Child Welfare Intervention and LGBTQ Youth

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Question Description

The Research Term Paper Assignment

Social Work 110 requires all students to write a 5-6 page scholarly research term paper on a field of service in the social work profession, in American Psychological Association (APA) format.

  1. What are the Objectives of the Assignment (Student Learning Outcomes)?
  2. To assure that each student by the end of the semester will be able to demonstrate the ability to research, interpret, and report information related to a specific field of social work practice, in grammatically correct APA (American Psychological Association) format. These skills are essential in social work education.
  1. Acquire knowledge and gain insight into a specific field of social work service
  2. Gain an understanding of the values and ethics that impact social workers in this field
  3. Demonstrate a beginning knowledge of how to consult and utilize research evidence to inform ongoing policy and practice
  4. Demonstrate knowledge and application of APA format
  5. Choose One Field of Social Work Service to Write About (pages 21-26 main text)
Child WelfareFamily, Youth and ChildrenPregnancy & Parenting
School Social WorkMental HealthOlder Adults
Substance AbuseMilitary Social WorkMedical Social Work
Grant WritingInternational Social WorkRefugees and/or Immigrants
DisabilitiesCrisis and TraumaAdministration
Violence, Victims and Criminal JusticeCommunity Organizing

*** You can narrow your focus: For example: If your topic is Criminal Justice and Corrections, you could focus on the specific area of Juvenile Delinquency ***

III. What Are The Research Requirements?

  1. Begin your research for appropriate and relevant reference materials. Use the topic headings to help you identify the areas of focus.
  2. What are the Literature Requirements?
  3. You will need at least one book or e-book
  4. Choose a book that focuses mainly on the field of service that you have chosen (textbooks can be used a supplemental source, but not the main source).
  5. The course textbook from Social Work 110 cannot be used as reference.
  6. The book should be written by a professional in the field of social work or a closely related field.
  7. You will need three scholarly articles – What is a scholarly article?
  8. A scholarly article is written by a professional and is usually contained in a professional journal.
  1. Social work journals and articles written for the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) are good examples of appropriate references.
  2. “Social Work Today” is an online/hard copy magazine that often has scholarly research articles available; it is available in the Cuyamaca Library.
  3. You can also use journal articles from other related professions such as psychology, psychiatry, nursing, pediatrics, and education.
  4. Articles, research, and statistics from the Federal Government are acceptable.
  5. You can also use e-scholarly articles.
  6. Popular culture magazines, newspaper articles, and websites are not appropriate for scholarly research (Examples: Wikipedia and about.com).

*Please be sure that all resources include author/s and dates. Undated books, articles or websites will not be accepted.

  1. Important Research Specifics
  2. All resources must be from the United States of America
  3. All resources must be no older than 2010. The date must be included!
  4. Locating Your Research
  5. The Cuyamaca Library (Library building, LRC/C)
  1. The librarians have a copy of the Scholarly Research Term Paper Guidelines. They are all very skilled in helping students find appropriate resources and materials for this research assignment. The Cuyamaca Library has also purchased a large number of new books that will help social work students with this research term paper.
  2. For assistance with research contact a librarian in person at the reference desk on the 2nd floor.
  3. There is also an extensive online library which includes e-books and e-articles specifically for the subject of social work.
  4. For on-line reference assistance: http://www.cuyamaca.edu/library (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
  5. For Social Work Resources (e-books and e-articles):

http://cuyamaca.libguides.com/socialwork (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

  1. Accessing Resources from San Diego State University (SDSU) Library
  2. The Cuyamaca College Librarians can reserve books from the SDSU Library at no cost to Cuyamaca students. Scholarly articles are also available from SDSU.
  3. Part I of the Research Term Paper
  4. Below are the topic headings as provided by San Diego State University for the “Literature Review” and “Field of Service.”
  5. A literature review is a way of organizing, summarizing, and critiquing a topic to inform the reader about a problem or issue.
  6. It allows you to examine the research question, topic, problem, or issue in greater detail by considering what other people’s’ writings and studies have shown.
  7. Define the field of service
  8. Drawing from the literature, describe in detail the following:
  9. What is the target population? (Who are the clients in need of service? Include information regarding the age ranges, gender, and socioeconomic status)
  10. What are the practice methods that social workers use in this field? Indicate micro and/or macro practice methods.
  11. What is the role of the social worker in this field?
  12. What are the presenting problems in this field of service?
  13. What are the barriers to service for the target population?
  14. What are the individual and environmental/societal causes of problems?
  15. What are the values and ethical issues for social workers? What ethical and/or value dilemmas do social workers face in this field of service?
  16. What is the anticipated income for social workers in this field of service?
  17. What is your personal assessment of your continued interest in the field of service?
  18. General Information
  19. The research term paper should be 5 to 6 pages in length and divided in two parts.
  20. Part I – “Literature Review”
  21. Part II -“Field of Service”
  22. The bibliography and cover page are not included in the length of the paper.
  23. The research paper should include an abstract.
  24. Content must be accurate and conclusions must be adequately supported by scholarly research. This is not an opinion paper.
  25. Grammar and syntax: Sentences should convey meaning clearly and should be grammatically correct with appropriate punctuation in place. Spelling should be correct.
  26. Use APA Formatting (American Psychological Association)
  27. Please consult the APA Style Essentials for general document guidelines such as the title page, abstract, body of the paper, text citations and quotations, and references (located in Canvas under “Files”)
  28. A sample APA Format paper is available in Canvas under “Files.”
  29. The Bibliography or “References” Section
  30. There will be one “References” section for both parts of the paper, located at the end of the paper, in APA format. A sample APA format “References” page is available with a sample APA format paper located in Canvas under “Files.”
  31. Goals of the Research Paper
  32. Provide various viewpoints by discussing what others have written or reported about the topic.
  33. Assess the strengths and limitations of the literature, identify and comment on the major themes found in the literature, and offer a critique of the works.
  34. You need to base your own perspective on your research findings and critical analysis of the literature review.
  35. Final Paper is the finished product that includes a college-level discussion of the topic with accompanying research and supporting evidence.
  36. All required topics in Parts I & II are covered accurately, with supporting research.
  37. There is an analysis of the literature that you reviewed.
  38. The paper is written in APA format, including citations and “References” page.
  39. Grammar, organization, and writing are at collegiate level.
  40. Please refer to the term paper guidelines in this document for all requirements.

Gerontological evidence base practice

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Question Description

Each and every professional nurse brings his or her own personal experiences, beliefs, and values to the professional nursing practice. After watching the Elder Project- Seven Seniors Face the Future video and reading evidence based policy solution document, apply evidence based practice and discuss the following:Summarize what wellness within chronic illness means to you?
• What are the consequences of pain in the older adult?
• What are the age-related changes that affect psychological and cognitive functioning?

link to video to watch- https://ohio.kanopy.com/video/elder-project

In case the above link does not work what you can do is connect to Kanopy from:http://alice.library.ohiou.edu:80/record=e1000945~S7 and then search with the title “The Elder Project”.

REQUIRED READING IS ATTACHED AS A FILE.. ONE REFERENCE MUST COME FROM THE ATTACHED READING

References:

  • Initial Post: Minimum of two (2) total references and in-text citation one (1) from required course materials and one (1) from peer-reviewed references.

please follow instruction plagiarism will not be accepted.

How is Virtue Theory related to medical practice?

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Question Description

INSTRUCTIONS

Compose an outline that answers this question: How is Virtue Theory related to medical practice? Use two pieces of information from this week’s material to support your points. 

  • Follow outline structure in example provided, including spacing
  • Include cover page and reference page
  • Cite at least two pieces of information from the week’s material according to APA guidelines
  • Outline itself must be at least one full page

Each  paper is limited to no more than a 30% for the originality report. Papers that exceed this limit will have significant point deductions.Attached are files containing the grading rubric for the assignment, an example of how the outline should be written and an article that is from this week’s reading material. I can also send pics of the pages from the books in the required reading material to be used as well unless they are already in your possession. 

The books are: 

  • Rachels, J. & Rachels, S. (2015). The elements of moral philosophy (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.   — Chapter 11 (pp. 147-58) and Chapter 12 (pp. 159-74)
  • Purtilo, R. B. & Doherty, R. F. (2011). Ethical dimensions in the health professions (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders. — Chapter 2 (pp. 25-43, pp. 77-80)

Improving Patient Safety: The Effect of Professional Nurse Certification

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Question Description

Improving Patient Safety: The Effect of Professional Nurse Certification

Problem Statement

There have been reported cases of decrease of patient quality outcomes in the organization. The result is that the care for patients has declined over the years. Recent research has revealed that this is attributed to a low number of certified nurses in the facility. Such has resulted in reduced competence in offering patient care and consequently reduced patient safety (Durgun & Kaya, 2018). Many patients have reported wrong usage and handling of medications due to wrong insufficient instruction and prescription from the nurses. In as much as this does not necessarily show lack of competence for these nurses, it shows negligence and lack of concern to patient safety due to inadequate proper training and certification to promote patient safety in the facility. This paper will examine the importance of certification of the nurses in the organization with respect to achieving patient safety.

Review of Literature

Research done by Jia-Wen, MSRN, and MStat (2016) indicated that nurse who obtains certification are able to expand their knowledge base. This means that such nurses are able to work with different patients who have a wide range of medical needs. Expanding their knowledge base also entails such nurses being able to apply their class knowledge to practical problems of the patients such as their safety. A nurse with the correct certification will be able to give the right instruction on the use and handling of medication.

Further, when the nurses obtain the required certification such as patient safety certifications, they are able to evolve professionally and grow within their fields. Such nurses are able to expand their expertise in dealing with patients and become fully competent nurses who can offer and assure quality outcome from patient care. Again, like Johnson, Ferguson, McKenzie, and Brassil (2015) argue, obtaining such certification helps in improving the standards of practice in the entire profession and consequently improve on the safety of the safety. The right certification helps in developing the standards of the services rendered because such nurses can improve their competence from specialized training offer to the nurses. For instance, some specialized training can include training on drug safety and the prevention of nosocomial infections. Such training improves the professionalism of the nurses and ensures they are well versed with the current trends in the field of healthcare. The end result of such training will be to achieve patient safety in all aspects.

According to Hawkley, Long, Kostas, Levine, Molony, and Thompson (2018), many employers tend to hire those employees with individual training since it serves as an indicator for complete dedication and appreciation to their profession. They argue that the community allows nurses to provide most-relevant service to the patients as well as their families. Nurses with correct certification are often viewed as having the capacity to have complete responsibility and hence advancement in career opportunities. This is the reason why some nursing jobs require the completion of specific certification to ensure improvement in their careers continuously.

Beaudoin, St-Louis & Alderson (2016) said certification provides more in-depth certification and competence in the nursing profession. According to them, it also gains one respect from the coworkers, patients and even the employer. It also opens up for opportunities for promotion and advancement. Further, there is a growing realization in evidence-based health care. This means the health professionals offer health services based on evidence collected from their records and medical decisions. It also entails the provision of patient-centered healthcare where the services are provided based on the individual needs of the patients. Research conducted by (Boyle, Bergquist-Beringer, and Cramer (2017) showed that there was a relationship between the nursing specialization certification and 1 of 4 patient outcomes.

Specialized training can significantly reduce the number of patient fatalities, injuries, and illnesses (Boyle, Bergquist-Beringer & Cramer, 2017). This is by far, patient safety and positive healthcare outcomes. This is so because such nurses are able to work safely with the patients and also train them on their own safety. For instance, training patients who have undergone caesarian delivery the types of food they should eat, the appropriate exercises for their bodies and how to take care of their scars while at home. Certified nurses are also able to respond to medical emergencies promptly and without mistakes hence greatly help in saving lives. Again when patients are taken care of certified nurses, they felt comfortable and assured that their safety is well-taken care and this consequently improves the patients’ outcomes.

Synthesize of Evidence

From the literature review, it is clear that there is a close relationship between patient safety and nurse certification. Acquiring the correct certification for nurse helps in ensuring competence in providing healthcare services hence improves healthcare outcomes. It is also true that it improves on their knowledge base thus expanding on their skills to practically deal with patients. Proving specialized training also significantly reduces patients’ injuries, fatalities or illnesses since the nurses are able to train the patients on safe methods in medications. Certified nurses also have certain respect from their patients, co-workers and their employers (Johnson, Ferguson, McKenzie & Brassil, 2015). It also serves as an indicator for devotions and appreciation of the healthcare profession. From the above evidence, I strongly recommend that this organization provides certification to its nurses in the form of specialized training to significantly improve patient safety and quality healthcare outcomes.

Suggested Courses of Outcomes

The above evidence provides a basis for the implementation of a strategic plan to address the issue of patient safety through the certification of nurses in the organization. This will involve the organization organizing for specialized training to the nurses. Here, the organization will link with certified institutions that offer such training and take their nurses there for further training. Nurses will be able to learn much about evidence-based practice in nursing as well as patient-centered health care. This will require financial input from the organization.

Despite the fact that the organization will have to spend some cash on the implementation of the plan, the outcomes outweigh the costs. There will be minimal or no patience safety related injuries, fatalities or illnesses in the organization, and this will significantly reduce the costs that the organization incurs in compensations packages for patients injured. Again, this is a lifelong investment meaning the organization will benefit from the plan on a long-term basis. The main aim of the organization is to achieve quality outcomes and patient safety. By implementing this plan, the organization will also be in a position to accomplish its mission and vision.

Certification of nurses has been proven to increase the patient comfort and assurance in the quality of the services provided. It also helps in ensuring that the nurses are fully competent in working with a different patient with diverse needs. Further, nurses will even understand the need to utilize evidence-based practice when providing their services to patients. A tool that can be used in the implementation of the plan is the SWOT analysis. This is a technique that used to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of a given plan that is to be implemented. This technique provides a baseline for deciding on the best course of action and whether to implement the plan or not. The following is a SWOT analysis for this plan;

  • Strengths
  • Weakness
  • Opportunities
  • Threat

The plan will provide a platform where the nurses can grow their competencies and skill in their profession. It will also allow for better achievement of the organizational goals and objectives. Again, the main problem of patient safety will be addressed. The organization will also be able to cut down unnecessary expenses such as competing injured or ill patients in the organization.

The organization will have to incur financial costs to implement the plan fully

Nurses will be able to get promotions and advancements in their profession after obtaining certifications. Further, patient safety will boost the profitability of the organization by increasing the market demand for its services.

Some nurses might exhibit the projected competence even after such certification.

Summary and Conclusion

Certification of nurses is key to obtaining patient safety in any health care organization or facility. Certified nurses have been proven to be competent in their professions, have a broad knowledge base, are respected by co-workers, patients as well as their employers, have an increased chance of advancement and getting promotions in their professions. Above all, it helps in reducing patient fatalities, illnesses, and injuries. From the above evidence, it is clear that there is a need for implementation of a plan that will boost patient safety such as outlined above. Having such a plan will also help the organization to meet its objectives, goals, vision, and mission.

References

Beaudoin, G., St-Louis, L., & Alderson, M. (2016). Supporting and empowering nursesundergoing critical care certification. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 30(4), 216-226.

Boyle, D. K., Bergquist-Beringer, S., & Cramer, E. (2017). Relationship of wound, ostomy, andcontinence certified nurses and healthcare-acquired conditions in acute carehospitals. Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing, 44(3), 283.

Durgun, H., & Kaya, H. (2018). The attitudes of emergency department nurses towards patientsafety. International emergency nursing, 40, 29-32.

Hawkley, L. C., Long, M., Kostas, T., Levine, S., Molony, J., & Thompson, K. (2018). Geriatricstraining for nurses in a skilled nursing facility: a GWEP feasibility study. GeriatricNursing, 39(3), 318-322.

Jia-Wen Guo PhD, R. N., MSRN, S. A. Q., & MStat, M. A. P. (2016). Oncology nursingcertification: Relation to nurses’ knowledge and attitudes about pain, patient-reportedpain care quality, and pain outcomes. In Oncology nursing forum(Vol. 43, No. 1, p. 67).Oncology Nursing Society.

Johnson, T., Ferguson, S., McKenzie, J., & Brassil, K. J. (2015). Design and outcome of acertification preparation program for outpatient nurses. Journal of NursingAdministration, 45(10), 518-525.

Nurses as Health Advocates

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Question Description

APA FORMAT

350-400 WORDS

Discussion: Nurses as Health Advocates

What does it take to be an effective health advocate? As a nurse, you have many opportunities to advocate for patients and populations, whether formally or informally. Being an advocate involves more than knowing how to lobby or to whom to write letters. It requires passion and compassion, commitment and courage.

In this Discussion, you will consider the attributes of an effective advocate for population health and/or the nursing profession. You will analyze those attributes that help nurses be a powerful force in improving the quality of health care and in this case especially, the needs of returning veterans and their families.

To prepare:

  • Review the article “On Being a Good Nurse: Reflections on the Past and Preparing for the Future” and “War, its aftermath, and U.S. health policy: Toward a comprehensive health program for America’s military personnel, veterans, and their families” found in this week’s Learning Resources.
  • Consider the multiple health care needs of returning veterans and their families.

BY DAY 3

Post two types of health needs returning veterans and their families might need. How might you advocate for the needs of this population. What type of advocacy skills would you need and how could you develop them. What responsibility does a nurse have to be an advocate? Give specific examples.

Week 8: Advocacy

Nursing has a rich history of advocacy beginning with Florence Nightingale. Nightingale often advocated for better hospital conditions, especially with regard to sanitation, hygiene, hospital management, and planning. In the latter half of her life, she campaigned for health reform and policies to improve quality of care. Her efforts stand as an exemplar for nurses advocating for better standards, health care reform, and policy.

This rich tradition continues. Consider the following quote from Isabel Maitland Stewart on the role of nurses as leaders and advocates:

It is evident . . . that leadership in nursing . . . is of supreme importance at this time. Nursing has faced many critical situations in its long history, but probably none more critical than the situation it is now in, and none in which the possibilities, both of serious loss and of substantial advance, are greater. What the outcome will be depends in large measure on the kind of leadership the nursing profession can give in planning for the future and in solving stubborn and perplexing problems. . . if past experience is any criterion, little constructive action will be taken without intelligent and courageous leadership.

This quote was made over 50 years ago as Stewart assessed the field of nursing following World War II. Reflect on the field of nursing from the time of Florence Nightingale to Isabel Stewart, to current circumstances. How have things progressed? How have they remained the same?

Last week, you examined the far-reaching implications of creating policy; however, without sufficient advocacy, proposed policy is often not successfully implemented. This week, you will evaluate how nurses can prepare themselves to fulfill the role of health advocate in furthering policies that improve the quality of and access to health care. You will also begin to develop a health advocacy campaign.

Reference:
Stewart, I.M. (1953). The education of nurses. New York, NY: The Macmillan Company, as quoted in White Paper on the Role of the Clinical Nurse Leader (2007), American Associations of Colleges of Nursing. Retrieved fromhttp://www.aacn.nche.edu/publications/white-papers…

Learning Objectives

Students will:
  • Analyze attributes of effective advocacy for patient and population health
  • Assess personal advocacy attributes
  • Evaluate the role of nurse as advocate

Photo Credit: [Hero Images]/[Hero Images]/Getty Images

Learning Resources

Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.

REQUIRED READINGS

Milstead, J. A. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

  • Chapter 3, “Government Response: Legislation” (pp. 36-54) (review)This chapter explores the multiple factors that influence the development of public policy through the legislative branch of government.

Begley, A. (2010). On being a good nurse: Reflections on the past and preparing for the future. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 16(6), 525–532.
 On being a good nurse: Reflections on the past and preparing for the future by Begley, A. in International Journal of Nursing Practice, 16(6). Copyright 2010 by John Wiley & Sons . Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons via the Copyright Clearance Center 

In this article, the author reflects on the qualities of a good nurse in both the past and present. The article presents a 4-point framework that exemplifies the foundational qualities of modern professional ethics and conduct.

Davis-Alldritt, L. (2011). Presidential inaugural address: Advocacy, access, and achievement. Journal of School Nursing, 27(4), 249–251.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
This address explicates links between school nursing, school health services, and student success. The author uses personal anecdotes to teach lessons in advocacy, access, and achievement.

Deyton, L., Hess, W. J., & Jackonis, M. J. (2008, Winter). War, its aftermath, and U.S. health policy: Toward a comprehensive health program for America’s military personnel, veterans, and their families. Journal of Law, Medicine, & Ethics, 36(4), 677–689.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

Karpf, T., Ferguson, J. T., & Swift, R. (2010). Light still shines in the darkness: Decent care for all. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 28(4), 266–274.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
This article details the challenges of health care crises at the global, national, and local levels. The text proposes a values-based approach to health care that takes into account the voices of the population being served, rather than excluding them.

Paquin, S. O. (2011). Social justice advocacy in nursing: What is it? How do we get there? Creative Nursing, 17(2), 63–67.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
This text defines social justice advocacy and contrasts it to the patient-nurse advocacy model. The article also discusses social justice advocacy’s challenges and their potential solutions.

International Council of Nurses. (2008). Promoting health: Advocacy guide for health professionals. Retrieved from http://www.whpa.org/PPE_Advocacy_Guide.pdf
This web resource documents the efforts of the International Council of Nurses to ensure quality nursing care for all, as well as sound health policies globally through the advancement of nursing knowledge and presence worldwide.

Vancouver Coastal Health. (n.d.). Vancouver Coastal Health Population Health: Advocacy guidelines and resources. Retrieved from http://www.vch.ca/Documents/Population-Health-Advo…
This article presents guidelines, parameters, and resources for conducting population health advocacy.

REQUIRED MEDIA

Laureate Education (Producer). (2012g). The needle exchange program. Baltimore, MD: Author.
Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 14 minutes.

Present a Manage Care Control Cost Plan: Under traditional indemnity insurance

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Question Description

generate, designate, Organize, investigate and, present a Manage Care Control Cost Plan: Under traditional indemnity insurance, the money follows the patient. Patients select health care providers and visit them as they choose. Providers then bill the private insurer or public payer and are reimbursed on a fee-for-service or per case basis

. Introduction (30%) Provide a short-lived outline of the meaning (not a description) of Chapter 9 and 10 and articles you read, in your own words. Types and classifications of managed care models.

2. Manage Care Control Cost Plan: (50%)

a. Cost savings

‘‘Structural changes centered around the expansion of managed care have been the major transformative force in health markets in recent years and have played a major role in restraining growth in health spending’’

b. Provider reimbursement

This complaint has two dimensions: hospital profitability, and physician compensation. As far as hospitals are concerned, administrators are worried about profitability or surplus for reinvestment, and consumers are worried about the threat of hospital closures. Few things stir as much public outcry as the prospect of closing a community hospital.

c. Quality of care

Much recent legislation and many legal reforms havebeen aimed at preventing managed care’s perceivedquality abuses. The Patient Bill of Rights, which hasbeen heavily debated in Congress, defines, amongother things, the rights of consumers with complexconditions to access directly a qualified specialist,continuity of provider for patients who are underregular treatment, and self-referral to certain types ofspecialists.

3. Conclusion (20%)

Quickly recapitulate your thoughts & statement to your critique of the articles and Chapter you read.  How did these articles and Chapters impact your thoughts about Manage Care? What did you learn about manage care and how you will apply all these knowledge?

Evaluation will be based on how clearly you respond to the above, in particular:

a) The precision with which you analyses the articles;

b) The complexity, possibility, and organization of your paper; and,

c) Your conclusions, including a description of the impact of these articles and Chapters on any Health Care Setting.

The right sampling of a population is crucial in research. Researchers have to define precisely the appropriate criteria to determine the population of study. For example studying ventilated patients, the criteria should defined if acute or chronic patients will be studied

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Question Description

******* please respond to the discussion below add citations and references 🙂 *********

The right sampling of a population is crucial in research. Researchers have to define precisely the appropriate criteria to determine the population of study. For example studying ventilated patients, the criteria should defined if acute or chronic patients will be studied. If chronic, how many days or months on a ventilator. By refining the criteria it make a list of what is allowed to be included in the research and what is to be excluded from effecting the outcome the research. The purpose of the sampling is to be able to pull a portion to represent the whole population being studied. Carl Thompson, RN, PhD stated, “researchers must choose their sampling carefully to minimize bias” and “the ideal study sample represents the total population from which the sample was drawn” (If you could just provide me with a sample: examining sampling in qualitative and quantitative research papers, retrieved from https://ebn.bmj.com/content/2/3/68).

With proper representation of the whole population,it increases the validity of the research results. It allows the results to be used for generalization of the total population. In order for research to ultimately become evidence base practice in nursing, sampling is key. The well defined sampling of the population allows the change proposed to being determined new practice, will be successful in the whole population applied to.

Thompson, C., If you could provide me with a sample: examining sampling in qualitative and quantitative research papers, July 1, 1999, Retrieved from: https://ebn.bmj.com/content/2/3/68)

Viral and bacterial infections

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Question Description

WEEK 8 ASSIGNMENT. NURS 6521, Advanced pharmacology

APA FORMAT PLEASE

Write a 2– page paper that addresses the following:

  • Describe the categories of antimicrobial agents.
  • Describe differences between viral and bacterial infections.
  • Explain why proper identification of viral and bacterial infections is key to selecting the proper antimicrobial agent.

Assignment: 
Antimicrobial Agents

Antimicrobial agents are essential components in the treatment of various bacterial infections as they help to kill or prevent the growth of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoans. Prior to the discovery of antimicrobial agents, treatment options for patients with bacterial infections were limited. For many patients, treatment often resulted in the amputation of limbs or even death. Today, treatment options for bacterial infections typically have a more positive prognosis. Due to the various types of infections presented in patients, it is essential to be able to identify the underlying cause of the infection—whether bacterial or viral—before recommending drug treatments. This will help you identify whether or not an antimicrobial agent would be appropriate and which specific agent would target the infection. In this Assignment, you consider the appropriate use of antimicrobial agents for infections.

To prepare:
  • Review this week’s media presentation on principles of antimicrobial therapy, as well as Chapter 8 of the Arcangelo and Peterson text.
  • Consider the categories of antimicrobial agents.
  • Think about differences between viral and bacterial infections.
  • Reflect on why proper identification of the infection is key to selecting the proper antimicrobial agent.

Write a 2– page paper that addresses the following:

  • Describe the categories of antimicrobial agents.
  • Describe differences between viral and bacterial infections.
  • Explain why proper identification of viral and bacterial infections is key to selecting the proper antimicrobial agent.

Reminder: The School of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The Sample Paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/57.htm). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

Antimicrobial agents are essential components in the treatment of various bacterial infections as they help to kill or prevent the growth of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoans.

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Question Description

Assignment: 
Antimicrobial Agents

Antimicrobial agents are essential components in the treatment of various bacterial infections as they help to kill or prevent the growth of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoans. Prior to the discovery of antimicrobial agents, treatment options for patients with bacterial infections were limited. For many patients, treatment often resulted in the amputation of limbs or even death. Today, treatment options for bacterial infections typically have a more positive prognosis. Due to the various types of infections presented in patients, it is essential to be able to identify the underlying cause of the infection—whether bacterial or viral—before recommending drug treatments. This will help you identify whether or not an antimicrobial agent would be appropriate and which specific agent would target the infection. In this Assignment, you consider the appropriate use of antimicrobial agents for infections.

To prepare:
  • Review this week’s media presentation on principles of antimicrobial therapy, as well as Chapter 8 of the Arcangelo and Peterson text.
  • Consider the categories of antimicrobial agents.
  • Think about differences between viral and bacterial infections.
  • Reflect on why proper identification of the infection is key to selecting the proper antimicrobial agent.

BY DAY 7

Write a 2- to 3- page paper that addresses the following:

  • Describe the categories of antimicrobial agents.
  • Describe differences between viral and bacterial infections.
  • Explain why proper identification of viral and bacterial infections is key to selecting the proper antimicrobial agent.

Reminder: The School of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The Sample Paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/57.htm). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

Name two different methods for evaluating evidence. Compare and contrast these two methods.

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Question Description

Please respond to the Discussions and also response to the peer discussions

DQ1

Submit a summary of six of your articles on the discussion board. (see articles attached). Discuss one strength and one weakness to each of these six articles on why the article may or may not provide sufficient evidence for your practice change.

DQ2

Name two different methods for evaluating evidence. Compare and contrast these two methods.

Peer DQ1

Although many evidence-based researches studies have evaluated different approaches for fall prevention, fall rate continues to be in higher range in acute care facilities that is, approximately 3.3 to 11.5 per 1000 patients per day in United States during their admission (Bouldin et al., 2013). Unintentional falls increase the financial burden to the health care facility by adding additional treatment cost and increase the length of hospital stay of the patient (Sahota et al., 2013). To prevent those fall related incidence and financial burden different types of fall detection devices are invented and used in health care facilities. However, due to lack of time and resources evidence-based research has not been conducted.

1. In a qualitative study by Chaudhuri, Thompson & Demiris (2014), authors analyzed the effectiveness of wearable and non-wearable devices on fall prevention of elderly patients in the real-world situation. The authors compiled and systematically analyzed data from previously published papers on fall detection. They found that only a fraction of the elderly patients was interested in using such devices; many were reluctant to use such devices citing the privacy issues.

Strength- This article reviewed and examined the extent to which fall detection devices have been tested in the real world.

Weakness- This review was limited to articles written in English and indexed in PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE or PsycINFO and as such may have omitted other relevant published studies.

2. In the quantitative article by Shorr et al. (2012), the authors conducted a paired cluster-randomized trial to investigate whether the use of bed alarm decreases the number of falls and fall-related injuries in a hospital setting. Their result showed that overall, the intervention increased the use of alarm mechanism among the patients; however, did not have any clinically or statistically significant effects on fall or fall-related events.

Strength- An intervention increased the use of alarm mechanism among the patients.

Weakness- The study was conducted at a single site and was slightly underpowered compared with the initial design.

3. In the article by Sahota et al. (2013), authors conducted a randomized controlled trial of bed and bedside chair pressure sensors using radio-pagers and found that it did not reduce the rate of in-patient bedside falls, time to first bedside fall and are not cost effective in elderly patients in acute, general medical wards in the UK.

Strength- They conducted a randomized controlled trial of bed and bedside chair pressure sensors using radio-pagers (intervention group) compared with standard care (control group) in elderly patients admitted to acute, general medical wards, in a large UK teaching hospital.

Weakness- There was several limitations in a study that need to be recognized. The study was powered to detect a 35% reduction in the rate of bedside falls, based on the sample size estimates from our pilot study. It is possible that the intervention may be associated with a smaller reduction in bedside falls, which may have been missed.

4. In the article by Bouldin et al. (2013), fall and injurious fall prevalence varied by nursing unit type in US hospitals. They used data from the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI) collected between July 1, 2006 and September 30, 2008 to estimate prevalence and secular trends of falls occurring in adult medical, medical-surgical and surgical nursing units. Over the 27-month study, there was a small, but statistically significant, decrease in falls (p<0.0001) and injurious falls (p<0.0001).

Strength- The strengths of this study include the large number of nursing units reporting data and the national sample of hospitals.

Weakness- They did not assess practices among nursing units nor seek to identify unit characteristics associated with fall rates or changes in fall rates over time.

5.In the study by Quigley (2016), the evidence supports the importance of determining specific risk factors and initiating multifactorial fall risk factors tailored to the individual. Yet, little evidence exists for single interventions, universal fall prevention strategies, and population-specific fall prevention strategies. A review of the literature confirms the effectiveness of many fall prevention practices and interventions remains insufficient. Of particular concern are rehabilitation units in hospitals that have higher fall rates compared to other acute units.

Strength- The strength of this article is identification of the best practice interventions to prevent falls on rehabilitation units.

Weakness- The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not represent the views of rehab nurses.

6. Evidence of this review indicates patient-centered interventions in addition to tailored patient education may have the potential to be effective in reducing falls and fall rates in acute care hospitals. There is limited high quality evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of patient-centered fall prevention interventions so novel solutions are urgently needed and warrant more rigorous, larger scale randomized trials for more robust estimates of effect (Avanecean et al., 2017).

Strength- This study evaluated the effectiveness of patient-centered interventions on falls in the acute care setting.

Weakness- Due to clinical and methodological heterogeneity among the included studies, a meta-analysis was not possible. The findings of this review have been presented in narrative form.

References,

Avanecean, D., Calliste, D., Contreras, T., Lim, Y., & Fitzpatrick, A. (2017). Effectiveness of patient-centered interventions on falls in the acute care setting: A quantitative systematic review protocol. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, 15(1), 55-65. Retrieved from https://journals.lww.com/jbisrir/Fulltext/2017/010…

Bouldin, E. D., Andresen, E. M., Dunton, N. E., Simon, M., Waters, T. M., Liu, M., … Shorr, R. I. (2013). Falls among adult patients hospitalized in the United States: Prevalence and trends. Journal of Patient Safety, 9(1), 13. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC35722…

Chaudhuri, S., Thompson, H., & Demiris, G. (2014). Fall detection devices and their use with older adults: A systematic review. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 37(4), 178- 196. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC40871…

Sahota, O., Drummond, A., Kendrick, D., Grainge, M. J., Vass, C., Sach, T., … Avis, M. (2013). REFINE (Reducing Falls in In-patient Elderly) using bed and bedside chair pressure sensors linked to radio-pagers in acute hospital care: A randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing, 43(2), 247-253. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/ageing/article/43/2/247/1…

Shorr, R. I., Chandler, A. M., Mion, L. C., Waters, T. M., Liu, M., Daniels, M. J., … Miller, S. T. (2012). Effects of an intervention to increase bed alarm use to prevent falls in hospitalized patients: A cluster randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 157(10), 692-699. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC35492…

Quigley, P. A. (2016). Evidence levels: applied to select fall and fall injury prevention practices. Rehabilitation nursing, 41(1), 5-15. doi/abs/10.1002/rnj.253

Peer DQ2

The article by Buckner and Read (2016) discusses that the old-fashioned observation method for hand hygiene compliance has proved to be ineffective. Badge-based locating technology using a real-time locating system provides continuous monitoring of hand hygiene compliance, and offers valuable feedback that can be customized by staff group, individual, room, or time. This study evaluates the impact of implementing an automated badge-based monitoring system with individual feedback on hand hygiene compliance rates across numerous hospitals. The dramatic difference was noted between the compliance assessed through direct observation and baseline compliance recorded by an automated system further supports the inaccuracy of direct observation. This study had a limitation of a small sample size, but provides the necessary support for the hand hygiene monitoring system in the department.

In a different article by Chang, Reisinger, Jesson, Schweizer, Morgan, Forrest, and Perencevich (2016), the authors discussed the physical barriers to low hand hygiene compliance and different ways that it can be reduced. The gold standard was the direct observation for hand hygiene compliance upon entering and exiting patient rooms because of the availability of alcohol hand sanitizers. However, hand washing cannot be easily observed through direct observation and this supports the need for hand hygiene monitoring system that will also alert healthcare providers to wash their hands. This study is limited to the description of the use of hand sanitizers rather than hand washing with soap.

Chassin, Nether, Mayer, and Dickerson (2015) worked on the quality improvement project using a Lean, Six Sigma method to improve hand hygiene compliance in the organization. This articles provides valuable information on various causes of the hand hygiene noncompliance in various facilities and possible interventions at the causes. The article discusses a special tool that is used to initiate hand hygiene compliance project in clinical care settings. Healthcare organizations used the Targeted Solutions Tool to discover specific causes of hand hygiene noncompliance. This study is great because it discusses the Targeted Solutions Tool in depth and will allow me to use it in our healthcare facility.

In the study by McCalla, Reilly, Thomas, and McSpedon-Rai (2017), the authors described the relationship between hand hygiene compliance and healthcare associated infections. It is imperative for healthcare organizations to assess compliance by the hospital infection control staff. This article discusses the automated hand hygiene compliance system that was used as an alternative method to human observations. In this retrospection cohort design study, researchers concluded that personal observations of the hand hygiene compliance is not as effective as an electronic monitoring badge. The rates of healthcare associated infections can be significantly reduced with the electronic hand hygiene monitoring system.

In another study, the researchers examined the perceptions and barriers to nonsurgical scrubbed hand hygiene in the operating room and endoscopy procedure room using Likert-scale surveys (Pedersen et al., 2017). The results of the study showed poor role modeling and inconvenience are the two major reasons for low hand hygiene compliance rate. There is a need to monitor hand hygiene compliance and feedback from the monitors can provide reminders and improve self-awareness of hand hygiene practices.

Szilagyi et al. (2013) researched the hand hygiene compliance using the World Health Organization five moments to assess hand hygiene techniques in various healthcare organizations. This article provides information on the hand hygiene education and assessment program that was implemented in the hospital setting that included educational stations to improve hand hygiene quality in healthcare providers. This study supports the need for ongoing education and training in improving hand hygiene compliance and technique of clinical staff. The limitation of this study was the small sample size and the educational program that was implemented in only one healthcare facility.

David

Buckner, J. B., & Read, M. (2016). Individual monitoring increases hand hygiene compliance in multicenter registry utilizing badge-based locating technology. AJIC: American Journal of Infection Control, 44(Supplement), S94-S97. https://doi-org.chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org…

Chang, N. N., Reisinger, H. S., Jesson, A. R., Schweizer, M. L., Morgan, D. J., Forrest, G. N., & Perencevich, E. N. (2016). Feasibility of monitoring compliance to the My 5 Moments and Entry/Exit hand hygiene methods in US hospitals. American Journal of Infection Control, pii: S0196-6553(16)00158-9. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2016.02.007

Chassin, M. R., Nether, K., Mayer, C., & Dickerson, M. F. (2015). Beyond the collaborative: Spreading effective improvement in hand hygiene compliance. The Joint Commission Journal on Quality & Patient Safety, 41(1), 13-25.

McCalla, S., Reilly, M., Thomas, R., & McSpedon-Rai, D. (2017). Major Article: An automated hand hygiene compliance system is associated with improved monitoring of hand hygiene. AJIC: American Journal of Infection Control, 45(1), 492–497. https://doi-org.chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org…

Pedersen, L., Elgin, K., Peace, B., Masroor, N., Doll, M., Sanogo, K., … Bearman, G. (2017). Barriers, perceptions, and adherence: Hand hygiene in the operating room and endoscopy suite. American Journal Of Infection Control, 45(6), 695-697. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2017.01.003

Szilagyi, L., Haidegger, T., Lehotsky, A., Nagy, M., Csonka, E.-A., Sun, Z., … Fisher, D. (2013). A large-scale assessment of hand hygiene quality and the effectiveness of the “WHO 6-steps”. BMC Infectious Diseases, 13(1), 249. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-249

Peer DQ3

Hand hygiene is recognized by infection prevention and control experts as the single most important intervention in decreasing the spread of infection in both healthcare and community settings. Because the hands are vectors for transmission between people as well as inanimate objects such as environmental surfaces (i.e., blood pressure cuffs), it is critical to practice frequent hand hygiene using the traditional soap and water or an alcohol-based hand rub as appropriate.

Summary of six of your articles…..

1. Filho, M. A. O., Marra, A. R., Magnus, T. P., Rodrigues, R. D., Prado, M., de Souza Santini, T. R., … Edmond, M. B. (2014). Major article: Comparison of human and electronic observation for the measurement of compliance with hand hygiene. AJIC: American Journal of Infection Control, 42, 1188–1192. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.ajic….

Strength: Comparison of human and electronic observation for the measurement of compliance with hand hygiene for staff members.

Weakness: They only did a small sample size, there would be enough evidence on the outcome.

2. Boyce, J. M. (2017). State of the Science Review: Electronic monitoring in combination with direct observation as a means to significantly improve hand hygiene compliance. AJIC: American Journal of Infection Control, 45, 528–535. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.ajic….

3. Vaidotas, M., Yokota, P. K. O., Marra, A. R., Sampaio Camargo, T. Z., Victor, E. da S., Gysi, D. M., … Edmond, M. B. (2015). Major article: Measuring hand hygiene compliance rates at hospital entrances. AJIC: American Journal of Infection Control, 43, 694–696. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.ajic….

Strength: They compared electronic handwash counters with the application of radiofrequency identification (GOJO SMARTLINK) (electronic observer) that counts each activation of alcohol gel dispensers to direct observation (human observer) via remote review of video surveillance.

Weakness: Even though the GOJO system was useful in capturing real life hand hygiene complaince at the resception area, this will not capture everyone who enters the hospital. There are other entrances into the hosptial such as emergency room.

4. Knighton, S. C., McDowell, C., Rai, H., Higgins, P., Burant, C., & Donskey, C. J. (2017). Major Article: Feasibility: An important but neglected issue in patient hand hygiene. AJIC: American Journal of Infection Control, 45, 626–629. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.ajic….

Strength: Patient hand hygiene may be a useful strategy to prevent acquisition of pathogens and to reduce the risk for transmission by colonized patients. Several studies demonstrate that patients and long-term-care facility (LTCF) residents may have difficulty using hand hygiene products that are provided; however, none of them measure feasibility for patients to use different hand hygiene products.

Weakness: This study can’t expect eveyone to use the hand hygiene products. Soap and water works just fine if there are some alergic reactions to the products. This study wont be able to give good data, there will be outliers.

5. Ibrahim Aliyu, Teslim O Lawal, Wasiu Olawale, Kehinde Fasasi Monsudi, & Bashir Mariat Zubayr. (2018). Hand hygiene practices among doctors in health facility in a semi-urban setting. BLDE University Journal of Health Sciences, Vol 3, Iss 1, Pp 43-47 (2018), (1), 43. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.4103/bjhs.bj…

Strength: The study was among doctors on proper hand washing and the importance of good hand hygiene.

Weakness: The study didn’t focus on other staff members in the department, it only focued on the doctors.

6. Hosein Zakeri, Fatemeh Ahmadi, Ehsan Rafeemanesh, & Lahya Afshari Saleh. (2017). The knowledge of hand hygiene among the healthcare workers of two teaching hospitals in Mashhad. Electronic Physician, Vol 9, Iss 8, Pp 5159-5165 (2017), (8), 5159. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.19082/5159

Strength: Training all health care professionals on hand hygiene.

Weakness: The did the observation by visual observation only. They found out that after the training, there were still alot of staff who was not doing proper hand hygiene. More education should have been provided to the particpants of the study.

Peer DQ4

Submit a summary of six of your articles on the discussion board. Discuss one strength and one weakness to each of these six articles on why the article may or may not provide sufficient evidence for your practice change.

1)Windle, P. E. (2008). Addressing the Nurse Staffing Shortage. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, (3), 209. Retrieved from https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search…

·Strength:The article presents tremendous amounts of data regarding the nursing shortage as many new RN grad are not graduating enough ti be able to fill the numerous vacancies at many healthcare facilities.

·Weakness: The article does not address experience or lack of it. Many position require years of experience but new nurse fresh out of school may lack such experience. Unless they are hired but a new Grad RN program where they are taught such skill it becomes difficult to find quality work.

·This article does not provide the rounded information needed to complete the research I need. This is just one portion of the bigger whole needed to complete the writing.

2)Witzel, P. A., Smith, T. C., & Ingersoll, G. L. (2006). Staffing incentive programs to meet workforce shortage needs. Nurse Leader, 4, 46,55-48,55. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.mnl.2…

·Strength: Presents ideas and incentives in order to recruit and retain the nursing workforce.

·Weakness: This is limited to facilities that actually promote incentives – not all facilities do this. This is not state wide nor country wide programs.

·This address only on portion of the problem. I will need other articles to complete the rest of the information needed. Though it does addressa mjor issue in the nursing field.

·

3)Alban, A., Coburn, M., & May, C. (1999). Addressing the emergency nursing staffing shortage: Implementing an internship using a nursing school instructor model. Journal of Emergency Nursing, (6), 509. Retrieved from https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search…

·Strength: Aware of specialty positon nurses and is offering internships programs to prepare new nurses to fill vacant positions

·Weakness: Many different specialties were not covered that many students wanted to go over.

·This is a fantastic program to offer hospitals for the many different specialties.

4)Cracking the books – Training entry-level employees may help to ease staffing shortages for hospitals. (n.d.). HOSPITALS & HEALTH NETWORKS, 78(7), 28. Retrieved from https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search…

·Strength: New program designed to help entry level employees gain the experience and education the facility needs.

·Weakness:Problems getting funding, learning space, initial costs.

·This is a great program set to have new employees grow confident in their skills and position and helps decrease turnover rates.

5)Martin, C. J. (2015). The Effects of Nurse Staffing on Quality of Care. MEDSURG Nursing, 24(2), 4–6. Retrieved from https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search…

·Strength: Identifies the quality of serviceand patient outcomes is in direct correlation to staffing numbers

·Weakness:Does not discuss how to retain nurses nor how the turnover rate is regarding this program.

·A great article that provides quality information regarding patient care bases on staffing levels.

6)Tate, C. W. (2006). Saviours or scapegoats? It is time to stop blaming agency staff for the woes of the NHS and join forces to solve staffing shortages. Nursing Standard, (40), 34. Retrieved from https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search…

·Strength: The article provides info on quality experienced nurses to fill much needed open shifts that facilities desperately need.

·Weakness: does not fully explain quality of agency staff or provide in-depth info on quality of care.

·Provides limited info on agency quality of care.

Peer DQ5

The two types of evaluation methods of the evidence in research studies is systematic reviews and meta-analysis. According to literature, systematic reviews provide explanations and answers to research questions through collecting and summarizing all the evidence that fits into a specific eligibility criteria (PubmedHealth, 2018). Systematic reviews identify, assess, and summarize the research findings of various scholarly studies that are relevant to the topic of interest to assist researchers and clinicians in decision-making processes. The negative side of the systematic review is that is needs enough data to make the necessary conclusion, in addition to the time it takes to analyze all the prior studies.

Meta-analysis on the other hand, uses statistical analysis to summarize results of prior studies (Haidich, 2010). When more than one study shows significant statistical results, then meta-analysis method would be the ideal method to evaluate the common theme among them. Meta-analysis is considered an effective method to evaluate evidence. The negative part of using meta-analysis is variations in the results of the studies that can mislead researcher to make improper conclusions on the prior research studies.

David

Pubmed Health. (2018). What is a Systematic Review? Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/what-is-…

Haidich, A. B. (2010). Meta-analysis in medical research. Hippokratia, 14(Supp 1), 29-37.

Peer DQ6

Qualitative research is often used for exploring. It helps researchers gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Qualitative data collection methods vary using unstructured or semi-structured techniques. Common methods include focus groups, individual interviews, observation or immersion, and diary studies. The sample size is typically small, and respondents are selected to fulfill a given quota.

Quantitative research is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical data that can be transformed into useable statistics. It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and other defined variables, and generalize results from a larger sample population. Quantitative research uses measurable data to formulate facts and uncover patterns in research. Quantitative data collection methods are much more structured; they include various forms of surveys – online surveys, paper surveys, mobile surveys and kiosk surveys, face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, longitudinal studies, website interceptors, online polls, and systematic observations

Two methods of evaluating evidence are: Qualitative research method and Quantitative research method

Compare between qualitative and quantitative analysis: 

  • Both are methods of research
  • Both are limited by variables
  • Both are applicable in the study of similar phenomenon
  • Both are dependent on the researcher who chooses the type of information to gather and how to interpret the data

Contrast between qualitative and quantitative analysis:

  • Qualitative research relies primarily on inductive process in formulating hypotheses. On the contrary quantitative research depends on deductive process.
  • Qualitative research methods include focus groups, interviews, and reviews of analysis. Quantitative research include surveys, structured interviews, and observations.
  • Qualitative research is text-based whereas Quantitative research is number-based.
  • Qualitative research has unstructured or semi-structured response options while the former has fixed response options
  • Qualitative research lacks statistical tests whereas statistical tests are used for analysis
  • Qualitative research less generalizable while Quantitative research generalizable

References:

Wienclaw, R. A. (2013). Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis. Research Starters: Sociology (Online Edition).