Quality and Cost Measurements

As nurse practitioners continue to expand their role in delivering health care, it is imperative for NPs to provide the data and evidence to demonstrate the impact of NP care on patient outcomes. There are several challenges that advanced practice nurses face to provide quality care and meet productivity goals of an organization. This week it is important to explore the connection of quality care and performance measures. Some questions to consider as we discuss this topic are:

Why are quality measures important?

What is the difference between quality measures and performance indicators?

What performance measures are used for NP productivity?

Why are incentive plans used in clinical organizations?

To prepare:

Read the article, An Incentive Plan for Advanced Practice Registered Nurses: Impact on Provider and Organizational Outcomes, by Catherine A. Rhodes, Mavis Bechtle, and Molly McNett (2015), , Buppert , C. 2015 Measuring Nurse Practitioner Performance and other articles provided

Explore quality measures and identify at least one clinical performance measure, such as the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)

To Complete

Post 1 to 2 pages on : An explanation of the importance of quality measures using the clinical performance measure you identified as an example.

Then, identify the performance measures used for NP productivity in Rhodes, Bechtle, and McNett (2015) article.

Finally, share your opinion on incentive payment for care, including external motivators and at least one business model.

REFERENCES

Rhodes, C. A., Bechtle, M., & McNett, M. (2015). An Incentive Plan for Advanced Practice Registered Nurses: Impact on Provider and Organizational Outcomes. Nursing Economics, 33(3), 125-131.

Buppert, C. (2015). Measuring Nurse Practitioner Performance. In Nurse Practitioner’s Business Practice and Legal Guide (5th ed.) (469 – 478). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett.

Hain, D., & Fleck, L. M. (2014). Barriers to NP practice that impact healthcare redesign. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 19(2).

Hamric, A. B., Hanson, C. M., Tracy, M. F., & O’Grady, E. T. (2014). Evidence-Based Practice. In Advanced Practice Nursing: An Integrative Approach (5th ed.) (237-262). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders.

Stanik-Hutt, J., Newhouse, R. P., White, K. M., Johantgen, M., Bass, E. B., Zangaro, G., . . . Weiner, J. P. (2013). The Quality and Effectiveness of Care Provided by Nurse Practitioners. Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 9(8), 492-500. doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2013.07.004

The readiness of the health care organization or network in addressing the health care needs of citizens in the next decade

 Details:

Research a health care organization or a network that spans several states within the U.S. (Example: United Healthcare, Vanguard, Banner Healthcare, etc.).

Harvard Business Review Online and Hoover’s Company Records, found in the GCU Library, are useful sources. You may also find pertinent information on your organization’s webpage.

Review “Singapore Airlines Case Study.”

Prepare a 1,000-1250-word paper that focuses on the organization or network you have selected.

Your essay should assess the readiness of the health care organization or network in addressing the health care needs of citizens in the next decade, and include a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to network growth, nurse staffing, resource management, and patient satisfaction. Provide a comparison to the health care organization or network and the Singapore Airlines. Include any cultural issues that may influence the practices listed above.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

NRS451V.R.SingaporeAirlinesCaseStudy_Student_02-04-13.docx 

apply rubric

1
Unsatisfactory
0.00%

2
Less than Satisfactory
75.00%

3
Satisfactory
79.00%

4
Good
89.00%

5
Excellent
100.00%

80.0 %Content

30.0 %Case study assesses the readiness of the health care organization or network in addressing the health care needs of citizens in the next decade

Case study assesses the readiness of the health care organization or network in addressing the health care needs of citizens in the next decade is not provided.

Case study assesses the readiness of the health care organization or network in addressing the health care needs of citizens in the next decade is offered; however, relevant information is missing as indicated in the assignment instructions.

Case study assesses the readiness of the health care organization or network in addressing the health care needs of citizens in the next decade meets the basic criteria for the assignment as indicated in the assignment instructions.

Case study assesses the readiness of the health care organization or network in addressing the health care needs of citizens in the next decade meets all criteria for the assignment, as indicated in the assignment instructions, and is offered in detail.

Case study assesses the readiness of the health care organization or network in addressing the health care needs of citizens in the next decade is offered in detail, while demonstrating higher level thinking by incorporating prior learning or reflective thought.

10.0 %Case study includes a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to network growth

Case study including a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to network growth is not provided.

Case study including a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to network growth is provided; however, relevant information is missing as indicated in the assignment instructions.

Case study including a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to network growth; meets the basic criteria for the assignment as indicated by the assignment instructions.

Case study including a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to network growth; meets all criteria for the assignment, as indicated in the assignment instructions, and is provided in detail.

Case study including a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to network growth; is offered in detail, while demonstrating higher level thinking by incorporating prior learning or reflective thought.

10.0 %Case study includes a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to nurse staffing

Case study including a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to nurse staffing is not offered.

Case study including a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to nurse staffing is provided; however, relevant information is missing as indicated in the assignment instructions.

Case study including a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to nurse staffing meets the basic criteria for the assignment as indicated in the assignment instructions.

Case study including a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to nurse staffing meets all criteria for the assignment, as indicated in the assignment instructions, and is provided in detail.

Case study including a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to nurse staffing is offered in detail, while demonstrating higher level thinking by incorporating prior learning or reflective thought.

10.0 %Case study includes a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to resource management

Case study including a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to resource management is not provided.

Case study including a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to resource management is provided; however, relevant information is missing as indicated in the assignment instructions.

Case study including a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to resource management meets the basic criteria for the assignment as indicated in the assignment instructions.

Case study including a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to resource management meets all criteria for the assignment, as indicated by the assignment instructions, and is provided in detail.

Case study including a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to resource management is offered in detail, while demonstrating higher level thinking by incorporating prior learning or reflective thought.

10.0 %Case study include a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to patient satisfaction

Case study including a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to patient satisfaction is not provided.

Case study including a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to patient satisfaction is provided; however, relevant information is missing as indicated in the assignment instructions.

Case study including a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to patient satisfaction meets the basic criteria for the assignment as indicated in the assignment instructions.

Case study including a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to patient satisfaction meets all criteria for the assignment, as indicated in the assignment instructions, and is provided in detail.

Case study including a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to patient satisfaction is offered in detail, while demonstrating higher level thinking by incorporating prior learning or reflective thought.

5.0 %Essay provides comparison between health care organization or network and Singapore Airlines

A comparison between a health care organization or network and Singapore Airlines is not presented.

An incomplete comparison between a health care organization or network and Singapore Airlines is presented.

A summary comparing a health care organization or network and Singapore Airlines is presented. There are inaccuracies; more information is needed.

A discussion is presented comparing a health care organization or network and Singapore Airlines. Minor detail is needed for clarity.

A detailed and clear discussion is presented comparing a health care organization or network and Singapore Airlines.

5.0 %Cultural issues that may influence practices are discussed

Cultural issues influencing proposed practices are not presented.

Cultural issues influencing proposed practices are referenced. More information is needed to establish how they influence the proposed practices. There are inaccuracies.

Cultural issues influencing proposed practices are summarized. Some information or support is needed to establish how these influence the proposed practices.

Cultural issues influencing proposed practices are discussed. General information and support is provided to establish how these influence the proposed practices.

Cultural issues influencing proposed practices are thoroughly discussed. Detailed information and support is provided to establish how these influence the proposed practices.

15.0 %Organization and Effectiveness

5.0 %Thesis Development and Purpose

Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim.

Thesis and/or main claim are insufficiently developed and/or vague; purpose is not clear.

Thesis and/or main claim are apparent and appropriate to purpose.

Thesis and/or main claim are clear and forecast the development of the paper. It is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose.

Thesis and/or main claim are comprehensive; contained within the thesis is the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.

15.0 %Organization and Effectiveness

5.0 %Paragraph Development and Transitions

Paragraphs and transitions consistently lack unity and coherence. .No apparent connections between paragraphs are established. Transitions are inappropriate to purpose and scope. Organization is disjointed.

Some paragraphs and transitions may lack logical progression of ideas, unity, coherence, and/or cohesiveness. Some degree of organization is evident.

Paragraphs are generally competent, but ideas may show some inconsistency in organization and/or in their relationships to each other.

A logical progression of ideas between paragraphs is apparent. Paragraphs exhibit a unity, coherence, and cohesiveness. Topic sentences and concluding remarks are appropriate to purpose.

There is a sophisticated construction of paragraphs and transitions. Ideas progress and relate to each other. Paragraph and transition construction guide the reader. Paragraph structure is seamless.

15.0 %Organization and Effectiveness

5.0 %Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use)

Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice and/or sentence construction are used.

Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register); sentence structure, and/or word choice are present.

Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are used.

Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. A variety of sentence structures and effective figures of speech are used.

Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.

5.0 %Format

2.0 %Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the major and assignment)

Template is not used appropriately or documentation format is rarely followed correctly.

Template is used, but some elements are missing or mistaken; lack of control with formatting is apparent.

Template is used, and formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present.

Template is fully used; There are virtually no errors in formatting style.

All format elements are correct.

3.0 %Research Citations (In-text citations for paraphrasing and direct quotes, and reference page listing and formatting, as appropriate to assignment)

No reference page is included. No citations are used.

Reference page is present. Citations are inconsistently used.

Reference page is included and lists sources used in the paper. Sources are appropriately documented, although some errors may be present.

Reference page is present and fully inclusive of all cited sources. Documentation is appropriate and GCU style is usually correct.

In-text citations and a reference page are complete. The documentation of cited sources is free of error.

100 %Total Weightage

Journal Entries

Week 1 Journal

As a future advanced practice nurse, it is important that you are able to connect your classroom experience to your practicum experience. By applying the concepts you study in the classroom to clinical settings, you enhance your professional competency. Each week, you complete an Assignment such as a Journal Entry or SOAP Note that prompts you to reflect on your practicum experiences and relate them to the material presented in the classroom. This week, you begin documenting your practicum experiences in your Practicum Journal. To prepare for this course’s Practicum Experience, address the following in your practicum journal:

Select an aging theory to guide your practice.
Develop goals and objectives for the Practicum Experience in this course. Be sure to consider geriatric competencies.
Create a timeline of practicum activities based on your practicum requirements.

Week 2 Journal

To prepare for this course’s Practicum Experience, reflect on implications of age-related changes in geriatric patients. Explain how you might differentiate between normal behaviors/disorders due to aging and abnormal behavior/disorders that are not age related. Include how functional assessments might help distinguish “normal” from “abnormal.”

Week 4 Journal

Reflect on medication adherence issues you have encountered with geriatric patients in your practicum setting. Explain implications of these issues on patient health, as well as strategies to improve medication adherence for geriatric patients. If you did not have an opportunity to evaluate a patient with this background during the last 4 weeks, you can select a related case study or reflect on previous clinical experiences.

*Please use APA format. Cite references within the paper along with a reference list at the end.

Finance And Economics In Health Care Deliver

Assignment: Using Variance Analysis in Decision Making
Having a budget is critical for the financial stability of an organization. Keeping track of how well the organization is actually adhering to the budget, and subsequent identification of why the budget numbers are being missed is equally important. Without this critical “why” piece, it is difficult to make the necessary adjustments to the budget or to organizational behavior that might be promoting overspending.

A good budget is built with thoughtful consideration of future costs and revenue. Though your budget is formulated with expected figures in mind, the actual resulting values may vary considerably. This variance–from projected to actual–can be a pleasant surprise or a fiscal nightmare and can make financial decision making difficult. Fortunately, variance analysis can enable management to determine why variance occurred and what can be done to mitigate its effects.

For those not comfortable with the use of Microsoft Excel, this week’s Optional Resources suggest several tutorials.

To prepare:

Review the information in this week’s Learning Resources dealing with variance analysis, how it is calculated, and how it can be used in decision making.
View the video Week 8 Application Assignment Tutorial: Variance Analysis, provided in this week’s Learning Resources.
Use the Week 8 Application Assignment Template, provided in this week’s Learning Resources, to complete this assignment. Carefully examine the information in each of the scenarios and provide the necessary calculations. Using this information will help you answer the questions.
By Day 7
Note: For those Assignments in this course that require you to perform calculations you must:

Use the Excel spreadsheet template for the Week 8 assignment
Show all your calculations and formulas in the spreadsheet.
Answer any questions included with the problems (as text in the Excel spreadsheet).
A title and reference page are NOT needed in this assignment. Put your name and assignment at the top of the Excel spreadsheet.

Use the Week 8 Application Assignment Template for the Week 8 assignment

Salary Variance Scenario
For this Assignment run a variance analysis. Based on the information you obtain: assess the results of the analysis, suggest potential causes of the budget variances and an explanation for addressing the situation.

Using the following performance data calculate the volume adjusted labor rate variance and volume adjusted efficiency variance. Your Variable Expense Factor is 40% and your Volume Change Factor is 50%.

Note: Submit the Excel spreadsheet containing your Salary Variance Scenario calculations to the Assignment submission link.

Primary Care of Women

Directions* There is not a page requirement for the journals as long as the topics listed are covered. Each week needs its own scholarly reference section and must be sighted within the paper.

Week 1 Journal

As a future advanced practice nurse, it is important that you are able to connect your classroom experience to your Practicum Experience. By applying the concepts you study in the classroom to clinical settings, you enhance your professional competency. Each week you complete an Assignment such as Journal Entries or SOAP Notes that prompts you to reflect on your Practicum Experiences and relate them to the material presented in the classroom. This week you begin documenting your Practicum Experiences in your Practicum Journal.

To prepare for this course’s Practicum Experience, address the following in your Practicum Journal: • Select and explain a nursing theory or feminist perspective to guide your clinical practice. • Develop goals and objectives for the Practicum Experience in this course. When developing your goals and objectives, be sure to keep women’s health guidelines and best practices in mind. • Create a timeline of practicum activities based on your practicum requirements.

(Uploaded a power point with requirements listed on a slide about half way through the power point)

Week 2 Journal

To prepare for this course’s Practicum Experience, think about common screenings for women. Explain how screenings differ for younger women and older women, and explain the implications of these differences.

The diagnosis of treatment for the reproductive disorders

While the male and female reproductive systems are unique to each sex, they share a common function—reproduction. Disorders of this system range from delayed development to structural and functional abnormalities. Since many reproductive disorders not only result in physiological consequences but also psychological consequences such as embarrassment, guilt, or profound disappointment, patients are often hesitant to seek treatment. Advanced practice nurses need to educate patients on disorders and help relieve associated stigmas. During patient evaluations, patients must feel comfortable answering questions so that you, as a key health care provider, will be able to diagnose and recommend treatment options. As you begin this Discussion, consider reproductive disorders that you would commonly see in the clinical setting.

To Prepare

  • Review Chapter 22 and Chapter 23 in the McPhee and Hammer text, as well as Chapter 33 and 34 in the Huether and McCance text.
  • Select two disorders of the male and/or female reproductive systems that interest you. Consider the similarities and differences between the disorders.
  • Select one of the following factors: genetics, ethnicity, age, or behavior. Think about how the factor you selected might impact the diagnosis of and treatment for the reproductive disorders. 

Post a description of the two reproductive disorders you selected, including their similarities and differences. Then explain how the factor you selected might impact the diagnosis of treatment for the reproductive disorders. 

Professional Identity And Stewardship – Part II: Leadership Interview

Details:

Interview a person in a formal position of leadership within your organization (e.g., a supervisor, a manager, a director). Begin your interview with the following questions:

What is your role as a health care team member?

How do you define professionalism and how does professional responsibility influence your work?

Do you consider yourself a steward of health care? Why or Why not?

Is it important to you that leaders exercise professional advocacy and authenticity as well as power and influence when working with colleagues? Why or why not?

In 500-750 words, summarize your interview and share your impressions of the leader’s responses. STAY WITHIN WORD COUNT

Compare and contrast responses provided by your peer (in Professional Identity and Stewardship – Part I: Peer Interview assignment) with those provided by the leader. Share your impressions of their differences and similarities.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide.

This assignment uses a grading rubric. SEE RUBRIC ATTACHMENT. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. SIMILARITY INDEX SHOULD NOT EXCEED 15%

Health Assessment Of Children’s Weight

Discussion: Health Assessment of Children’s Weight

Body measurements can provide a general picture of whether a child is receiving adequate nutrition or is at risk for health issues. These data, however, are just one aspect to be considered. Lifestyle, family history, and culture—among other factors—are also relevant. That said, gathering and communicating this information can be a delicate process.

For this Discussion, you will consider examples of children with various weight issues. You will explore how you could effectively gather information and encourage parents and caregivers to be proactive about their children’s health and weight.

To prepare:

• Consider the following examples of pediatric patients and their families:

o Overweight 5-year-old boy with overweight parents

o Slightly overweight 10-year-old girl with parents of normal weight

o 5-year-old girl of normal weight with obese parents

o Slightly underweight 8-year-old boy with parents of normal weight

o Severely underweight 12-year-old girl with underweight parents

• Select one of the examples on which to focus for this Discussion. What health issues and risks may be relevant to the child you selected?

• Based on the risks you identified, consider what further information you would need to gain a full understanding of the child’s health. Think about how you could gather this information in a sensitive fashion.

• Consider how you could encourage parents or caregivers to be proactive toward the child’s health.

By Day 3

Post an explanation of the health issues and risks that are relevant to the child you selected. Describe additional information you would need in order to further assess his or her weight-related health. Taking into account the parents’ and caregivers’ potential sensitivities, list at least three specific questions you would ask about the child to gather more information. Provide at least two strategies you could employ to encourage the parents or caregivers to be proactive about their child’s health and weight.

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

Week 3: Growth, Measurement, and Nutrition

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the rate of childhood obesity has tripled in the past 30 years, with an estimated 12.5 million children considered obese (CDC, 2012). When seeking insights about a patient’s overall health and nutritional state, body measurements can provide a valuable perspective. This is particularly important with pediatric patients. Measurements such as height and weight can provide clues to potential health problems and help predict how children will respond to illness. Nurses need to be proficient at using assessment tools such as the Body Mass Index (BMI) and growth charts in order to assess nutrition-related health risks and pediatric development while being sensitive to other factors that may affect these measures.

This week, you will examine assessment techniques, health risks and concerns, and recommendations for care related to patient growth, weight, and nutrition.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

• Assess weight-related health risks for pediatric patients

• Design effective strategies for communicating with parents or caregivers about children’s weight-related health

• Apply concepts, theories, and principles relating to health assessment techniques and considerations related to growth, measurement, and nutrition

• Apply assessment skills to collect patient health histories*

*The Assignment related to this Learning Objective is introduced this week and submitted in Week 4.

Learning Resources

Required Readings

Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.

Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2015). Seidel’s guide to physical examination (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.

• Chapter 6, “Growth and Measurement” (pp. 79-94)

In this chapter, the authors explain examinations for growth, gestational age, and pubertal development. The authors also differentiate growth amongst the organ systems.

• Chapter 7, “Nutrition” (pp. 95-113)

This chapter focuses on how nutrition affects growth, development, and health maintenance. The authors also provide guidelines for assessing nutrient intake.

• Review of Chapter 26, “Recording Information” (pp. 616-631)

This chapter provides rationale and methods for maintaining clear and accurate records. The text also explores the legal aspects of patient records.

Sullivan, D. D. (2012). Guide to clinical documentation (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis.

• Chapter 3, “Adult Preventative Care Visits” (pp. 37–64)

• Chapter 4, “Pediatric Preventative Care Visits” (pp. 65–90)

Seidel, H. M., Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2011).History subjective data checklist. In Mosby’s guide to physical examination (7th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby. (PDF)

This History Subjective Data Checklist was published as a companion to Seidel’s guide to physical examination (8th ed.), by Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., & Flynn, J. A. Copyright Elsevier (2015). From https://evolve.elsevier.com/

Gibbs, H., & Chapman-Novakofski, K. (2012). Exploring nutrition literacy: Attention to assessment and the skills clients need. Health, 4(3), 120–124.

Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

This study explores nutrition literacy. The authors examine the level of attention paid to health literacy among nutrition professionals, and the skills and knowledge needed to understand nutrition education.

Martin, B. C., Dalton, W. T., Williams, S. L., Slawson, D. L., Dunn, M. S., & Johns-Wommack, R. (2014). Weight status misperception as related to selected health risk behaviors among middle school students. Journal of School Health, 84(2), 116–123. doi:10.1111/josh.12128 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Childhood overweight and obesity.

Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/

This website provides information about overweight and obese children. Additionally, the website provides basic facts about obesity and strategies to counteracting obesity.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Clinical growth charts.

Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/clinical_charts.htm

This website provides basic information on clinical growth charts. The website also supplies clinical growth charts for up to age 20.

Optional Resources

LeBlond, R. F., Brown, D. D., & DeGowin, R. L. (2014). DeGowin’s diagnostic examination(10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill Medical.

• Chapter 4, “Vital Signs, Anthropometric Data, and Pain” (pp. 51–87)

This chapter explores vital signs, temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure. In addition, the authors discuss body size measurements and pain assessment.

Privileged Psychotherapy Note

Based on this week’s readings, prepare a privileged psychotherapy note that you would use to document your impressions of therapeutic progress/therapy sessions for your client from the Week 3 Practicum Assignment. (THE WEEK 3 ASSIGNMENT IS ATTACHED)

· The privileged note should include items that you would not typically include in a

note as part of the clinical record.

· Explain why the items you included in the privileged note would not be included

in the client’s progress note.

· Explain whether your preceptor uses privileged notes, and if so, describe the

type of information he or she might include. If not, explain why.

                                                            Learning Resources

Required Readings

Wheeler, K. (Ed.). (2014). Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-based practice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.

Chapter 5, “Supportive and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy” (pp. 238–242)

Chapter 9, “Interpersonal Psychotherapy” (pp. 347–368)

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Abeles, N., & Koocher, G. P. (2011). Ethics in psychotherapy. In J. C. Norcross, G. R. VandenBos, D. K. Freedheim, J. C. Norcross, G. R. VandenBos, & D. K. Freedheim (Eds.), History of psychotherapy: Continuity and change (pp. 723–740). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/12353-048

Cameron, S., & Turtle-Song, I. (2002). Learning to write case notes using the SOAP format. Journal of Counseling and Development, 80(3), 286–292. Retrieved from the Academic Search Complete database. (Accession No. 7164780)

Nicholson, R. (2002). The dilemma of psychotherapy notes and HIPAA. Journal of AHIMA, 73(2), 38–39.

Required Media

Sommers-Flanagan, J., & Sommers-Flanagan, R. (2013). Counseling and psychotherapy theories in context and practice [Video file]. Mill Valley, CA: Psychotherapy.net.

Stuart, S. (2010). Interpersonal psychotherapy: A case of postpartum depression [Video file]. Mill Valley, CA: Psychotherapy.net.

Oral contraceptives and the small increased risk of breast cancer

Discussion

This week we will explore current events related to epidemiology. You will present a scientific article to the class. Please focus on interpreting the research question, methodology, results, and conclusions from a sample of peer-reviewed scientific literature. Please be sure the article is related to epidemiology, summarizing its contents for the class, and providing a succinct written summary. Current events must have been published within the last six months. Written summaries should include:

  • State the objectives of the study
  • Summarize the study design and findings
  • Provide a reference of the article
  • Provide your opinion on how the “average” reader will respond to the article. Will the article influence decision making or thinking? Does the article leave out any important information?

Sample;

 The New England Journal of Medicine published a large study showing that there is a small but significant risk of breast cancer associated with regular use of hormonal birth control pills. The study involved 1.8 million women in Denmark between the ages of 15 and 49 who were followed for about 11 years. Results showed that 11,517 cases of breast cancer occurred (Morch, Skovlund, Hannaford, Iversen, Fielding, & Lidegaard, 2017). “For every 10,000 women, 13 cases of breast cancers were reported with the use of birth control pills. For every 100,000 women using birth control pills, there were 68 new cases of diagnosed breast cancer each year compared to 55 new cases of breast cancer among women who were not using birth control pills” (Mandel, 2017). Current users of hormonal contraceptives were associated with a 20% increased risk of breast cancer. Women who used contraceptives less than a year showed a 9% increased risk, and women who used contraceptives greater than 10 years showed a 38% increased risk (Mandel, 2017). There was noted a rapid disappearance of breast cancer risks after the discontinuation of hormonal contraceptives short-term use (Morch, Skovlund, Hannaford, Iversen, Fielding, & Lidegaard, 2017).

     After reading this article, I believe it is a significant public health concern. About 140 million women used hormonal contraception worldwide (Do hormonal contraceptives increase breast cancer risk?, 2017). Like other contraceptives, birth control releases hormones. I think it is important to weigh out the risks and benefits. Oral contraceptives may benefit women with dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, and has shown to reduce the risks of ovarian, endometrial, and colorectal cancers (Hunter, 2017). I think women should explore the risks and benefits to help decide which treatment is best for them because no type of hormone contraceptive is risk free.

Reference

Do hormonal contraceptives increase breast cancer risk? (2017). Retrieved from http://www.breastcancer.org/research-news/do-hormonal-contraceptives-increase-risk

Hunter, J. D. (2017). Oral contraceptives and the small increased risk of breast cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine.

Mandal, A. (2017). Cancer risk with birth control pills emerges again in latest study. Retrieved from https://www.news-medical.net/news/20171210/Cancer-risk-with-birth-control-pills-emerges-again-in-latest-study.aspx (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Morch, L. S., Skovlund, C. W., Hannaford, P. C., Iversen, L., Fielding, S., & Lidegaard, O. (2017). Contemporary hormonal contraception and the risk of breast cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1700732