Immunity

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Complete the following discussions:

Vaccines are inactive or partially active forms of a pathogen that trick the immune system into acting early by producing antibodies. This allows a person’s immune response to prepare itself in case it encounters the natural pathogen.

  • Describe the differences between a live and dead vaccine. What are the risks associated with both vaccines?
  • What does herd immunity mean? Research the Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) website for vaccine-preventable diseases and identify the diseases that are on the rise.

Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system produces antibodies that attack the body’s own tissues. The signs and symptoms of autoimmune disorders depend on the type of cell that is affected.

  • Describe an autoimmune disorder, other than multiple sclerosis, colorectal cancer, psoriasis, asthma, respiratory syncytial virus infections, Crohn’s disease, and rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Describe a few symptoms of the disease.
  • APA format cite citatiations

‘The quality manual encompasses of different processes and activities that relate to personnel, process control, organization, equipment, documents and records, purchasing and inventory, information management, process improvement, facilities and safety, occurrence management and service satisfaction’

Give  a specific example related to the sentence above.

Trends and Application of Analysis Tools

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Review the CDC and the Healthy People 2020 Web sites and use the following questions to help formulate the first part of your discussion:

  1. What data analysis tools does the CDC utilize to measure areas of health promotion or disease prevention in the overall U.S. population?
  2. What possible measures are needed to accomplish the Healthy People 2020 goals?

The CDC and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services have developed guidelines to establish goals and objectives that address health promotion and disease prevention efforts. Use these guidelines when considering the following:

Due to increasing longevity, the population of the United States is aging. The growth of the aging population may add significant stress to the health care industry. Another population that is growing rapidly is returning military veterans and their families.

  1. Describe the special considerations and challenges in addressing the educational needs of either the aging or the veteran population.
  2. Describe the trends in U.S. health care services demands and associated cost issues caused by the population.

Your initial posting should be at least 150 words, and you must reference the work of another writer (either as a quotation, paraphrase, or summary) to provide support for your ideas. The source can be the course text, another relevant book, any assigned reading,  When you incorporate the other writer’s ideas in your work, use APA citation style to give credit to that writer. Remember that an APA citation includes both the in-text citation (the author’s last name and the year of publication) and the full reference for the source.

Professional Development Education Plan

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As a leader in nursing, it is important to identify areas within your organization that may need to improve cultural competence and to develop the educational materials needed for this improvement.

For this assignment, you will consider CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality. You should focus on these concepts as they pertain to your population from the Windshield Survey assignment, but also in a broader sense. In the Capella library, look for recent research articles on these topics to use as resources in your assignment.

The final product of this assignment will be an educational presentation on CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality that can be used by all health care teams at the organization you evaluated in the Unit 5 assignment, Organizational Evaluation. How will you complete this task? Keep in mind that you have already evaluated the cultural competence of the organization as a whole.

Requirements

For this assignment, prepare a PowerPoint presentation that clearly addresses the following:

  • Identify the topics you will cover in your educational plan.
  • Provide a list of resources your audience can use to further their understanding of CAM.
  • Explain why it is important for nurses and members of other health care teams to develop an understanding of CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality.
  • Examine any ethical, legal, and economic principles related to CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality.
  • Describe how these forms of health care can affect a plan of action for individuals and populations.

Your presentation should include:

  • A slide with the title of your educational session.
  • A slide with the topics that will be covered (your agenda).
  • A reference slide at the end.
  • Use the notes section of each slide to provide additional information on each topic, along with supporting references.

Additional Requirements

  • Length of PowerPoint presentation: 8–10 slides, not including a title slide and reference slide.
  • References: At least three current scholarly or professional resources.
  • Formatting: APA format for references.
  • Be creative!
CriteriaNon-performanceBasicProficientDistinguished
Identify topics for an organizational education plan on CAM and spirituality.
19% 		Does not identify topics for an organizational education plan on CAM and spirituality.Identifies topics for an organizational education plan on CAM, but does not include topics on spirituality.Identifies topics for an organizational education plan on CAM and spirituality.Identifies topics for an organizational education plan on CAM and spirituality, and explains why the topics are important to specific populations.
Provide a list of resources to include in an organizational education plan on CAM and spirituality.
19% 		Does not provide a list of resources to include in an organizational education plan on CAM and spirituality.Identifies resources to include in an organizational education plan, but the resources are not professional or have no connection to CAM and spirituality.Provides a list of resources to include in an organizational education plan on CAM and spirituality.Provides a comprehensive list of resources to include in an organizational education plan on CAM and spirituality, and explains how they are relevant to the topics and useful to the target audience.
Explain the importance of health care professionals developing an understanding of CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health and spirituality.
19% 		Does not explain the importance of health care professionals developing an understanding of CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health and spirituality.Explains the importance of continual development for health care professionals, but does not focus on the need to understand CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health or spirituality.Explains the importance of health care professionals developing an understanding of CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health and spirituality.Explains the importance of health care professionals developing an understanding of CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health and spirituality in terms of individuals, populations, local and global communities.
Examine ethical, legal, and economic principles related to CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health and spirituality.
19% 		Does not examine ethical, legal, and economic principles related to CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health and spirituality.Describes ethical, legal, and economic principles related to CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health and spirituality.Examines ethical, legal, and economic principles related to CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health and spirituality.Examines ethical, legal, and economic principles related to CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health and spirituality; and how the principles impact organizations and local and global communities.
Describe how CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality can affect a plan of action for individuals and populations.
19% 		Does not describe how CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health and spirituality can affect a plan of action for individuals and populations.Describes how CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health and spirituality can affect a plan of action for individuals and populations, but description is incomplete or does not consider all aspects.Describes how CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health and spirituality can affect a plan of action for individuals and populations.Analyzes how CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health and spirituality can affect a plan of action for individuals and populations by looking at each element individually and its relationship to individuals and populations.
Write content clearly and logically, with correct use of grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.
3% 		Does not write content clearly and logically, with correct use of grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.Writes content clearly and logically, but grammar, punctuation, and mechanics have frequent errors.Writes content clearly and logically, with correct use of grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.Writes clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics; and uses relevant evidence to support a central idea.
Correctly format paper, citations, and references using APA style.
2% 		Does not correctly format paper, citations, and references using APA style.Correctly formats paper, but inconsistently formats citations and references using APA style.Correctly formats paper, citations, and references using APA style. Citations contain few errors.Correctly formats paper, citations, and references using APA style. Citations are free from all errors.

Evidence-based practice in nursing

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Evidence-based practice in nursing

Description of the Company

Transitional Care Unit (TCU)- Concerned with transition of the patients from stay in the hospital to home or another level of care.

The management and the subordinates are open to change.

The aim of the unit is to have in place skilled nursing facility to aid the patients transition.

The organization support a culture of intercommunication between individuals within the company. Evidence-based practice in nursing

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I work at a Transitional Care Unit (TCU) as a part time job. TCU presents a short term care facility for complex patients moving from hospital to another care setting. At our organization, the employees are advised to maintain the values and culture that defines it and respect and communication between the workers is considered key during the transition process. What defines the growth and effective provision of care within my organization is the willingness of the employees to embrace change and the management have been effective in facilitating this change through effective communication and listening to the perspectives of other individuals in regards to change. The management has a culture of bringing everyone on board and giving them the change for equal contributions on the ways through which the firm can improve its transition process. Evidence-based practice in nursing

2

Current Opportunity/Problem for Change

Problems

Ensuring continuity of care across health care setting between the care providers and institutions

Enhanced Readmissions

The readmissions are associated with the loss in the resources while in some cases, these problems results in patients’ death due to inadequate care during the transition process.

opportunities

Use of effective provider communication.

Reconciling the patient’s medications upon discharge.

My organization has been impacted by various problems that requires immediate address to improve the care given to the patients in the transition process. For instance, ensuring continuity of care across health setting has been a primary problem to the organization since there has been ineffective communication between the care providers and the health institutions where the patients get transferred (Mansukhani et al., 2015). Also, there has been increased readmissions due to inefficient transitions of care that has cost the firm a burgeoning health care costs. To help counter these inefficiencies in the transition care, there is an opportunity characterized by an evidence based practice to employ the use of an effective provider communication that will help facilitate the communications between the medical providers and the other institutions of transitions or homes. Also, there is a chance to reconcile the patient’s medications upon discharge Evidence-based practice in nursing .

3

Evidence-Based Idea

One essential proposal in the case is effective provider communication.

It involves direct provider communication to ensure smooth transition between health care settings.

The care provider abilities to access records from the ambulatory care and community pharmacy records has been limited by incomplete health information.

Miscommunication gets perpetuated after the discharge of the patients. One of the primary proposals for the case is effective provider communication. In the organization, most of the problems that the patients transitioned have faced is lack of effective communication between the care providers and the high level health care centers they are transferred to or their homes. The lack of this communication has limited the acute communication that makes the individuals not to access the patient information and pharmacy records especially if the inpatient care provider is someone other than the main care provider (Mansukhani et al., 2015). . The direct provider communication idea will help prevent the miscommunication perpetuated after discharge from the care setting since the primary care provider may not get the whole documentation of the diagnostic tests, procedures and the changes in medication during hospitalization. The hospital discharge summaries form the primary sources of error in communication and thus the need for direct provider communication. Evidence-based practice in nursing

4

Evidence-Based Idea Cont’d

Delay in the hospital discharge summaries.

Lack of communication on the identity of the next pharmacists and the initial care provider.

Continuity of care cannot be maintained when there is inadequate information during the transfers/transition.

The National Transitions of Care Coalition (NTOCC) should employ the use of universal transfer tool in the facilitation of the movements of patients between the care settings.

Lack of direct effective communication between the primary care provider and the next level of transition have resulted in numerous problems for the patients that have caused readmissions (Lim et al., 2010). The delays in the hospital summaries have resulted in the patients given wrong treatments that have further worsened their situations causing more readmissions and costing the organization more funds in treating the conditions. From the meta analysis, 12% to 34% of the discharge summaries reach the outpatient teams once the patient has already since the physician (Mansukhani et al., 2015). However, with the idea i place, the community pharmacists will be provided with the data on discharge diagnosis, laboratory results, the changes in medication, the medications that were initially used during hospitalization and the identity of the next medical provider. Such measures will ensure that the patients are given the right medication after the transition and treated based on the discharge diagnosis. Also, it will ensure that the patients meet the right care provider for the appointment and treatment. Moreover, the aspect will guarantee continuity in the provision of care to the patients even after transition. The national Transitions of Care Coalition should ensure that these problems are identified and employ the use of universal transfer tool in the facilitation of the movements of the patients between the care settings Evidence-based practice in nursing .

5

Plan For Knowledge Transfer

The use of standardized forms will ensure that essential data are relayed to other members of the patient care.

The standard forms can be developed through the use of different technologies such as Continuity Assessment Records and Evaluation (CARE) item set that also gets developed by the CMS (Rodrigue et al., 2011).

The CARE will help offer accurate and up-to date data at the time of discharge from the hospital.

The actualization of this idea can be ensured by using standardized forms that will ensure that essential data get relayed to other members of the patient care where they are getting transferred. The standard forms can get developed through the use of different technologies like the CARE (Continuity Assessment Records and Evaluation) developed by the CMS (Rodrigue et al., 2011). The CARE will ensure that accurate and up-to date information is provided to the pharmacists at the time of discharge from the hospital and that all the details regarding the officials is put in place (Mansukhani et al., 2015). Also, the system will ensure accurate assessment of the patient’s medical, functional, social and cognitive support status across the care settings with the ultimate goal of improving the quality care of the patient that receives the care Evidence-based practice in nursing .

6

Plan Cont’d

The plan will also include the development of Universal Transfer Form.

The form will facilitate the passage of the necessary patient information from one setting to another.

The plan will also ensure that the information is availed to the physicians before they begin treatment on the transferred patients.

 

 

 

 

 

The idea will include the establishment of Universal Transfer Form. The form will be integral in ensuring the pharmacist get the message about their patients in time before they attend to them and provide an appropriate information regarding diagnosis, treatment and care for the transferred patients Flynn, & Dupuis, 2003). Also, the plan will ensure that before the physicians begin treatment, they have all the information on the transferred patients.

7

Outcomes

The idea will provide a more seamless and timely transfer of the information.

It will increase access of health information by the providers

Reduce redundancies in diagnostics and in the history of the patient’s health.

Improve provider-to-provider communication and relations while also enhancing the learning process.

The idea of effective provider communication will be of great benefit to the organization because it will help offer a more seamless and timely transfer of the information to the medical providers or care givers. This will help enhance the treatment process as it will enhance the access of the health information by the providers (Schroy III, Mylvaganam, & Davidson, 2014). Also, the idea will help eliminate redundancies in the diagnostics and in the history of the patient’s health and this will also help in the provision of effective care and reduce the readmissions due to wrong care provision or drug use Evidence-based practice in nursing .

8

Outcomes

The direct communication amongst the providers will also ensure that there is continuity in care provision because of the consistence in the provision of the report.

Movements of the patients will be facilitated universal transfer forms.

Readmission rates will be reduced.

The standard forms will ensure effective evaluation of the data and accurate measurements taken to deliver the desired care.

The idea will ensure that the readmission rates are reduced because of the continuity in the provision of care. The idea is characterized by consistency in the provision of the information. Also, through universal transfer form, the movements of the patients can be facilitated to the needed healthcare systems and attended to in a timely manner. The standard forms enable appropriate evaluation of the patient data and the result is better and improved treatment. The system will enable my organization deliver better and desired care to the patients and avert the problems of continuity in care provision and reduce readmissions that are costly to the organization Evidence-based practice in nursing .

9

Critical Appraisal Tool Summary

The Critical Appraisal tool offered guidelines for the treatment of various disease conditions.

The evidence based practice were identified as effective in the molecular analysis of the lung cancer required in guiding ALK and EGFR.

The information provided to the physicians was established as essential in the treatment process especially with regard to the use of external beam radiotherapy.

 

 

 

 

 

The critical Appraisal Tools were effective in the illustration of various aspects of Evidence based practice. The CAT illustrated various methods of evidence practice such as molecular analysis, external beam radiotherapy, palliative treatment and even chemotherapy (Azzoli, Temin, & Giaccone, 2012. The CAT was also effective in the illustration of the communication of the patient data that is effective in the treatment of the patients especially to prevent the problems such as readmissions and reduce the chances of ineffectiveness during the transition process (Lindeman et al., 2013). The evidence based practice got identified as effective in the molecular analysis of the lung cancer and other sensitive conditions that require careful address.

10

Evaluation Table Summary

The various methods of evidence based practiced were discussed in the tables including palliative and radioactivity methods.

I learned that communication between the caregivers is essential in the improvement of health of the patients and especially in the transition process.

The tables illustrated the various levels of research based on the theoretical concepts used in the research.

Most of the research done were associated with the analysis of the literature review especially on the peer reviewed articles that support the various treatment methods of disease conditions especially the lung cancer (Rodrigue et al., 2011).

References

Azzoli, C. G., Temin, S., & Giaccone, G. (January 01, 2012). 2011 Focused Update of 2009 American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update on Chemotherapy for Stage IV Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Journal of Oncology Practice, 8, 1, 63-6.

Flynn, G., & Dupuis, S. (2003). EASING THE TRASITION FROM COMMUNITY CARE TO LONG-TERM CARE.

Lindeman, N. I., Cagle, P. T., Beasley, M. B., Chitale, D. A., Dacic, S., Giaccone, G., Jenkins, R. B., …College, . A. P. I. A. S. L. C. A. M. P. (January 01, 2013). Molecular testing guideline for selection of lung cancer patients for EGFR and ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors: guideline from the College of American Pathologists, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and Association forMolecular Pathology. The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics : Jmd, 15, 4, 415-53. Evidence-based practice in nursing

 

References

Lim, E., Baldwin, D., Beckles, M., Duffy, J., Entwisle, J., Faivre-Finn, C., Kerr, K., … Win, T. (October 01, 2010). Guidelines on the radical management of patients with lung cancer. Thorax, 65.

Mansukhani, R. P., Bridgeman, M. B., Candelario, D., & Eckert, L. J. (2015). Exploring transitional care: evidence-based strategies for improving provider communication and reducing readmissions. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 40(10), 690.

Rodrigues, G., Videtic, G. M., Sur, R., Bezjak, A., Bradley, J., Hahn, C. A., Langer, C., … Movsas, B. (January 01, 2011). Palliative thoracic radiotherapy in lung cancer: An American Society for Radiation Oncology evidence-based clinical practice guideline. Practical Radiation Oncology, 1, 2.)Evidence-based practice in nursing

 

References

Rodrigues, G., Videtic, G. M., Sur, R., Bezjak, A., Bradley, J., Hahn, C. A., Langer, C., … Movsas, B. (January 01, 2011). Palliative thoracic radiotherapy in lung cancer: An American Society for Radiation Oncology evidence-based clinical practice guideline. Practical Radiation Oncology, 1, 2.)

Schroy III, P. C., Mylvaganam, S., & Davidson, P. (2014). Provider perspectives on the utility of a colorectal cancer screening decision aid for facilitating shared decision making. Health Expectations, 17(1), 27-35 Evidence-based practice in nursing

Culturally Competent Training for Health Professionals

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For this discussion:

  • Discuss, as a leader in nursing, how you could assist in providing culturally competent health education on CAM, traditional medicine, and holistic health (including spirituality) to members of the health care team at your organization, or the organization you evaluated (from Unit 5). Consider the following questions in your response:
    • What steps would you take to assess the current cultural competence and prior knowledge, or preconceptions, of the group?
    • What topics would you suggest to include in the educational plan for this group?
    • What resources (Web sites, articles, organizations, and so forth) would you use in designing the educational program for this group?

Your initial posting should be at least 150 words, and you must reference the work of another writer (either as a quotation, paraphrase, or summary) to provide support for your ideas. The source can be the course text, another relevant book, any assigned reading,  When you incorporate the other writer’s ideas in your work, use APA citation style to give credit to that writer. Remember that an APA citation includes both the in-text citation (the author’s last name and the year of publication) and the full reference for the source

Economic Principles Related to Population Health

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For this discussion:

  • Use the  Internet, and identify and discuss the potential economic impact of multicultural clinical prevention and health promotion related to health disparities of a population.
    • What are the ethical considerations that may impact preventative care and health promotion?
    • How might local laws, federal laws, or the Affordable Health Care Act impact preventive care and health promotion? ( DENVER COLORADO)

Your initial posting should be at least 150 words, and you must reference the work of another writer (either as a quotation, paraphrase, or summary) to provide support for your ideas. The source can be the course text, another relevant book, any assigned reading, . When you incorporate the other writer’s ideas in your work, use APA citation style to give credit to that writer. Remember that an APA citation includes both the in-text citation (the author’s last name and the year of publication) and the full reference for the source.

Culturally Competent Training for Health Professionals

For this discussion:

  • Discuss, as a leader in nursing, how you could assist in providing culturally competent health education on CAM, traditional medicine, and holistic health (including spirituality) to members of the health care team at your organization, or the organization you evaluated (from Unit 5). Consider the following questions in your response:
    • What steps would you take to assess the current cultural competence and prior knowledge, or preconceptions, of the group?
    • What topics would you suggest to include in the educational plan for this group?
    • What resources (Web sites, articles, organizations, and so forth) would you use in designing the educational program for this group?

Your initial posting should be at least 150 words, and you must reference the work of another writer (either as a quotation, paraphrase, or summary) to provide support for your ideas. The source can be the course text, another relevant book, any assigned reading,  When you incorporate the other writer’s ideas in your work, use APA citation style to give credit to that writer. Remember that an APA citation includes both the in-text citation (the author’s last name and the year of publication) and the full reference for the source.

HEALTH CARE REGULATIONS

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Research the following health care regulations and select one regulation to focus on for the written assignment:

  • Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010
  • HIPAA Privacy 

Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper that summarizes your health care regulation selection. Include the following:

  • Identify selected health care regulation.
  • Describe the reason for your selection.
  • Identify 5 key points from your research.

Format your assignment according to APA guidelines.

Respond to both discussion prompts using APA format in a 2 pages Word document.

Prompt 1

it is important to assess a patient’s thoughts and beliefs about health and illness is to identify any patterns or beliefs that may affect his or her health and healing. How would past experience with cancer in another family member possibly impact a patient’s own health and healing if he/she was diagnosed with cancer? Choose one of AHNA’s core values (body, mind, emotions, spirit, social/cultural, relationship, context, and environment) and discuss how you can care for yourself in that area in order to improve well-being. Use examples from your clinical experience and cite sources.

Prompt 2

From your clinical experience, provide two examples of healing rituals that your patients from different cultures have utilized to support their health and healing. Give a general description of the rituals including the type of ritual, who performed it, where and how often it was performed, and how the patient believed that it would help him or her to heal. Choose rituals from different cultures. Support your answer with sources from the readings or the online library.

Organizational Culture Survey Tool

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Organizational Culture Survey Tool

Before making a case for an evidence-based project, it is essential to understand the culture of the organization in order to begin assessing its readiness for EBP implementation. Select an appropriate organizational culture survey tool and use this instrument to assess the organization’s readiness Organizational Culture Survey Tool

  1. Develop an analysis of 250 words from the results, addressing your organization’s readiness level, possible project barriers and facilitators (to implementing Evidence based practice), as well as how to integrate clinical inquiry.

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  2. Make sure to include the rationale for the survey categories scores that were significantly high and low, incorporating details and/or examples. Also explain how to integrate clinical inquiry into the organization, providing strategies that strengthen the organizations weaker areas Organizational Culture Survey Tool.

Evidence-Based Approach

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Evidence-Based Approach

Create a 3-5-page submission in which you develop a PICO(T) question for a specific care issue and evaluate the evidence you locate, which could help to answer the question.

PICO(T) is an acronym that helps researchers and practitioners define aspects of a potential study or investigation.

It stands for: Evidence-Based Approach

  • P – Patient/population/problem.
  • I – Intervention.
  • C – Comparison (of potential interventions, typically).
  • O – Outcome(s).
  • T – Time frame (if time frame is relevant)Evidence-Based Approach.

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The end goal of applying PICO(T) is to develop a question that can help guide the search for evidence (Boswell & Cannon, 2015). From this perspective, a PICO(T) question can be a valuable starting point for nurses who are starting to apply an evidence-based model or EBPs. By taking the time to precisely define the areas in which the nurse will be looking for evidence, searches become more efficient and effective. Essentially, by precisely defining the types of evidence within specific areas, the nurse will be more likely to discover relevant and useful evidence during their search.

You are encouraged to complete the Vila Health PCI(T) Process activity before you develop the plan proposal. This activity offers an opportunity to practice working through creating a PICO(T) question within the context of an issue at a Vila Health facility. These skills will be necessary to complete Assessment 3 successfully. This is for your own practice and self-assessment and demonstrates your engagement in the course Evidence-Based Approach

Demonstration of Proficiency

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the course competencies through the following assessment scoring guide criteria:

  • Competency 1: Interpret findings from scholarly quantitative, qualitative, and outcomes research articles and studies.
    • Explain the findings from articles or other sources of evidence.
  • Competency 2: Analyze the relevance and potential effectiveness of evidence when making a decision.
    • Identify sources of evidence that could be potentially effective in answering a PICO(T) question.
    • Explain the relevance of the findings from chosen sources of evidence to making decision related to a PICO(T) question.
  • Competency 3: Apply an evidence-based practice model to address a practice issue.
    • Define a practice issue to be explored via a PICO(T) approach.
  • Competency 5: Apply professional, scholarly communication strategies to lead practice changes based on evidence.
    • Communicate using writing that is clear, logical, and professional with correct grammar and spelling using current APA style Evidence-Based Approach Evidence-Based Approach.
Reference

Boswell, C., & Cannon, S. (2015). Introduction to nursing research. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Professional Context

As a baccalaureate-prepared nurse, you will be responsible for locating and identifying credible and scholarly resources to incorporate the best available evidence for the purposes of enhancing clinical reasoning and judgement skills. When reliable and relevant evidence-based findings are utilized, patients, health care systems, and nursing practice outcomes are positively impacted.

PICO(T) is a framework that can help you structure your definition of the issue, potential approach that you are going to use, and your predictions related the issue. Word choice is important in the PICO(T) process because different word choices for similar concepts will lead you toward different existing evidence and research studies that would help inform the development of your initial question.

Scenario

For this assessment, please use an issue of interest from your current or past nursing practice.

If you do not have an issue of interest from your personal nursing practice, then review the optional Case Studies presented in the resources and select one of those as the basis for your assessment.

Instructions

For this assessment, select an issue of interest an apply the PICO(T) process to define the question and research it.

Your initial goal is to define the population, intervention, comparison, and outcome. In some cases, a time frame is relevant and you should include that as well, when writing a question you can research related to your issue of interest. After you define your question, research it, and organize your initial findings, select the two sources of evidence that seem the most relevant to your question and analyze them in more depth. Specifically, interpret each source’s specific findings and best practices related to your issues, as well explain how the evidence would help you plan and make decisions related to your question Evidence-Based Approach.

If you need some structure to organize your initial thoughts and research, the PICOT Question and Research Template document (accessible from the “Create PICO(T) Questions” page in the Capella library’s Evidence Based Practice guide) might be helpful Evidence-Based Approach

In your submission, make sure you address the following grading criteria:

  • Define a practice issue to be explored via a PICO(T) approach.
  • Identify sources of evidence that could be potentially effective in answering a PICO(T) question.
  • Explain the findings from articles or other sources of evidence.
  • Explain the relevance of the findings from chosen sources of evidence to making decision related to a PICO(T) question.
  • Communicate using writing that is clear, logical, and professional with correct grammar and spelling using current APA style.

Example Assessment: You may use the following to give you an idea of what a Proficient or higher rating on the scoring guide would look like:

  • Assessment 3 Example 1 [PDF].

Additional Requirements

Your assessment should meet the following requirements:

  • Length of submission: Create a 3–5-page submission focused on defining a research question and interpreting evidence relevant to answering it. A title page is not required but you must include a reference list.
  • Number of references: Cite a minimum of four sources of scholarly or professional evidence that support your findings and considerations. Resources should be no more than 5 years old.
  • APA formatting: Format references and citations according to current APA style Evidence-Based Approach.

What Can Nurses Do

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Many people, most of them in tropical countries of the Third World, die of preventable, curable diseases. . . . Malaria, tuberculosis, acute lower-respiratory infections—in 1998, these claimed 6.1 million lives. People died because the drugs to treat those illnesses are nonexistent or are no longer effective. They died because it doesn’t pay to keep them alive.
–Ken Silverstein, Millions for Viagra. Pennies for Diseases of the Poor, The Nation, July 19, 1999

Unfortunately, since 1998, little has changed. For many individuals living in impoverished underdeveloped countries, even basic medical care is difficult to obtain. Although international agencies sponsor outreach programs and corporations, and although nonprofit organizations donate goods and services, the level of health care remains far below what is necessary to meet the needs of struggling populations. Polluted water supplies, unsanitary conditions, and poor nutrition only exacerbate the poor health prevalent in these environments. Nurses working in developed nations have many opportunities/advantages that typically are not available to those in underdeveloped countries. What can nurses do to support their international colleagues and advocate for the poor and underserved of the world?

In this Discussion, you will consider the challenges of providing health care for the world’s neediest citizens, as well as how nurses can advocate for these citizens.

To prepare:

  • Consider the challenges of providing health care in underdeveloped countries.
  • Conduct research in the Walden Library and other reliable resources to determine strategies being used to address these challenges.
  • Using this week’s Learning Resources, note the factors that impact the ability of individuals in underdeveloped nations to obtain adequate health care.
  • Consider strategies nurses can use to advocate for health care at the global level. What can one nurse do to make a difference?

By Day 3

Post a description of at least two challenges related to providing adequate health care in underdeveloped countries. Then, describe two strategies you might use to address those challenges, and explain why. Finally, describe one strategy nurses might use in advocating for health care at the global level, and explain why this would be an effective strategy.