Health Promotion: Lung Cancer In Smokers And Diabetes In Elderly Men
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Part 1: Lung Cancer in Smokers
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Health Problem: Lung Cancer in Smokers
Population: Patients undergoing chemotherapy for lung cancer due to smoking
SMART goal: Patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment with lung cancer diagnoses with a history of smoking should demonstrate greater knowledge of the consequences of relapsing to smoking during the first three months.
Purpose: Educate patients in chemotherapy treatment due to smoking, in the prevention of relapse into smoking habits so as not to affect the progress of their treatment
Description
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Purpose:
Propose a health promotion program following MAP-IT in the project (Check “MAP-IT stands”- Lung cancer File)
1. Introduce the problem with a concise overview of its health impact. (1 paragraph)
2. Justify and describe the need for the strategy (1paragraph).
3. Describe each aspect of the strategy.
a. Mobilize (1 paragraph)
i. What would be your objective and mission?
ii. How would you include stakeholders?
iii. What would be their roles?
b. Assess (2 paragraphs)
i. How are you planning to assess the problem?
ii. What are your short-term and long-term goals?
c. Plan the steps to organize and implement the strategy. (2 paragraph).
d. Track. (1 paragraph).
i. Describe the evaluation process to measure
ii. Describe the track of your progress; include:
A. Statistic evaluation
B. collaboration with statistician as required.
4. Conclude the idea justifying the development of this particular promotional strategy. (1 paragraph). Health Promotion: Lung Cancer In Smokers And Diabetes In Elderly Men
Part 2: Diabetes in elderly men
You must strictly comply with the number of paragraphs requested per item. More or less paragraphs are not allowed
Health Problem: Diabetes in elderly men
Population: Elderly men with Diabetes
SMART goal: Elderly men patients diagnosed with diabetes should have HbA1c level is 48mmol/mol or below during the next two months to identify adherence to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment
Purpose: Evaluate HbA1c of diabetic elderly men patients to identify if they are complying with pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment and assess their adherence to treatment
Description
Purpose:
Propose a health promotion program following MAP-IT in the project (Check “MAP-IT stands”-Diabetes File)
1. Introduce the problem with a concise overview of its health impact. (1 paragraph)
2. Justify and describe the need for the strategy (1paragraph).
3. Describe each aspect of the strategy.
a. Mobilize (1 paragraph)
i. What would be your objective and mission?
ii. How would you include stakeholders?
iii. What would be their roles?
b. Assess (2 paragraphs)
i. How are you planning to assess the problem?
ii. What are your short-term and long-term goals?
c. Plan the steps to organize and implement the strategy. (2 paragraph).
d. Track. (1 paragraph).
i. Describe the evaluation process to measure
ii. Describe the track of your progress; include:
A. Statistic evaluation
B. collaboration with statistician as required.
4. Conclude the idea justifying the development of this particular promotional strategy. (1 paragraph).
Health Promotion Program Proposal,
Lung cancer is a form of cancer that starts from the lungs, and it frequently attacks individuals who are fond of smoking. There are two forms of lung cancer: small cell lung cancer and non-small lung cancer. Apart from direct smoking, exposure to toxins, passive smoking, and family history are the risk factors for lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer include weight loss, chest pains, wheezing, and cough that often comes with blood. The signs and symptoms are likely to appear when the condition is advanced. The health impact of lung cancer is that it causes shortness of breath. Such is because it blocks the major airwaves as it advances. Lung cancer also causes fluid to accumulate in the lungs, making it harder for the affected person to breathe since it prevents the lungs from expanding and contracting (CDC, 2021).
Lung Cancer in Smokers
Global relevance
Globally, lung cancer is ranked as the second most common form of cancer. In 2020, it was estimated that there were new 2.2 million lung cancer cases. The 2.2 million new lung cancer accounted for 11.4% of the total cancer cases globally. In the same year, it is estimated that 1.8 million deaths globally resulted from lung cancer. The global statistics indicate that most lung cancer cases are prevalent in industrialized countries. The release of toxins into the atmosphere has been blamed for the continued rise of lung cancer cases around the globe. Although lung cancer cases are increasing globally, there is a decreasing trend in countries such as Australia, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and Canada. The decrease in lung cancer cases in the mentioned nations has been attributed to decreased smoking. Globally, lung cancer cases among women are increasing. Such is because many women are taking up the vice of smoking that was previously dominant among the males. Chinese women are at a higher risk of lung cancer than European women (Winston, 2021).
National relevance
In the United States of America, lung cancer is the most common form of cancer among men and women. Older Americans are at a higher risk of lung cancer than young Americans. Most Americans diagnosed with lung cancer are over sixty-five years, while very few are forty-five years and below. Seventy years old is the average age of Americans diagnosed with lung cancer. In America, lung cancer is the leading cause of death for both males and females compared to other forms of cancer (American Cancer Society, 2021). Health Promotion: Lung Cancer In Smokers And Diabetes In Elderly Men
According to the American Cancer Society, it is estimated that there were two hundred three and thirty-six thousand seven hundred and forty new cases of lung cancer in 2021. In the same year, there were one hundred and thirty-five thousand, three hundred and sixty deaths that resulted from lung cancer. The number of new cases and cancer deaths in the United States of America has decreased since many Americans are quitting smoking. Many Americans with lung cancer signs and symptoms sign up for early treatment, which has reduced the number of deaths due to lung cancer (American Cancer Society, 2021).
Local relevance
Locally, lung cancer has been a long-term problem due to heavy cigarette smoking. As a result, lung cancer deaths are notable locally among the old members of society. Health education has been an excellent strategy for dealing with smoking in the local community (Hoeijmakers et al., 2021).
Idea justification and development of promotion strategies
The selection of lung cancer is an excellent idea because it affects the globe. The release of toxins to the environment is a significant cause of lung cancer, and strategies need to be developed to prevent such exposure of people to toxins. At the global level, laws should be passed to ensure that industries purify gases before releasing them into the atmosphere. Such will ensure that people are protected against toxins that cause lung cancer. Congress should pass laws that regulate cigarettes’ accessibility at the national level, which is a significant cause of lung cancer. At the local level, health education against lung cancer should be advanced to ensure people are aware of the effects of smoking (Hoeijmakers et al., 2021).
Health Problem
There are several risk factors causing lung cancer. However, smoking remains the primary risk factor. Cigarette rate smoking is the leading risk factor for global lung cancer cases. For instance, cigarette smoking is associated with 80-90% of lung cancer deaths in America. In addition, every year, over 1 million people die globally due to lung cancer, and it’s also estimated that cigarette smoking accounts for 90% of lung cancer complications in men and 70% in women (Corrales et al., 2020). People who smoke cigarettes are 15-30 times more likely to get lung cancer or die due to the same compared to non-smokers (Howlader et al., 2020).
Health promotion programs are meant to empower communities or individuals towards considering healthy behaviors and choices with the aim of ensuring appropriate changes that lower their risk of developing chronic diseases. Therefore, my health promotion program will focus on preventing lung cancer patients from relapse into smoking during the first three months of chemotherapy.
Vulnerable Population
Patients undergoing chemotherapy for lung cancer are the most vulnerable population to resume smoking. There are various risk factors that make this population susceptible to relapse into smoking. One of the risk factors is higher dependence on nicotine to perform daily duties. Patients who used to smoke are likely to have been addicted to nicotine which is a harmful chemical in a cigarette. Cigarette smoke releases over 70 different chemicals into the body of the user. The second risk factor is stress and emotional instability. The chemotherapy process is stressful and can lead to different emotions. Past smokers are likely to resume smoking in order to ease the stress. The third risk factor that makes the population vulnerable is poor health and physical exercise. Patients undergoing chemotherapy usually exhibit poor health and cannot exercise. This immobility can lead to the urge to smoke
A study by Minnix et al. (2018) argued that the continued dependence on nicotine is the major contributor to relapse into smoking among the cancer patients undergoing treatment. The study shows that most patients who used to smoke before starting the chemotherapy suffer from nicotine addiction and are more susceptible to resume smoking. Another study by Yang et al. (2021) established that patients’ behavior control is a significant risk factor to patients’ relapse to smoking. The study argued that most past smokers are emotionally unstable and succumb to stress-related pressure easily. These patients are more likely to resume smoking within the first six months of treatment. Another research paper by Chia-Chen et al. (2019) argued that most patients found relapsed into smoking during the treatment of lung cancer had poor physical exercise habits. The study established that physical exercise is a crucial risk factor to relapse into smoking among patients undergoing chemotherapy. Health Promotion: Lung Cancer In Smokers And Diabetes In Elderly Men
Scholarly Resources
The most effective measure for primary prevention of lung cancer is the cessation of smoking, including complete avoidance of passive/second-hand smoking. According to Minnix et al. (2018), pharmacology is one of the effective interventions for patients with smoking habits. Addiction medications are used on the patients to deter them from relapsing into smoking. A study by Iaccarino et al. (2019) recommends using smoking cessation strategies combined with LDCT lung cancer screening. The study argues that the application of smoking cessation treatment, such as a low dose of LDCT, can play a crucial role in the reduction of morbidity and mortality related to smoking relapse.
Counseling has proved to be one of the most effective interventions for cancer patients susceptible to relapse into smoking. A study by Davidson et al. (2018) established that most of the counseled patients showed improved behavior change and ceased smoking gradually. However, counseling should not be one session only. The counseling program should be elaborate. The counselor should explain to the patients the risk of smoking relapse regarding the condition of lung cancer medication. Smoking cessation increases the chances of the patients recovering fast (Davidson et al., 2018). A follow evaluation is necessary to monitor the behavior change of the patient.
Strength and one weakness
The study by Minnix et al. (2018) was evidence-based and provided peer-reviewed sources to back the arguments in the study. This is the main strength of the study. Most of the statistics were backed up with relevant citations. Therefore, the reader can ascertain the information and read more. However, the study had one shortcoming. It does not provide an elaborate methodology on how the findings were established. The study should have provided a sample population that was studied and indicated how the inferences were made based on the selected sample.
Iaccarino et al. (2019) used a literature review approach to establish their findings. The study explained the criteria used to search for the literature and how it came to a conclusion. However, the analysis is too summarized and does not comprehensively explain the findings established. On the other hand, Davidson et al. (2018) were elaborate on how counseling can be combined with other interventions to curb the relapse problem. However, the use of one case study in London to generalize the findings for all other scenarios might not be effective. Different patients behave differently based on cultural and environmental factors.
Stage change Model
Smokers experience denial and refuse to admit their addiction. The nicotine substance contained in the cigarettes usually creates a pleasant feeling that motivates the users and gives them the urge to use more and more. The users then recognize a problem after a health complication and seek medical care and finally commit to avoiding relapsing at all costs. Like a cigarette addict, there are stages of change linked to various problem-causing behaviors. These stages include pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. This model serves as the guiding principle when it comes to managing lung cancer because most cigarette smokers are usually unaware of the risks, just as stipulated in the pre-contemplation state. This is a phase where there’s a lack of intention to shift behavior as many people in this stage are usually unaware of their problems (Jeon et al., 2018). They then discover a challenge and commit to reforming, which takes part in the stages below.
The reform stage begins with contemplation of the problem. At the contemplation stage, people become aware of their problem and seriously consider overcoming it but have zero commitment in this regard (Jeon et al., 2018). Cigarette smokers face a similar challenge; they know they have a problem, but quitting isn’t easy. They then commit to taking action in the future, just as in the preparation stage, a phase where intentions and behavior are combined towards a particular action. When a smoker finally develops lung cancer, they take action to stop or reduce smoking. Action is, therefore, a phase where a smoker modifies their environment, experiences, or behaviors to overcome smoking; they become committed to chemotherapy and other interventions to avoid relapse. Maintenance state is closely linked to the efforts done to prevent relapse, especially for patients with addictive behaviors like smoking.
MAP-IT stands
Mobilization of resources is important in health promotion. Health promoters can mobilize resources through advocacy where they provide evidence-based arguments about the initiative and its benefits to the community. According to Chofor et al. (2021), stakeholder mobilization happens by guiding the community on the health problem to be addressed, the resources required, the benefit of the initiative to the community, and the impact it will have on the stakeholders.
These stakeholders also make a part of the partners. Defining partners should be done at an early stage of the initiative. They should share the same goal, mission, vision, and they should focus on the health outcome. Having a mission and vision statement depends on what the initiative aims to achieve. Each statement should serve a separate function. For example, in this initiative, the mission statement will be to reduce the number of deaths associated with lung cancer in the community, while the vision statement could be to enhance the level of awareness of lung cancer among smokers.
Assessing lung cancer in smokers should aim at understanding the prevalence trends of smoking, the target audience, and the interventions that will be applied. A long-term goal in the intervention of lung cancer will be to reduce the mortality rate of lung cancer by 20% within 4 years. To achieve this goal, data has to be collected to determine how the needs and priorities should be organized. Methods of data collection include the use of questionnaires, conducting interviews among the victims, focus group discussions, and progress tracking by use of demographic and biological data. Health Promotion: Lung Cancer In Smokers And Diabetes In Elderly Men
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There are several steps involved in the achievement of this goal. These include mobilizing lung cancer patients to go for screening, conventional therapies, and patient immune therapies (Richards et al., 2020). Patients who have non-small cancers should be mobilized to go for surgery and radiotherapy. This will prevent cancer from spreading and also the adverse effects of lung cancer. To measure the progress of the intervention, health promoters need to focus on the number of people screening for lung cancer.
Once the objectives and interventions have been planned, the implementation of a work plan should begin. A work plan engages patients in behavior-change discussions with the partners and stakeholders. In this case, a work plan involves stakeholders mobilizing lung cancer patients to go for regular screening, attending their therapy sessions, and taking their medications. Stakeholders also to conduct health education among people with lung cancer.
To track the progress of the initiative, health promoters need to compare and evaluate the changes that have happened over the time since the execution of the health promotion initiative and after execution. Tracking can be done by measuring the number of participants who complete the initiative, participants engaging in screening, participants taking part in health education, the stakeholders involved in the initiative, and the activities that were handled (Williams et al., 2019).
SMART goal:
Patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment with lung cancer diagnoses with a history of smoking should demonstrate greater knowledge of the consequences of relapsing to smoking during the first three months
References
American Cancer Society. (2021). Lung cancer statistics | How common is lung cancer? American Cancer Society | Information and Resources about for Cancer: Breast, Colon, Lung, Prostate, Skin. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/about/key-statistics.html
CDC. (2021, November 17). Lung cancer. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/lung/
Chia-Chen, Y. A. N. G., Chien-Ying, L. I. U., Kwua-Yun, W. A. N. G., Fur-Hsing, W. E. N., Yu-Chin, L. E. E., & Mei-Ling, C. H. E. N. (2019). Smoking status among patients with newly diagnosed lung cancer in Taiwan. The Journal of Nursing Research, 27(4), e32. doi: 10.1097/jnr.0000000000000293
Chofor, N., Bopda, P., Bücker, R., Ivo, A., Okonkwo, E., Joel, K., … & Ngwa, W. (2021). Mobilizing stakeholders to improve access to state-of-the-art radiotherapy in low-and middle-income countries. Ecancermedicalscience, 15. https://doi.org/10.3332/ecancer.2021.1227
Corrales, L., Rosell, R., Cardona, A. F., Martin, C., Zatarain-Barron, Z. L., & Arietta, O. (2020). Lung cancer in never smokers: The role of different risk factors other than tobacco smoking. Critical reviews in oncology/hematology, 148, 102895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102895
Davidson, S. M., Boldt, R. G., & Louie, A. V. (2018). How can we better help cancer patients quit smoking? The London Regional Cancer Program experience with smoking cessation. Current Oncology, 25(3), 226-230. https://doi.org/10.3747/co.25.3921
Hoeijmakers, F., Hartemink, K. J., Verhagen, A. F., Steup, W. H., Marra, E., Röell, W. F., Heineman, D. J., Schreurs, W. H., Tollenaar, R. A., & Wouters, M. W. (2021). Variation in incidence, prevention and treatment of persistent air leak after lung cancer surgery. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 61(1), 110-117. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezab376
Howlader, N., Forjaz, G., Mooradian, M. J., Meza, R., Kong, C. Y., Cronin, K. A., … & Feuer, E. J. (2020). The effects of advances in lung cancer treatment on population mortality. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(7), 640-649. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1916623.
Iaccarino, J. M., Duran, C., Slatore, C. G., Wiener, R. S., & Kathuria, H. (2019). Combining smoking cessation interventions with LDCT lung cancer screening: a systematic review. Preventive Medicine, 121, 24-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.02.016
Jeon, J., Holford, T. R., Levy, D. T., Feuer, E. J., Cao, P., Tam, J., … & Meza, R. (2018). Smoking and lung cancer mortality in the United States from 2015 to 20165: a comprehensive modeling approach. Analysis of internal medicine, 169(10), 684-693. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-1250
Minnix, J. A., Karam-Hage, M., Blalock, J. A., & Cinciripini, P. M. (2018). The importance of incorporating smoking cessation into lung cancer screening. Translational Lung Cancer Research, 7(3), 272. doi:10.21037/tlcr.2018.05.03
Richards, T. B., Soman, A., Thomas, C. C., VanFrank, B., Henley, S. J., Gallaway, M. S., & Richardson, L. C. (2020). Screening for lung cancer—10 states, 2017. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(8), 201. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6908a1
Williams, L. B., McCall, A., Joshua, T. V., Looney, S. W., & Tingen, M. S. (2019). Design of a community-based lung cancer education, prevention, and screening program. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 41(8), 1152-1169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945919827261
Winston, T. W. (2021, July 17). What is the global prevalence of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)? Latest Medical News, Clinical Trials, Guidelines – Today on Medscape. https://www.medscape.com/answers/279960-84979/what-is-the-global-prevalence-of-nonsmall-cell-lung-cancer-nsclc
Yang, C. C., Liu, C. Y., Wang, K. Y., Chang, Y. K., Wen, F. H., Lee, Y. C., & Chen, M. L. (2021). Trajectory of smoking behaviour during the first 6 months after diagnosis of lung cancer: A study from Taiwan. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(5), 2363-2373. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14745. Health Promotion: Lung Cancer In Smokers And Diabetes In Elderly Men
