By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:

SHOW LESS Assess basic environmental health principles, theories, and issues. Define the term environmental health. Assess how healthy cities relate to environmental health. Analyze obstacles for a city in becoming a healthy city. Describe the financial issues involved in creating a healthy city. Analyze how environmental health is an individual concern. Analyze how environmental health is a global concern. Apply personal and professional decisions based upon an understanding of environmental risks. Describe how a city could become prepared for disasters. Assess benefits of developing a healthy city to one’s self, family, and community. Communicate effectively in a variety of formats. The purpose of this assessment is to consider aspects of what makes a healthy city and to integrate your research to provide strategies for individuals and communities to improve environmental health.

To begin, suppose you are working with your city planner to develop a healthy city initiative for your city (or a city near you). You are tasked with developing a report that will be presented to your city council.

Craft a 4–5-page written document that could be presented to your city council, addressing the following points:

What is environmental health? Why is creating a healthy city important to environmental health? What could your city do to become a healthy city? What would be the obstacles to change, and why are they obstacles? What financial issues would have to be considered? How would these changes benefit you, your family, and your community? What could your city do to become better prepared for disasters, both natural and human-made? Why should environmental health be considered an individual concern? Why should it be considered a global concern? What could you or your family do—in your home, your neighborhood, and your workplace—to reduce your personal impact on the environmental health of your city?

To deepen your understanding, you are encouraged to consider the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a work associate, an interested friend, or a member of the business community.

For the following questions about disaster preparation, refer to the “Make a Plan” and “Test Your Readiness Quotient” resources linked in the Resources under the Required Resources heading.

What kinds of disasters, both natural and man-made, are most likely to occur in your area? How would you be notified of an emergency situation in your community? How many of the Readiness Quotient Test questions would you be able to answer as “Yes”? What steps could you take to achieve 10 out of 10 “Yes” answers? What is your disaster plan? For the following questions about your personal impact on environmental health, consider the course as a whole.

Racism erodes confidence and self- worth, in turn leading to poorer health outcomes including
psychological distress, depression, anxiety and health risk behaviours. Racism experienced in the
delivery of health services contributes to low levels of access and follow up. Cultural competency is a key
strategy for reducing inequality in health care.
A strengths based approach views situations realistically and looks for opportunities to
complement and support existing strengths and capacities as opposed to a deficit-based
approach which focuses on the problem or concern (National Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander Plan 2013–2023, p. 50).address the following points in relation to above topic in 1500 words

• Consider and discuss the topic in relation to social and historical circumstances
• Discuss the impact and any relevancy on today’s health of the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population;
• Discuss what approaches (old and new) have, or are currently being adopted to address or promote the issue/topic from a health promotion perspective; what has worked and what hasn’t and why?
• Describe and discuss using a strengths based approach how the current and future needs of the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait population can be addressed

Case Study: France Public – Private Partnerships in the French healthcare 1. PPP Law/Legal Framework/PPP Policy in Health France is known for its’ long tradition of concession arrangements that grew significantly over the second half of the 20th century to place France among the most PPP prominent countries in the world (EPEC, 2012). In the health sector though PPPs had to wait important reforms allowing tenders of design, construction and maintenance aspects to be conducted by private providers and permit deferred payment mechanisms. These are among others: Public Health Code : ? Law n° 2003-850 of September 2003 on simplification of the structure and the functioning of health system in France; ? Law n° 2004-559 of June 2004 on partnership contracts; ? Law n° 2004-806 on public health policy: o Hospital leasing (Bail Emphytéotique Hospitalier – BEH) is governed by articles L. 6148-1 to 6148-1 6148-6 and R. 6148-1 to R. 6148-3 of the Public Health Code (CSP); o Administrative leasing (Bail Emphytéotique Administrative – BEA) is governed by Article L. 315-9 of the CASF (Code of Social action and families) and by Article L.1311-2 of the General Code for Territorial entities 2. Centralised PPP Unit on health at country level/ Decentralised decision making (devolved/decentralized approach used for management of PPP) At the national level the Ministry of health is supported by MNAIH (Mission nationale d’appui à l’investissement hospitalier) currently submerged under ANAP (Agence Nationale d’Appui à la Performance des établissements de santé et médico-sociaux) At the Regional level, PPPs are under the responsibility of regional hospitalization agency (ARH -Agence Régionale d’hospitalisation) incorporated in the regional public health authority (agence régionale de la santé – ARS) As per article L6113-10 of the Public Health Code (http://www.anap.fr/fileadmin/user_upload/01- ANAP/historique/ConventionConstitutiveANAP.pdf) the main tasks of ANAP are among others: – The development and dissemination of tools and services to help healthcare facilities improve their performance and quality of services; – The support and assistance for restructuring, reconstructions and property management; – Evaluation, audit and expertise of hospital projects especially in real estate and information systems; – The control and conduct audits on the performance of healthcare facilities; – Support to regional health agencies in their mission operational control and improved health facility performance; Health and Economics Analysis for an Evaluation of the Public Private Partnerships in Health Care Delivery across EU 112 – The support of the central government in its task of strategic management of the provision of healthcare and medical services. Therefore ANAP is responsible for technical supervision and support to the ARHs and public healthcare institutions (EPSs) from inception of individual schemes onwards and is responsible for the development of legal and financial framework. Thus parallel to the monitoring and control investment plans ANAP (or previously MAINH) has developed various methodological tools: a guide to PPP implementation (BEH guide), hospital revitalization guide, observatory hospital construction. On its part, ARS was set up in bid rationalize the provision of healthcare services. It is responsible for policy implementation regarding all public health services. It ensures and monitors compliance with the rules on behalf of the central government (Ministry of health). It is in charge of authorizing the establishment and operation of all health facilities and health services and participates in the control of these institutions. 3. First PPP Contract: (year, name) Following the legal framework the 1st PPP project was signed in 2005: Douai Logipôle Hospital signed – 05/09/2005. The project had the value € 30 milions for design, build, finance and operation of a logistical support platform (logipole) at the Douai Hospital. In the same year (2005) the ophthalmological hospital Quinze Vingts in Paris followed and soon after were PPPs for: ? Centre hospitalier universitaire de Caen; ? Centre hospitalier du Sud Francilien at Corbeil-Essonnes; ? Centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes; ? Centre les Tilleroyes at Besançon. 4. Total Number of PPP Contracts Under the framework of Plan Hôpital 2007, the Ministry of Health launched a national call for project proposals from hospitals. 35 proposals were submitted in 2003 of which 20 were selected following discussions with the MAINH. First contracts were signed in 2005. A second wave of PPP projects was launched in 2006 (not only falling under Plan Hôpital 2007) among which about a dozen used the Partnership contracts –PC rather than BEH. By 2012 about 50 contracts (40 BEH and 10 PC) had been signed of which the construction of 35 hospitals were completed and already at the operational phase (EPEC, 2012). 5. Model Since PPPs were introduced most of awarded contracts are related to real estates, most case PPPs fall under DBFO (design, build, finance, operate) involving infrastructure, Electronic medical records and Hospital Management as well as logistics. A number of PPPs was concluded as leasing and partnership contracts. It is worth noting that in France the term ‘public – private partnership’ primarily refers to contracts based on fee payment by a public authority while contract based on revenue operations are known as ‘concessions’ or ‘delegations de service public’. The diagram below gives an overview of the two widely used PPP models in

Cost Control Articles

Resources

• Cost Control Articles Scoring Guide.
• Writing Feedback Tool.
• APA Style and Format.

Search the Internet or Capella University Library for two articles about the methods of cost controls in health care reimbursement models and how the methods have affected the availability of services. Using the articles as resources, write at least two pages, addressing the following in each article:

1. Describe the methods reviewed.
2. How have the methods affected the availability of services?

Include references or URLs for the articles.

Note: Your instructor may also use the Writing Feedback Tool to provide feedback on your writing. In the tool, click the linked resources for helpful writing information.

APA formatting: Resources and citations are formatted according to APA (6th Edition) style and formatting.

Cost Control Articles Scoring Guide

Due Date: End of Unit 2. 
Percentage of Course Grade:5%.

Note: Your instructor may also use the Writing Feedback Tool to provide feedback on your writing. In the tool, click on the linked resources for helpful writing information.

Health Demand

Student’s Name

Institution Affiliation

Health Demand

When evaluating the factors of demand, it is important to note that there is a slight different between market and individual demands. Individual demand has several causes similar to those of market demand but with a different impact magnitude. In health economics, there are several primary factors influencing demand. The medical care demand is believed to have an uncertain nature. The first factor affecting this type of demand is age. The health stock of a person tends to depreciate with the increase in age. The elderly tend to seek medical attention more often compared to the youth. The second factor involves the rise in income levels. People tend to increase their health expenses in order to balance their increased rate of depreciation in their health stock (Santerre & Neun, 2010).

Additionally, education plays a part in individual demand since people presume that the more educated a person is, the more efficient they are in health production hence require less medical care. An additional factor includes the prices of compliment products (Jacobs & Rapoport, 2004). For example, the increase in the prices of contact lenses would lead to a decrease in the number of optometrist visits. Availability of substitutes may also have an impact on the demand for health care. An example involves the demand for care from either public or private hospitals. People may tend to substitute the private hospital care with the public hospitals.

The principal and the agent play a vital role in assisting the consumers to realize the need for medical attention. The agent and the principal should team up to make a strong medical agency (Arrow, 1968). The principal should come up with plans aimed at notifying the public on the importance of medical checkups. Besides, the agent should ensure effective implementation of the plans laid by the principal. Furthermore, both should work as a team in notifying the consumers on the health advantages of visiting the medical Centre.

Reference

Arrow, K. J. (1968). The economics of moral hazard: further comment. The American Economic Review, 537-539.

Jacobs, P., & Rapoport, J. (2004). The economics of health and medical care. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Santerre, R. E., & Neun, S. P. (2010). Health economics: Theories, insights, and industry studies.