Question 12 points Save The definition of “health” includesabsence of illness.physical fitness.mental and social well-being.all of theseQuestion 22 points Save In the early 1900s, the leading causes of death in the United States wereaccidents.infectious diseases.chronic diseases.natural disasters.Question 32 points Save In 1947, the ________ clarified that “health is the state of complete physical, mental and social well being, not just the absence of disease or infirmity.”U.S. Department of Health ServicesInternational Health, Education, and Welfare AssociationWorld Health OrganizationUnited NationsQuestion 42 points Save Wellness is best defined asa static process.a dynamic process.one dimensional.unrelated to one’s environment.Question 52 points Save Life expectancy in the United States has increased significantly since the early 1900s because ofless war and violence.better advances in sanitation and medical care.a more diverse population.globalization issues.Question 62 points Save Today’s major health issues and leading causes of death are primarily influenced bythe physical environment.access to health care.genetics and family history.behavior and lifestyles.Question 72 points Save The dimensions of physical health include all of the following except:activities of daily living.ability to think clearly.body shape and size.sensory acuity.Question 82 points Save Mortality statistics describeillness rates.accident rates.chronic disease rates.death rates.Question 92 points Save Jill has many friends, is respected by her co-workers, and maintains a great relationship with her boyfriend. Her ability to interact with others is an example of this dimension of health.socialintellectualemotionalphysicalQuestion 102 points Save Efficacy, trust, love, self-esteem, and self confidence are all part of which dimension of health?socialintellectualphysicalemotionalQuestion 112 points Save Spiritual health could best be described asexclusive to religiosity.optional for achieving wellness.related to one’s purpose in life.finding fulfilling relationships.Question 122 points Save Emotional health can best be described asbeing able to be self-sufficient and self confident.being able to problem solve emotional problems.being able to express as well as control feelings.being able to adapt to various social situations.Question 132 points Save In 1990, the U.S. Surgeon General proposed a plan for promoting the health status of individuals and groups. Today, the plan has evolved intoHealthy People 2010.The Nation’s Health Report.U.S. News & World Report.Morbidity and Mortality Report.Question 142 points Save Health promotioninvolves social justice aimed at health care for all Americans.refers to informational campaigns about health.includes organizational and financial supports to promote health.focuses on curing illness and disease.Question 152 points Save Behaviors that increase susceptibility to negative health outcomes arecues to action.risk behaviors.precipitating behavioral factors.reinforcing positive behaviors.Question 162 points Save Effective health promotion programsonly look to change negative behaviors.are primarily educational.encourage those with sound health habits to maintain them.can’t do much to change health related individual attitudes.Question 172 points Save Taking positive action now to avoid becoming sick later is known ashealth intervention.prevention.tertiary care.attitude adjustment.Question 182 points Save An example of secondary prevention isreceiving the flu vaccine.flossing your teeth.practicing safe sex.joining a smoking cessation program.Question 192 points Save Health education for elementary school students is best described as which of the following levels of prevention?primarysecondarytertiaryinitialQuestion 202 points Save An exercise and healthy eating plan to recover from coronary bypass surgery is an example ofhealth promotion.secondary prevention.tertiary prevention.primary prevention.Question 212 points Save Recognition of tobacco as a health hazard isnot yet established by science.only true for people who smoke.one of the ten greatest public health achievements of the twentieth century.only important for young people.Question 222 points Save Clean, safe, water and improved sanitation have contributed tocontrol of infectious disease.better governmental social control.better studies of the population’s drinking habits.cancer causing microorganisms.Question 232 points Save The number of new cases of an illness each year is referred to asprevalence.incidence.mortality.morbidity.Question 242 points Save The usual number of cases of an illness occurring in the United States would be reported as theprevalence.incidence.mortality.morbidity.Question 252 points Save One reason women have not been included in clinical drug trials isbecause two separate trials for men and women would be needed.concern about how a medication would affect a fetus or childbearing capabilities.problems with recruiting women to be involved with the studies.women tend to drop out of studies.Question 262 points Save The Women’s Health Initiative is a study focusing onthe health of women of all ages.the leading causes of death for young women.the leading causes of death for postmenopausal women.the disease rates in women of all ages.Question 272 points Save The first leading cause of death for young adults (ages 15-24) in the United States isunintentional injuries.homicide.suicide.cancer.Question 282 points Save The leading cause of death for Americans isaccidents.cancer.heart disease.suicide.Question 292 points Save Factors that may add “life to your years” includecontrolling stress.viewing mistakes as an opportunity to grow.maintaining relationships with family and friends.all of theseQuestion 302 points Save Life experiences, knowledge, family background, beliefs, and values are examples ofenabling factors.reinforcing factors.motivational factors.predisposing factors.Question 312 points Save Leisa grew up in a physically active family. Now that Leisa lives on her own, they continually check on her to see if she is exercising and praise her for joining a fitness club. This is an example ofa predisposing factor.a confirming factor.a reinforcing factor.an enabling factor.Question 322 points Save A high membership cost at a local gym might serve as aprimary motivator.positive enabler.secondary motivator.negative enabler.Question 332 points Save A good example of an enabling factor isliving near a walking path when you want to begin a walking program.nagging your parents because they smoke.encouraging your spouse to go to the fitness club with you.having friends who exercise.Question 342 points Save Actions that increase susceptibility to negative health outcomes arehealth promotion activities.disease prevention activities.exposure factors.risk behaviors.Question 352 points Save An adolescent smoker might think lung cancer only happens to old people. This is an example of which construct of the Health Belief Model?perceived seriousnessperceived susceptibilitycues to actiondemographic variablesQuestion 362 points Save A stable set of beliefs and feelings isa belief.an attitude.motivation.a conviction.Question 372 points Save Observing a friend’s successful attempts to quit smoking in order to help yourself quit smoking is an example ofconforming.shaping.envy.modeling.Question 382 points Save According to the Theory of Planned Behavior, subjective normsare not linked to our behavioral intentions.can have a strong positive or negative impact on our behavioral intentions.comprise what we think about the effects of our actions.relate to our beliefs about the constraints on our behaviors.Question 392 points Save When applying the strategy of shaping to behavior change, one shouldset very demanding goals for oneself.only reward oneself when reaching the main goal.use small achievable steps.expect this strategy to provide immediate success.Question 402 points Save Going out for dinner as a reward for finishing a big project is an example of a(n) ________ type of reinforcer.activitypossessionalconsumablesocialQuestion 412 points Save Lower health insurance rates for non-smokers is an example of a/an ________ type of reinforcer.possessionalmanipulativesocialactivityQuestion 422 points Save Not allowing yourself to think about getting stage fright and only focusing on the words when preparing to do a speech would be an example ofrational emotive therapy.blocking/thought stopping.self-instruction.self-threats.Question 432 points Save All of the following would be good advice for changing a behavior except:Understand your behavior.Make several major changes at the same time.Build in support and reinforcement.Plan for setbacks.Question 442 points Save When analyzing personal behavior, consider all of the following except:the frequency of the problem behavior.what your partner thinks of your behavior.the duration of the behavior.your perceived seriousness of the problem behavior.Question 452 points Save In order to change problem behaviorsset realistic goals.try to change all negative behaviors at the same time.have a counselor decide which behavior to work on.consider the possible negative outcomes.it will cost money.Question 462 points Save Many athletes use this strategy to visualize attainment of goals.coachingimagined rehearsalathletic imageryvicarious performanceQuestion 472 points Save A strategy for overcoming the obstacle of stress could includeseeking emotional support.identifying sources of stress.finding constructive ways to deal with stress.all of theseQuestion 483 points Save When setting realistic goals, considerif the behavior change is attainable.the potential outcomes.services that may be of help in achieving the goal.all of theseQuestion 493 points Save Rational-emotive therapy principles applied to behavior change includeshaping.self-talk.punishment.enabling.

Measures of Quality

 Health care quality is a nationally recognized topic that is addressed through public policies, licensure, and accreditation standards for health care professionals and organizations. Throughout history, numerous organizations have been involved in developing health care quality and safety initiatives.
 
The Joint Commission and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) developed quality and safety indicators for various health care systems. These indicators seek to establish accountability for health care organizations through a reporting system, which is available to the public. For this Discussion, explore various accrediting organizations and specific measures that pertain to quality. In your research on accrediting organizations, consider how these quality measures affect quality outcomes, support ethical principles, and influence the delivery of clinical services.
 
To prepare:

Select one specific quality indicator      from the Week 2 Discussion and compare it with those outlined in this      week’s Learning Resources.
Review the accrediting body standards      that pertain to your organization focusing on those standards that require      your organization to define its quality management program.
Consider regulatory requirements at      the state or national level that affect quality outcomes in your      organization.
Ask yourself: How do the Centers for      Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) restricted reimbursements affect      quality management or improvement efforts at my organization? How do these      standards and regulations influence or support ethical principles and      influence patient care and nursing practice?

By tomorrow Wednesday 12/13/17, write a minimum of 550 words in APA format with at least 3 references from the list below that addresses the level one & two headings as numbered and lettered below:

post a cohesive scholarly response that addresses the following:

1) Choose any measurement and explain the extent to which your chosen measure is affected by CMS driven incentives and disincentives (Pain or hospital acquired infections). 
2) From a systems perspective, discuss how this measure affects:
a. Quality outcomes 
b. Supports ethical principles 
c. Influences patient care and nursing practice.

Required Readings

Joshi, M.S., Ransom, E.R., Nash, D.B., & Ransom, S.B., (Eds.). (2014). The Healthcare Quality Book, 3rd ed. Chicago, IL: Health Administration Press.
Chapter 5: “Data Collection”
Chapter 6: “Statistical Tools for QI”

Park, J., Konetzka, R. T., & Werner, R. M. (2011). Performing well on nursing home report cards: Does it pay off? Health Services Research, 46(2), 531–554. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2010.01197.x

The study in this article evaluates whether or not nursing homes benefit from improvements in quality measures. Four financial outcomes are measured before and after the improvements are enacted. The study shows that the nursing homes that improved quality measures benefitted financially.

Suchy, K. (2010). A lack of standardization: The basis for the ethical issues surrounding quality and performance reports. Journal of Healthcare Management, 55(4), 241–251.
Because performance reports are easily found online, this article supports creating ethical guidelines for the performance reports of the health care industry. It compares nearly ten different organizations that provide performance reporting, and then it proposes an ethical framework and principles for public quality reporting.

Wachter, R. M., & Pronovost, P. J. (2009). Balancing “no blame” with accountability in patient safety. New England Journal of Medicine, 361(14), 1401–1406.
This article addresses the issue of individual accountability in health care organizations. It suggests moving from a culture within health care that does not place blame on individuals to a culture where individuals become more accountable.

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (n.d.). Quality initiatives: Overview. Retrieved from http://www.cms.gov/QualityInitiativesGenInfo/
Created by the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, this website overviews quality initiatives that affect the health care industry. It also provides information and downloadable PDFs on the Post-Acute Care Reform Plan and Development of Quality Indicators for Impatient Rehabilitation Facilities (IRF).

Required Media

Video: Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2011). Organizational and systems leadership for quality improvement: External quality improvement. Baltimore: Author.
Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 10 minutes.
The presenters in this video discuss various external organizations involved in quality, and examine the enforcement of standards by governmental agencies versus voluntary organizations. This program also addresses the publication of quality information and why organizations should do their own reporting in addition to mandated reporting. Licensing, credentialing, and certification are discussed as they relate to the social compact that health care providers have for quality and safety.

Assignment 1: Legal Aspects of U.S. Health Care System Administration Due Week 4 and worth 100 points

Prevailing wisdom reinforces the fact that working in U.S. health care administration in the 21st Century requires knowledge of the various aspects of health laws as they apply to dealing with medical professionals. Further, because U.S. health care administrators have to potentially interact with many levels of professionals beyond the medical profession, it is prudent that they are aware of any federal, state, and local laws that may be applicable to their organizations. Thus, their conduct is also subject to the letter of the law. They must evaluate the quality of their professional interactions and be mindful of the implications and ramifications of their decisions.

You are employed as a top health administrator at the hypothetical Well Care Hospital in Happy Town. When you were hired, your pre-employment screening involved background checks into any violation of hospital medical misconduct during the last five (5) years. The results showed that you were in good standing with the hospital administration community. During the past year, you had to undergo training in personnel conduct, as well as in inter-employee conduct with medical staff, nurses, technologists, etc. During the past six (6) months, the hospital has been under scrutiny for breach of medical compliance.

Note: You may create and / or make all necessary assumptions needed for the completion of this assignment.

Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which you:

Articulate your position as the top administrator concerned about the importance of professional conduct within the health care setting. Justify your position. Ascertain the major ramifications of having professional staff compromise the boundaries of ethics and medical conduct. Analyze the four (4) elements required of a plaintiff to prove medical negligence. Discuss the overarching duties of the health care governing board in mitigating the effects of medical non-compliance, as they apply to the rules of practice set forth in the Well Care Hospital governing board’s manifesto. Use at least five (5) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not quality as academic resources.

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:

Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.

The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:

Describe the sources of law in America, the relative legal procedure, and the related court system. Examine the various applications of the law within the health care system. Use technology and information resources to research issues in health care policy, law, and ethics. Write clearly and concisely about health care policy, law, and ethics using proper writing mechanics.

PharmaCARE (We CARE about YOUR health®) is one of the world’s most successful pharmaceutical companies, enjoying a reputation as a caring, ethical and well-run company that produced high-quality products that saved millions of lives and enhanced the quality of life for millions of others. The company offers free and discounted drugs to low-income consumers, has a foundation that sponsors healthcare educational programs and scholarships, and its CEO serves on the PhRMA board. PharmaCARE recently launched a new initiative, We CARE about YOUR world®, pledging its commitment to the environment through recycling, packaging changes and other green initiatives, despite the fact that the company’s lobbying efforts and PAC have successfully defeated environmental laws and regulations, including extension of the Superfund tax, which was created by Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). Based in New Jersey, PharmaCARE maintains a large manufacturing facility in the African nation of Colberia, where the company has found several “healers” eager to freely share information about indigenous cures and an abundance of Colberians willing to work for $1.00 a day, harvesting plants by walking five (5) miles into and out of the jungle carrying baskets that, when full, weigh up to fifty (50)pounds. Due to the low standard of living in Colberia, much of the population lives in primitive huts with no electricity or running water. PharmaCARE’s executives, however, live in a luxury compound, complete with a swimming pool, tennis courts, and a golf course. PharmaCARE’s extensive activities in Colberia have destroyed habitat and endangered native species. Two (2) years ago, after PharmaCARE’s research indicated that one of its top-selling diabetes drugs might slow the progression of Alzheimer’s disease, its pharmacists began reformulating that drug to maximize the effect. In order to avoid FDA scrutiny, PharmaCARE established a wholly-owned subsidiary, CompCARE, to operate as a compounding pharmacy to sell the new formulation to individuals on a prescription basis. CompCARE set up shop in a suburban office park near its parent’s headquarters, and to conserve money and time, did a quick, low-cost renovation and designated Allen Jones to run the operation’s “clean room.” CompCARE benefited from PharmaCARE’s reputation, databases, networks, and sales and marketing expertise, and within six (6) months had the medical community buzzing about AD23. Demand soared, particularly among Medicare, Medicaid, and VA patients. Seeing the opportunity to realize even more profit, CompCARE began advertising its services and the availability of AD23 to consumers and marketing the drug directly to hospitals, clinics, and physician offices, even though compounding pharmacies are not supposed to sell drugs in bulk for general use. To get around this technicality, CompCARE encouraged doctors to fax in lists of bogus patient names. As production increased and hours were extended, one of Allen’s techs pointed out what appeared to be mold around the air vents. Allen immediately contacted the facilities’ supervisor, who came over to inspect the lab. As time went on, workers began coughing, sneezing, and getting headaches at work, and one employee, Donna, who had a perfect attendance record, got so sick she could no longer come to work due to chronic bronchial problems. Eventually, she filed for worker’s compensation. Allen’s best supervisor, Tom, threatened to complain to OSHA about the air quality in the lab, and one of the techs, Ayesha, filed an EEOC complaint alleging she had not been promoted to supervisor because she was a Muslim; in fact, although Ayesha was a very good worker, Allen did not believe she had the management or people skills necessary to be a good supervisor. Allen discussed these issues with his boss, the Director of Operations, who told Allen that if he wants to keep his job and receive his promised bonus, he needs to fire Donna, Tom, and Ayesha, and keep his own mouth shut about the mold and the bogus prescriptions.As CompCARE and its parent company enjoyed record profits and PharmaCARE’s stock price approached $300 per share, reports started filtering in that people who received AD23 seemed to be suffering heart attacks at an alarming rate. The company ignored this data and continued filling large orders and paid huge bonuses to all the executives and managers, including Allen, who, after being named “Employee of the Year,” was beginning to miss production schedules due not only to his staff’s increasing use of sick leave, but also his own health issues. PharmaCARE sold CompCARE to WellCo, a large drugstore chain, just weeks before AD23 was publicly linked to over 200 cardiac deaths. Both PharmaCARE and WellCo saw their stock price plummet.Review the PharmaCARE/CompCARE scenario in Assignment 2 to complete this assignment.Write a ten to twelve (10-12) page paper in which you:1. Research three to five (3-5) ethical issues relating to marketing and advertising, intellectual property, and regulation of product safety.2. Argue for or against Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) marketing by drug companies.3. Determine who regulates compounding pharmacies under the current regulatory scheme, what the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) could / should have done in this scenario, and whether the FDA should be granted more power over compounding pharmacies.4. Decide whether PharmaCARE’s use of Colberian intellectual property would be ethical in accordance with: a. Utilitarianismb. Deontologyc. Virtue ethicsd. Ethics of caree. Your own moral / ethical compass5. Analyze the way PharmaCARE uses U.S. law to protect its own intellectual property while coopting intellectual property in Colberia.6. Suggest at least three (3) ways the company could compensate the people and nation of Colberia for the use of its intellectual property and the damage to its environment. 7. Compare PharmaCARE’s actions with those of at least one (1) real-world company whose creativity in skirting legal technicalities led to ethical lapses and financial loss. 8. Determine the success PharmaCARE and WellCo shareholders would have in suits against the companies. 9. Determine whether or not PharmaCARE lives up to its brand. Support the response. 10. Recommend at least three (3) changes PharmaCARE can make to be more ethical going forward.11. Use at least three (3) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia is not an acceptable reference and proprietary Websites do not qualify as academic resources. our assignment must follow these formatting requirements• Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.• Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:• Analyze and assess legal and ethical restraints on marketing and advertising, relative to both consumers and organizations.• Analyze and evaluate laws and regulations relative to product safety and liability.• Explore copyright laws and intellectual property rights and assess how well they balance competing interests.• Use technology and information resources to research issues in law, ethics, and corporate governance.• Write clearly and concisely about law, ethics, and corporate governance using proper writing mechanics.