in clusters, has pili, and does not stain when exposed to crystal violet. This pneumonia is most likely: (Points : 0.4)

      Chlamydial

      Viral

      Mycoplasmal

      Baterial

Question 23. 23. A patient has been admitted to an inpatient medical unit of a hospital with an acute viral infection. The health care team providing care for the patient would recognize which of the following statements as an accurate description of the role of viruses in human infections? (Points : 0.4)

      Viruses have limited or absent genetic material of their own.

      Some viruses are capable of transforming normal host cells into malignant cells.

      Viruses are often implicated in cases of transmissible neurodegenerative disease.

      Viruses require stimulation after a latent period before they are able to produce symptoms.

Question 24. 24. Which of the following patients is most likely to benefit from transplantation of thymic tissue or major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-compatible bone marrow? (Points : 0.4)

      A 12-year-old girl with a history of epilepsy and low IgG levels secondary to phenytoin use

      A 7-year-old boy whose blood work indicates decreased IgA and IgG with increased IgM

      A 6-year-old boy whose pre-B cells are incapable of translation to normal B cells

      A 9-year-old girl who has a diagnosis of IgA deficiency

Question 25. 25. A 2-year-old girl has had repeated ear and upper respiratory tract infections since she was born. A pediatrician has determined a diagnosis of transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy. What is the physiological origin of the child’s recurrent infections? (Points : 0.4)

      Antibody production by plasma cells is compromised because of impaired communication between B and T cells.

      The child had a congenital absence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and her body is only slowly beginning to produce them independently.

      The child was born with immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin (IgM) antibodies, suggesting intrauterine infection.

      The child lacks the antigen presenting cells integral to normal B-cell antibody production.

Enuresis is a problem that affects children and families both physically and psychosocially. Parents can be frustrated because the cause might be unknown, and interventions that work for one child may not necessarily help another. Children may feel isolated and embarrassed and avoid age-appropriate activities.

Initial Discussion Post:

Jorge is a nine-year-old boy who never established night time bladder control and wets the bed every night. He does not have toileting accidents during the day. Jorge lives at home with a single working mother, who privately tells the RN that she is frustrated with the additional laundry, and having to get up extra early so her son can shower in the morning rather than at night. She asks the RN in the pediatrician’s office for advice to manage the problem at home. Jorge is excited to go on a Boy Scout camping trip, and the mother is concerned that he will experience embarrassment, because the boys and the leader could find out about this problem.

• What type of enuresis is Jorge experiencing?
• Identify two (2) pieces of assessment data the RN should collect.
• How will this data be used in planning nursing care?
• Describe one (1) physiological, and one (1) psychosocial intervention that could help either Jorge or his mother deal with this problem.

Base your initial post on your readings and research of this topic. Your initial post must contain a minimum of 250 words. References, citations, and repeating the question do not count towards the 250 word minimum.

A useful resource related to this discussion: Overview of the Nursing Process [PDF File Size 331 KB].

A 16-year-old boy arrived at the Emergency Department (ED) after collapsing during a 3-hour practice at summer football camp. The patient had the required physical examination prior to attending the camp, and there were no concerns or physical restrictions documented. He received intravenous (IV) fluids in the ambulance, and is awake upon arrival to the ED. He complains of thirst and dizziness. He has not voided since prior to practice, has dry mucous membranes and tenting. The patient’s pulse is 136 beats per minute, and blood pressure is 88/52 mm Hg. When questioned about the situation leading to his collapse, he states he forgot his water bottle in his room, and was very hot in the required gear. He felt thirsty, but thought he might be seen as weak if he complained to the coach.

Initial Discussion Post:In your nursing diagnosis book, refer to the NANDA-I definitions for the following nursing diagnoses:Deficient Fluid VolumeRisk for Electrolyte Imbalance

• Which of the two nursing diagnoses would be the priority for this patient?
• Describe what data was clustered to determine the nursing diagnosis.

Base your initial post on your readings and research of this topic. Your initial post must contain a minimum of 250 words. References, citations, and repeating the question do not count towards the 250 word minimum.

Bullying: It’s Not Okay

Please answer the following questions…

Please confirm the following:

1. ______ percent of LGBTQ youth had been bullied at school in the past year.
   1. 12 percent.
   2. 27 percent.
   3. 88 percent.
   4. 45 percent.
2. Being ________ by itself appears to increase the likelihood of being a victim of bullying.
   1. A single child.
   2. The oldest sibling.
   3. Obese.
   4. Creative.
3. Bullying behavior may cross the line to become “_____________,” which is illegal under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.
   1. Disability harassment.
   2. Sexual harassment.
   3. Rehabilitation bullying.
   4. Disability bullying.
4. __________ is a combination of qualities that make up personality.
   1. Character.
   2. Personal quality.
   3. Temperament.
   4. Personality.
5. Multiple ____________ that include peer pressure, cultural oppression, academic stress, volatile teachers or parents, and economic worry contribute to unregulated bullying behavior as well.
   1. Situational elements.
   2. Stress indicators.
   3. Stress environments.
   4. Tension environments.
6. A common myth about children and youth who bully is that they are “_______.”
   1. Loners.
   2. Academically challenged.
   3. Mentally challenged.
   4. Malicious.
7. Young bullies are more likely to report that they:
   1. Engage in high risk hobbies.
   2. Own guns.
   3. Take psychotropic medications.
   4. Lack friends.
8. Because __________ are the first line of defense when it pertains to children developing into bullies, nursing professionals can help parents reexamine conventional erroneous thinking or behavior that promotes bullying.
   1. School officials.
   2. Families.
   3. Friends.
   4. Police officers.
9. The American Nurses Association ANA Position Statement on the Nurse’s Role In Ethics and Human Rights contains the following components related to enhanced practice to intervene and prevent bullying EXCEPT:
   1. Respect for the inherent dignity, worth, unique attributes, and human rights of all individuals
   2. Nurses establish relationships of trust and provide nursing services according to needvv
   3. Setting aside any bias or prejudice
   4. Taking political action to lobby legislators for anti-bullying funds
10. What are the four domains of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Guidelines for Healthcare Providers, which apply to nursing practice and leadership?
    1. Clinical practice, ethics, advocacy, and research
    2. Advocacy, clinical practice, interventions and prevention
    3. Clinical practice, advocacy, education, and research
    4. Care planning, clinical practice, advocacy and education.