Racism and Anti-Racism inHealthcare

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Task Aim: To enable you to critically analyse the impact of colonisation on contemporary First Peoples’ health outcomes, how this influences trustful and respectful relationships with Australia’s First Peoples and health professionals and how these will impact on current health practice. Task Description: Choose two policy eras discussed in the Respect Capability and write an essay that: 1. Provides a description of the policies 2. Critically analyses how these policies have impacted on the health of First Peopletoday 3. Discusses the influence this has onFirst People building trustful and respectful relationships with health professionals. Critical Analysis: This essay seeks to build awareness about policy and its discourse. In doing so, it aims to promote discussion around policy decision-making, policy impacts and potential policy revision. Be mindful that you may find bias in the literature despite it being represented as objective and factual. Underlying assumptions regarding the homogenous grouping of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, the maintenance of the dominant ideology and the lack of recognition of the detrimental effects of past reforms and policies contribute to the bias. This in turn has an effect on the health status, relationships and attendance of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people within various levels of the healthcare setting, perpetuating the cycle of disengagement, poor attendance and poor health outcomes.
Instruction:ASSESSMENT TASK 2 – Critical Analysis Essay
Type: Written Essay
Learning outcomes assessed: 1 & 3
Due date: Friday, 18th August, 4pm.
Weight: 40% (Marked out of 100)
Length: 1200 words (excluding references).

ASSESSMENT TASK 2 – Critical Analysis Essay Type: Written Essay Learning outcomes assessed: 1 & 3 Due date: Friday, 18th August, 4pm. Weight: 40% (Marked out of 100) Length: 1200 words (excluding references) Task Aim: To enable you to critically analyse the impact of colonisation on contemporary First Peoples’ health outcomes, how this influences trustful and respectful relationships with Australia’s First Peoples and health professionals and how these will impact on current health practice. Task Description: Choose two policy eras discussed in the Respect Capability and write an essay that: 1. Provides a description of the policies 2. Critically analyses how these policies have impacted on the health of First Peopletoday 3. Discusses the influence this has onFirst People building trustful and respectful relationships with health professionals. Critical Analysis: This essay seeks to build awareness about policy and its discourse. In doing so, it aims to promote discussion around policy decision-making, policy impacts and potential policy revision. Be mindful that you may find bias in the literature despite it being represented as objective and factual. Underlying assumptions regarding the homogenous grouping of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, the maintenance of the dominant ideology and the lack of recognition of the detrimental effects of past reforms and policies contribute to the bias. This in turn has an effect on the health status, relationships and attendance of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people within various levels of the healthcare setting, perpetuating the cycle of disengagement, poor attendance and poor health outcomes. Critical Analysis – 7210MED Criteria – /100 7 6 5 4 3 1 10% Description of policies that shows an understanding of the impact of different policy eras on Australia’s First Peoples. Insightful description of two policy eras that includes a broad range of relevant details (who, what , when, how) supported by reputable evidence found in scholarly literature 9 – 10 points In depth description of two policy eras that includes a range of relevant details (who, what , when, how) supported mostly by reputable evidence found in scholarly literature 8 points Detailed description of two policy eras with some support from relevant literature 7 points Description of two policy eras with basic details supported by literature 5 – 6 points Poor description of policy eras 0 – 4 points 2 40% Critically analyse how the policies have impacted on the health of Australia’s First Peoples. Critically analyses the impact of two policies on contemporary First Peoples’ health outcomes with exemplary evidence of objective evaluation of scholarly literature; shows explicit connections between policy implementation and contemporary health outcomes for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people. 34 – 40 points Critically analyses the impact of two policies on contemporary First Peoples’ health outcomes with detailed evidence of objective evaluation of scholarly literature; shows strong connections between policy implementation and contemporary health outcomes for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people. 30 – 33 points Critically analyses the impact of two policies on contemporary First Peoples’ health outcomes with evidence of evaluation of scholarly literature; shows some connections between policy implementation and contemporary health outcomes for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people. 26 – 32 points Critically analyses the impact of two policies on contemporary First Peoples health outcomes with reference to literature. 20 – 25 points Minimal discussion of the impact of policy on contemporary First Peoples’ health outcomes with minimal evidence or objective evaluation. 0 – 19 points 3 30% Discuss the influence this has on Australia’s First Peoples building trustful and respectful relationships with health professionals Insightful discussion with highly detailed exploration of the complexities of how history has impacted building trustful and respectful relationships within healthcare at multiple levels e.g. institutional, community and individual; supported by reputable evidence found in scholarly literature 26 – 30 points In depth discussion with thorough exploration of the complexities of how history has impacted building trustful and respectful relationships within healthcare at some levels e.g. community and individual; supported mostly by reputable evidence found in scholarly literature 23 – 25 points General discussion with sound exploration of how history has impacted building trustful and respectful relationships within healthcare at some levels e.g. community and individual; supported with some relevant literature 20 – 22 points Basic discussion with limited exploration of how history has impacted building trustful and respectful relationships within the healthcare system. 15 – 19 points Limited discussion of the literature and no supporting evidence demonstrating how history has impacted on Australia’s First Peoples’ ability to build trustful and respectful relationships within the healthcare system. 0 – 14 points 4 10% Structure and academic writing standard Consistent and correct use of rules of grammar, punctuation, and spelling. Language is clear, precise and culturally appropriate. Privileges First Peoples voices. 9 – 10 points Consistent and correct use of rules of grammar, punctuation, and spelling. Language is clear, with minor structural errors and culturally appropriate. Privileges First Peoples voices. 8 points Consistent and correct use of rules of grammar, punctuation, and spelling, with a few minor errors. Culturally appropriate terminology used. Privileges First Peoples voices. 7 points A few grammatical, punctuation and spelling errors. Language lacks clarity and may be confusing to the reader. Inconsistent use of culturally appropriate terminology. 5 – 6 points Numerous grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors. Poor use of language with inappropriate cultural terminology. 0 – 4 points 5 10% Referencing References are cited using APA 6th in-text and end-text with no errors and 10 or more peer reviewed articles used as references. 9 – 10 points References are cited using APA 6th intext and end-text and is mainly consistent with few errors and 8-10 peer reviewed articles used as references. 8 points References are cited using APA 6th in-text and end-text with some errors and 6-7 peer reviewed articles used as references. 7 points References are cited using APA 6th in-text and end-text with some consistent errors and 6 peer reviewed articles used as references. 5 – 6 points References are not cited using APA 6th in-text and end-text with a number of consistent errors. 5 or less peer reviewed articles used. 0 – 4 points

Learning Outcome 1:

Module Introduction

In this module you will be introduced to one of the key Graduate Capabilities for culturally safe Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health careRESPECT. You will begin your lifelong journey towards cultural capability by developing an awareness and gaining the ability torecogniseAustralias’First Peoples’ ways of knowing, being and doing in the context of history, culture and diversity and affirm and protect these factors through ongoing learning inhealthcarepractice.

Topic 1.1 – History of Australia’s First People and the post colonial experience

Introduction:This topic introduces students to the history of Australia’s First Peoples in Australia and key stages since European invasion/colonisationin the context of understanding the contemporary Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander health experience.

Learning Outcome:Analysethe impact of historical events on Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander health and health services access, and the implications of these events on building trustful and respectfulrelationships with individuals, families and communities on health practices.

Topic 1.2 – First Peoples Culture, beliefs and practices

Introduction:This topic introduces students to Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander culture, beliefs, language and practices, as well as key concepts of Australia’s First Peoples health and wellbeing in theory and practice.

Learning Outcome:Examine Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander key concepts of health and wellbeing and the influence of culture, family and connection to country in health practice.

Topic 1.3 – Diversity of First Peoples culture

Introduction:This topic develops students’ knowledge and understanding of the diversity that exists among Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander cultures. It provides an overview of the lived experiences of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander Peoples in a local community context, specifically in terms of cultural beliefs, practices, and the implications of diversity for health care practice.

Learning Outcome:Examine key elements of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultural beliefs and practices within the local community context

Learning outcome 3:

Module Introduction

This module is aboutREFLECTIONof your cultural self andhealthcare, racism and white privilege. You will continue your lifelong journey towards cultural capability by examining and reflecting on how one’s own culture and dominant cultural paradigm, influences perceptions of and interaction with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

Topic 3.1 – Humility & Lifelong learning

Introduction:This topic introduces students to the concept of lifelong learning of cultural capabilities. The topic aims to develop non-Indigenous students’ humility in terms of how much they can meaningfully understand about Australia’s First Peoples cultures.

Learning Outcomes:Articulate the concept of cultural humility as a process of lifelong learning to develop cultural capabilities.

Topic 3.2 – Self Reflexivity

Introduction:This topic introduces students to the concept of ongoing self-reflexivity and its crucial role in facilitating culturally safe health service delivery. The topic develops student’s skills and ability to engage in self reflexive health practice.

Learning Outcomes:Analysethe limitations of one’s own perspectives and reflect upon the implications of one’s ownworldviewfor delivering culturally safe health care services to Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander clients.

Topic 3.3 – Cultural self andHealthcare

Introduction:This topic develops students’ ability torecogniseand describe their own cultural and professional identity and how this influences professional practice.

Learning Outcomes:Analysethe limitations of one’s own perspective and reflect upon the implications of one’s ownworldviewfor delivering culturally safe health care service to Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander clients within your chosen profession.

Topic 3.4 – Culture of Australia’sHealthcaresystem

Introduction:This topic introduces students to the culture of the Australianhealthcaresystem. It develops the student’s ability to understand the intersection of the professional culture of mainstream health care with Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander cultures and possible implications for health care practice.

Learning Outcomes:Discuss the history of Australia’s dominant western cultural paradigm and how thischaracterisesthe contemporary health system.

Topic 3.5 – Racism and Anti-Racism inHealthcare

Introduction:This topic introduces students to Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander stereotypes and different forms of racism, and how these impact Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander individuals, families and communities. The topic develops student’s ability to critically reflect on themselves and theirorganisationalpractice to be equipped to consciously engage in health practice that is free from stereotyping or racism.

Learning Outcomes:Identify different forms of racism and prevailing stereotypes about Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people in Australia and how they impact equitable health services access and health outcomes for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people.

Topic 3.6 – White Privilege

Introduction:This topic critiques the privileges and advantages afforded to white Australian society and aims to assist in developing student’s understanding of the role of power relations in the inequitable distribution of privileges in Australian society.

Learning Outcomes:Discuss the concept of White Privilege and other social privileges and how this affects health care and health outcomes for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander clients.

Explore the nature and extent of the health need’s impact upon the Australian health care system, health economy and nursing

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For this assessment you will need to choose an illness or health need for which there is an increasing burden of disease when compared to several generations ago (such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, dementia, chronic pain, cancer).
Explore the nature and extent of the health need’s impact upon the Australian health care system, health economy and nursing (has this lead to specialist nurses? Or a new type of nurse? Has the nursing role changed in this area over the last 100 years?). Consider changes to health care delivery or health care policy which have met the impact of the increasing need, and the influence this has had on society.
Examine the role of nurses with the key role for providing interventions for those with your chosen health need, and discuss their key competencies with reference to the NMBA Standards for Practice for registered nurses. Explore professional organisations available to support registered nurses in their practice, and how their practice/role differs from other members of the health care team in supporting people with your chosen health care need.
Finally, elaborate on your paper by discussing your expectations for how this area of nursing will look in 2050. Consider factors such as the predicted nursing shortage in Australia, the aging population, predicted number of people with your chosen health condition (and their disease burden) and social and political factors.
In-text appropriate academic references are required throughout the work. A list of references in APA format is required at the conclusion of the essay (minimum 8 references).
There are three steps
1) Implications of the development of nursing thoroughly discussed using current evidence based literature. Demonstrated excellent understanding of historical and contemporary nursing practice contextualised to chosen health condition. 
Nursing Practice, competencies, role and scope of practice Contemporary nursing care of chosen health condition well described and supported by current evidence based literature. Registered nurse role well linked to NMBA Practice Standards. Professional organisations to support nursing competency specific to role identified. Clearly defined nursing role within the multidisciplinary team identified. /
Academic standard of paper (syntax, style and referencing) Work is the required length and presented in the correct format. Very few issues with syntax. Appropriate sources/quotes (8+) used to support information are reputable and current and are acknowledged and referenced according to APA. 
Exploration of social and political factors influencing healthcare, health services
Nursing Practice, competencies, role and scope of practice Contemporary nursing care of chosen health condition well described and supported by current evidence based literature. Registered nurse role well linked to NMBA Practice Standards. Professional organisations to support nursing competency specific to role identified. Clearly defined nursing role within the multidisciplinary team identified. Contemporary nursing care of chosen health condition described and supported by current evidence based literature. Registered nurse role linked to NMBA Practice Standards. Professional organisations to support nursing competency to role identified. Nursing role within the multidisciplinary team identified. Nursing care of chosen health condition described and supported by current evidence based literature. Registered nurse role linked to NMBA Practice Standards or professional organisations to support nursing competency to role identified. Nursing role within the multidisciplinary team discussed. Nursing care of chosen health condition described at foundational level, with attempt to support discussions with evidence based literature. Registered nurse role and competency discussed with beginner application to practice. The nursing role within the multidisciplinary team is identified, however scope of practice of members of the team could be clearer. Nursing care of chosen health condition described at foundational level, with attempt to support discussions with evidence based literature. Registered nurse role and competency discussed with beginner application to practice. The nursing role within the multidisciplinary team is identified, however scope of practice of members of the team could be clearer. /15
) Work is the required length and presented in the correct format. Very few issues with syntax. Appropriate sources/quotes (8+) used to support information are reputable and current and are acknowledged and referenced according to APA
Implications of social and political factors on healthcare, health services and nursing practice discussed using current literature. Demonstrated excellent understanding of the subject. 

Identify and describe a surveillance system that monitors disease or health-related risk factors in the United States

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HEALTH BEHAVIOR, COMMUNICATION, AND ADVOCACY

Modular Learning Outcomes

Upon successful completion of this module, the student will be able to satisfy the following outcomes:

  • Case

·         Identify relevant health behavior(s) contributing to risk factors for contracting a communicable disease.

·         Locate resources for tracking and monitoring health-related activities specific to communicable diseases.

  • SLP

·         Discuss the effects and the implications for various groups of stakeholders.

  • Discussion

·         Identify and discuss the different approaches used by management to undercover the causal factors of a problem within an organization.

Module Overview

This module relates to what you have learned about health behaviors, risk factors, health communication strategies, and role of leaders for identifying and addressing identified organizational problems.

Module 2 – Background

HEALTH BEHAVIOR, COMMUNICATION, AND ADVOCACY

Required Reading

Bates, B. R. (2016). Health communication and mass media: An integrated approach to policy and practice. Farnham, GB: Routledge.

Campbell, J. R., Sasitharan, T., & Marra, F. (2015). A systematic review of studies evaluating the cost utility of screening high-risk populations for latent tuberculosis infection. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, 13(4), 325-340.

Pigg, R. M., Stellefson, M. L., & Paige, S. R. (2015). Will genomics alter risk assessment methodology in health behavior research? American Journal Of Health Studies, 30(3), 146-150.

Pierannunzi C, Xu F, Wallace RC, Garvin W, Greenlund KJ, Bartoli W, et al. (2016). A methodological approach to small area estimation for the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Prev Chronic Dis, 13, 150480. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd13.150480

Stevens, A.C., Courtney-Long, E.A., Okoro, C.A., & Carroll, D.D. (2016). Comparison of 2 disability measures, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2013. Prev Chronic Dis,13, 160080. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd13.160080

Zamudio, C., Krapp, F., Choi, H. W., Shah, L., Ciampi, A., Gotuzzo, E. . . . Brewer, T. F. (2015). Public transportation and tuberculosis transmission in a high incidence setting. PLoS One, 10(2) doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115230

Optional Reading

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016). The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/about/index.htm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016). Tuberculosis (TB) prevention. Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Accessed at http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/tbprevention.htm

Module 2 – Case

HEALTH BEHAVIOR, COMMUNICATION, AND ADVOCACY

Case Assignment

View the What Is Tuberculosis? video and re-read the scenario from Module 1 to respond to the following questions:

  1. Identify relevant “health behavior(s)” that contributes to increasing and/or decreasing risk factor for contracting the disease.
  2. Identify and describe a surveillance system that monitors disease or health-related risk factors in the United States.
  3. Was risk communication essential for Sara’s co-workers? Why or why not?
  4. In consideration of Sara’s privacy and in an effort to educate members of the organization of the possible outbreak, what strategies/steps should HR do to ensure health information are provided to all stakeholders. Offer concrete information to support your viewpoint.
  5. Explain the implications of this problem for the stakeholders involved in this home health organization (be sure to compare and contrast the implications for the different stakeholders). Among these, you are asked to give special attention to the residents that Sara visited in their homes.

Length: 4 pages, excluding title page and references.

Assignment Expectations

Assessment and Grading: Your paper will be assessed based on the performance assessment rubric that is linked within the course. Review it before you begin working on the assignment.

Your submission should meet the guidelines on file format, in-text citations and references, scholarly sources, scholarly writing, and use of direct quotes noted under Module 1 Assignment Expectations

Module 2 – SLP

HEALTH BEHAVIOR, COMMUNICATION, AND ADVOCACY

In consideration of Sara’s privacy and in an effort to educate members of the organization of the possible outbreak, what strategies/steps should the Department of Human Resources (HR) do to ensure health information are provided to all stakeholders. Explain each strategies.

Length: 3-4 pages, excluding title page and references.

SLP Assignment Expectations

Assessment and Grading: Your paper will be assessed based on the performance assessment rubric that is linked within the course. Review it before you begin working on the assignment.

Your submission should meet the guidelines on file format, in-text citations and references, scholarly sources, scholarly writing, and use of direct quotes noted under Module 1 Assignment Expectations

Universal Health Care System

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Has to have all of this! 1. Clearly state topic with brief explanation as to why it is important to focus on this area of study 2. Documentation and incorporation of findings from the literature (what the literature says and what other people think). Use 9 or more references- sources have to be credible. 3. Sensitivity to the multiple dimensions of a topic: governmental, ethical, professional, institutional (breadth). 4. Capacity to look beyond the surface of a topic (depth). 5. Ability to articulate your personal opinion, draw conclusions, and identify where further research or investigation is necessary. (Please see uploaded file for example of paper)

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Universal Health Care System, Case For and Against
One of the issues that were strongly discussed during the recent national health care
debate were the pros and cons of universal health care and whether it can be delivered in the
United States without a fundamental change to the prevailing system. Conceptually, universal
health care can be viewed as the delivery of basic health care coverage to all individuals who
meet the minimum legal residency requirement. Its delivery can be totally governmental at
one end of the spectrum or entirely private at the other end of the spectrum, or more
commonly, a hybrid of government and private insurance companies.
Historically, through the health insurance bill of 1883, Germany became the first
nation to have some form of universal health coverage for its citizens, and currently covers
99.8% of its legal residents. Funding is mostly public and it provides universal basic health
care coverage, but allows individuals to purchase supplemental plans which could deliver
additional coverage. Premiums are capped and government provides subsidies for low
income workers (Shafrin, 2008). In United Kingdom, the government is heavily involved in
health care delivery through the National Health Services (NHS) enacted in 1948. Funding is
entirely public and coverage is extended to all legal residents (Godber, 1988). The Canadian
system is a form of single payer universal health care whereby the government is the
administrator and the payee while private companies deliver the care. Unlike the British
system, funding is public and private, with the public part of funding being shared by the
federal government and the individual provinces. Hospitals and providers are private entities
and they bill the government, the single payer, for their services (Steinbrook, 2006).
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Switzerland and Netherlands are other countries with universal health care system
which covers about 99% of their legal residents. Private insurance companies deliver
coverage to individuals, either through a national exchange as in Netherlands or through
decentralized private companies as in Switzerland. Coverage is without regards to age or
pre-existing medical conditions, and in turn all citizens are mandated to purchase health care.
Even though individuals are entirely responsible for their premiums, government provides
subsidies for low income workers and poor people (Leu, Rutten, Brouwer, Matter, &
Rütschi, 2009).
The Patent Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), signed into law by
president Barrack Obama in 2010 have the goal of providing health coverage for legal
residents in the United State. Insurance companies will be forced to compete for the hitherto
uninsured pool through state-based exchanges (HealthReform.gov., 2010). The PPACA
mandates individuals to purchase health coverage, with the provision that government will
provide subsidies for low income individuals. Insurance companies are also mandated to
cover everyone without pre-existing medical condition exclusionary criteria. Contrary to this
goal of PPACA to cover almost all residents, it has been projected that by 2019, about 23
million (8%) Americans will remain uninsured (Brown, 2011). Is universal health care the
utopia proponents portray or is it as flawed as the opponents describe? The next part of the
paper will attempt a balanced analysis of the merits and demerits of universal healthcare.
The Case for Universal Health Care
About 60% of health care coverage in the United States is employer based (Fronstin,
2007). As a result, loss of job results in loss of coverage with possible catastrophic
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consequences. With universal care, there will be some form of coverage for that individual
and people will not have to declare bankruptcy to cover the cost of care. Furthermore,
employees would be able to change jobs if they wish without feeling tied to an unsatisfactory
job due to health insurance considerations. Prior to the enactment of the PPACA, over 45
million residents do not have health care due to the exorbitant cost of health care coverage.
Proponents of universal health care believe that the system would reduce the number of this
uninsured population by providing affordable access to basic care packages. In Switzerland
and Netherlands, subsidies are provided if the premium exceed 10% of the person’s income.
Up to 40% of legal residents receive such subsidies in Switzerland (Shafrin, 2008). In the
United States, according to the Congressional Budget Office (2011), PPACA “will produce a
net reduction in federal deficits of $143 billion over the 2010-2019 periods”.
Under the current system, the high premium businesses are paying on their
employees’ health care is rendering the price of their products un-competitive in the global
market. Universal health care may thus free businesses from health care expenses thereby
leading to higher profitability. The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act
(EMTALA) requires all patients who present with an emergency at any hospital to be treated
regardless of residency status or affordability. The cost of treating these uninsured
individuals consequently contribute to a higher running costs for the hospitals, which means
they either absorb the costs or pass it to individuals who have coverages. Some people see
this as inherently unfair and believe that universal coverage, which would be funded by
health care taxes from everybody, would minimize the likelihood of such costs to others
(American College of Emergency Physicians, 2011). Another advantage reported by
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proponents is the significant reduction in administrative costs through prevention of
wasteful duplications by streamlining record keeping. Woolhandler, Campbell, &
Himmelstein, (2003) found that through pluralistic administrative bureaucracies, United
States spends more on health care as a percentage of its gross domestic product than any
other industrialized country in the world. They concluded that United States will achieve
significant savings if the single payer type of health system like in Canada was implemented.
The Case against Universal Health Care
In order for care to be truly universal, legal residents must be mandated to buy
insurance coverages. In a country like United States which was founded on the principle of
freedom and liberty, is it really judicious to take away people’s freedom under the
paternalistic guise of health coverage? Taxes are more likely to go up in order to maintain
universal coverage. Higher taxes serve as disincentives to businesses. This could lead to
fewer new businesses, closure of existing businesses, more unemployed people and more
people depending on the government.
The ingenuity of market forces have been shown by a truly capitalist economy like
the United States. Universal coverage delivered through a single payer entity or a
governmental take over like in England are more likely to stunt innovations. Over-regulation
will stifle the growth of many insurance companies leading to them folding up with resultant
loss of jobs for many people who work in the health care industries. Responsibility for
health care may slowly fall to the government with possible invasion of peoples’ privacy or
curtailment of peoples’ liberties.
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When everybody is covered regardless of affordability, it may naturally create huge
waiting lists, for example the waiting list to have an MRI in Saskatchewan province of
Canada is reportedly 22 months (Messerli, 2011). Apart from this, there would be more
rationing of care, as some new but expensive drugs may be deemed ‘experimental’. The
recently enacted PPACA has a governmental advisory body with responsibilities to give
treatment guidelines. While this may not be as dramatic as the ‘death panels’ as described by
some politicians (Rutenberg & Calmes, 2009), there is the possibility that arriving at such
guidelines could be heavily influenced by the preference of politicians and government
bureaucrats. Finally given the current debt situation, commitment to provide subsidies will
create a new set of entitlements, thus placing the overall funding for traditional programs like
Medicare and Medicaid at risk.
Conclusion
In conclusion, universal care may not be the only way to achieve the altruistic goal of
providing coverage for all residents in the United States. Given the size of the country,
enacting a universal form of coverage irrespective of the unique needs of member states is akin
to the European Union having a single health care system. Given the cultural differences
between the Germans, the British and smaller countries like Belgium, this would simply not
work. The financial crisis in Europe is currently being perpetuated by adopting a single
monetary policy for member countries with different financial structure. Just like individual
member countries in Europe are adopting health care system which suits their needs, United
States should also allow member states to adopt systems which suit their needs. For example
Massachusetts modeled its health care system after Switzerland; New Jersey has its own unique
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and effective way of covering low income families while Vermont is seeking a waiver from the
federal government to start a single-payer plan in 2014 (Goodman D, 2011). Given the
current debt situation, it may not be financially judicious to start a new set of entitlement
program with future unforeseen financial implications for the country.
Finally, United States was founded on the principle of rugged individuality, liberty and
freedom. To be mandated to buy health care coverage, no matter how altruistic the intention,
runs antithetical to this principle. The constitutionality of this mandate is slated to be heard by
the United States Supreme Court (Cigna, 2011). If the law is deemed unconstitutional, it may
pave way for alternative measures like tort reforms and giving more freedoms to individual
states to enact their own policies based on their unique cultures and needs.
References
American College of Emergency Physicians (2011). EMTALA. Retrieved from
http://www.acep.org/content.aspx?id=25936
Brown, A. (2011).What is universal healthcare? Physicians for a National Health
Program. Retrieved from http://www.pnhp.org/news/2011/march/what-isuniversal-healthcare.
Chitty, K. & Black, B. (2011). Professional Nursing: Concepts & Challenges, 6th ed.
Maryland Heights, Missouri: Saunders.
Cigna (2011). Supreme Court will hear PPACA challenges. Retrieved from
http://www.cigna.com/aboutcigna/informed-on-reform/news/supreme-court-willhear-ppaca-challenges.html
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Congressional Budget Office (2011). Estimates for March 2010 health care legislation.
Retrieved from
http://www.cbo.gov/publications/collections/health.cfm
Fronstin, Paul (2007). “The future of employment-based health benefits: Have employers
reached a tipping point?” Employee Benefit Research Institute. Retrieved from
www.ebri.org/pdf/briefspdf/EBRI_IB_12-20073.pdf
Godber, G. (1988). Forty years of the NHS. Origins and early development.. BMJ. 1988 July
2; 297(6640): 37–43.
HealthReform.gov. (2010): Fact Sheet – The Affordable Care Act’s New patient’s bill of
rights. Retrieved from
http://www.healthreform.gov/newsroom/new_patients_bill_of_rights.html
Leu, R.E., Rutten, F.F.H., Brouwer, W., Matter, P. and Rütschi, C. (2009). The Swiss and
Dutch health insurance systems: Universal coverage and regulated competitive
insurance markets. The Commonwealth Fund. January 16, 2009. Volume 104.
Retrieved from
http://www.commonwealthfund.org/Publications/Fund-Reports/2009/Jan/The-S
wiss-and-Dutch-Health-Insurance-Systems–Universal-Coverage-and-Regulated-Com
petitive-Insurance.aspx
Messerli, J. (2011). Should the government provide free universal health care for all
Americans? Retrieved from
http://www.balancedpolitics.org/universal_health_care.htm
Rutenberg, J. & Calmes, J. (2009). False ‘Death Panel’ rumor has some familiar roots
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Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/14/health/policy/14panel.html
Shafrin, J. (2008). Healthcare Economist. Health care around the world: Germany.
Retrieved from
http://healthcare-economist.com/2008/04/24/health-care-around-the-worldGermany/
Shafrin, J. (2008). Healthcare Economist. Health care around the world: Switzerland.
Retrieved from http://healthcare-economist.com/2008/04/23/health-care-aroundthe-world-Switzerland/
Steinbrook, R. (2006). Private health care in Canada. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1661- 1664.
Woolhandler, S., Campbell, T. & Himmelstein, D.U. (2003). Costs of health care
administration in the United States and Canada. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:768-775
Grading weights for paper:
20% Clearly state topic with brief explanation why it is important to focus on this
area of study. Well­states and justified….A
20% Documentation and incorporation of findings from the literature. About 10
references should be used in the paper. (What the literature says and perhaps what other
people think) Use the APA format rigorously. One sources of reference:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
Excellent documentation….A
20% Sensitivity to the multiple dimensions of a topic (breadth)….Well tuned in to
all the points of argument, and neutrally presented…A
20% Capacity to look beyond the surface of the topic (depth)…..Good…A
20% Ability to articulate your personal opinion, draw conclusions, and identify
where further research or investigation is necessary. Personal opinion clear although
there is much more data to collect and investigation to do….A­
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The factors that caused these disasters and public health outcomes in this area

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Assignment 1: LASA 2: History of Environmental Issues for an Area

In this assignment, you will select one region of the world with known environmental issues and create a timeline of the events in this area, going back no more than 200 years. For example, you could choose to focus on the Gulf Coast in the United States and its history of hurricanes, floods, and the recent oil spill; the Love Canal disaster in New York; the Chernobyl nuclear meltdown in Ukraine; or Canada’s tar-sands in Alberta. Each of these areas has a history of environmental problems that have impacted populations, and their health, drastically.

To help identify a region with known environmental events for this assignment, consult your textbook, the WHO Public Health and Environment Program’s Web site, and the UNEP’s Web site. Please be sure to support your public health analysis of these environmental issues with evidence-based research.

Using this timeline of events, create a presentation analyzing the environmental issues in this region, including the following topics/issues:

History—A brief timeline: Describe the environmental history for the area(s)/region(s) impacted, including the environmental disasters that have taken place and their immediate- and long-term impacts on the population’s health in this region. Wherever appropriate, include a description of the population(s) in the region, along with demographics and population sizes. This should take approximately 4–5 slides.

The factors that caused these disasters and public health outcomes in this area. Be sure to list all known causative factors at play and whether they are caused by humans and/or are natural. This should take approximately 2–3 slides.

An analysis of how these events have impacted or will impact the health and/or disease risk of this region of the world. Be sure to address other determinants of health—social, economic, cultural, and other environmental factors—in your analysis that influence or will influence the magnitude of environmental events on health outcomes in this region. Examine whether you are focusing on a region with primarily developed or developing countries and explain how this influences current and future health outcomes. This should take approximately 4–5 slides.

A summary of past, current, and proposed efforts that aim to help combat the effects of these environmental issues/threats on health (local and/or global), including emergency response planning and prevention efforts. This should take approximately 3–4 slides.

Three recommendations for strategies to protect populations in this region from poor health outcomes due to these environmental issues. Be sure that your three recommendations are supported with evidence-based research. These could include long-term policies, emergency response plans, or public health programs that would protect public health in the region. This should take approximately 3–4 slides.

References used for the project in APA format. This should take approximately 2–3 slides.

Be sure to include detailed speaker notes for each slide to elaborate on what you would say while presenting your material.

Develop a 20–25-slide presentation in Microsoft PowerPoint format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M5_A1.ppt.

By the due date assigned, deliver your assignment to the Submissions Area.

Post navigation

Environment and Vector-Borne Diseases

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Overview

Create a 3 page report on the basic environmental health principles, theories, and issues of an emerging or reemerging disease.

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:

Context

To understand emerging and reemerging diseases, you must first understand the interconnectedness between human health and the environment and have a grasp on epidemiology. TheAssessment 1 Contextdocument for this assessment provides a brief overview of the concept of interconnectedness and the field of epidemiology. You may wish to review this document for key ideas and information.

Questions to Consider

To deepen your understanding, you are encouraged to consider the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a work associate, an interested friend, or a member of the business community.

  • In your own words, what is your definition ofenvironmental health? Why?
  • Is environmental health is a global issue? Why or why not?
  • Is environmental health an individual concern? Why or why not?
  • Do you think most Americans understand the termenvironmental health? Why or why not?
  • Some people feel vaccination should be voluntary and not mandated. What is a reasonable argument to support that position?
  • What is anemerging or reemerging disease?

Resources

Required Resources

The following resources are required to complete the assessment.

Resources

Click the links provided to view the following resources:

  • APA Paper Template.

Suggested Resources

The following optional resources are provided to support you in completing the assessment or to provide a helpful context. For additional resources, refer to the Research Resources and Supplemental Resources in the left navigation menu of your courseroom.

Resources

Click the links provided to view the following resources:

  • Assessment 1 Context.

Multimedia

Click the links provided below to view the following multimedia pieces:

  • Hydrologic Cycle|Transcript.

Library Resources

The following e-books or articles from the University Library are linked directly in this course:

  • Friis, R. H. (2012).The Praeger handbook of environmental health. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.

· Introduction: “Current Status of Environmental Health.”

· Volume 1:Foundations of the Field.

· Chapter 1, “Ecology and Environmental or Ecosystem Health.”

· Volume 2:Agents of Disease.

· Chapter 1, “Microbial Agents: Zoonotic.”

· Chapter 2, “Environment and Vector-Borne Diseases.”

· Chapter 3, “Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus and the Environment.”

· Bade, D. (2012).Freshwater carbon and biogeochemical cycles. In S. A. Levin, S. R. Carpenter, & H. C. J. Godfray (Eds.),The Princeton guide to ecology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

· Pyhtila, H. (2008).Plastics, pesticides, and pills are contaminating our drinking supply.Earth Island Journal,23(3), 45–48.

· This article exposes a specific issue of global concern by describing the impact of humans on water quality. It provides a suggestion for reducing impact on the environment and for protecting personal health.

· Koch, K. (2000, August 25).Vaccine controversies: Are today’s vaccines safe enough?CQ Researcher,10(28), 641–672.

· Bristol, N. (2007, May 11).HPV vaccine: Should it be mandatory for school girls?CQ Researcher,17(18), 409–432.

· Kelley, T., & Covi, M. (2013).Environmental health hazardscapes.Environmental Health Insights, 7, 67–69.

Course Library Guide

The University library guide has been created specifically for your use in this course. You are encouraged to refer to the resources in theBIO-FP2000 – Environmental Health Library Guideto help direct your research.

Internet Resources

Access the following resources by clicking the links provided. Please note that URLs change frequently. Permissions for the following links have been either granted or deemed appropriate for educational use at the time of course

What cultural considerations do you feel health care providers should take with their patients

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In this course, students will be encouraged to examine and learn more about various cultures. For this assignment, students will be required to interview at least two (2) individuals from the same culture (but different from your own) to gain perspective on their health care challenges. Please be sure to inform your potential interviewees that this interview is a part of a class assignment and their participation is completely voluntary. The following questions may be used during the interview, but please do not feel limited to these questions (Do not use the names of the interviewees, but simply designate them as Interviewee 1 and Interviewee 2):: 
1. What cultural considerations do you feel health care providers should take with their patients? 
2. If you had to make a list of the top 3 health challenges, what do believe are the greatest challenges in health care facing individuals within your cultural group? 
3. What diseases or illnesses do you believe must be addressed within your cultural group? 
4. Why do you believe these health risks/challenges are more prevalent within your cultural community? 
5. What recommendations would you make to health care professionals working to improve health outcomes within your cultural community? 
6. What recommendation would you make to health care providers (e.g. doctors nurses, etc) that may improve health outcomes within your cultural community? 
I recommend you interview someone who is willing to discuss cultural health issues with you and if possible, someone you know. Once the interviews are completed, you will create a narrative that highlights basic themes discussed within the interviews and your overall experience with completing the assignment. I highly recommend that you conduct these interviews with people face-to-face, however if necessary you may use a telephone interview. Take good notes for future reference when writing your paper. 
The interview experience is based on personal experience. Therefore, this paper will be subjective in nature. The paper should be in accordance with the latest version of the APA manual and should be typed using Arial or Times Roman 12 point font. The paper should also be double-spaced and be at least 4 pages long. The document should also be saved as -Last name_First initial_ Interview Experience.-

Evaluate the effects of federal legislation requiring universal health care coverage on the outsourcing of health care in the U.S

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Application: Effects of Legislation on HR Outsourcing

The stated goal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) is to give more Americans access to health care. But relative to the topic of outsourcing, it may also be causing an increase in benefits administration outsourcing, as employers, especially those that are smaller, seek help in navigating the uncertain, complicated, ongoing health care-reform measures.

When facing the massive reporting and compliance requirements required by the new health care laws, many smaller and mid-size employers will seek more outside assistance/partnering. Many of them lack the back-office support to meet the PPACA's regulations and it is not a skill they want to make a core competency (Starner, 2011).

Using the 5C model (culture, costs, competencies, compliance, competitors), analyze how new laws would specifically stimulate increased outsourcing of health care and related benefits. Consider examples at the local, state, and federal level of changes in laws/regulations that either increased or decreased business partnering and outsourcing. For example, why would a federal requirement for universal health care coverage increase HR outsourcing?

To complete this Assignment, respond to the following in a 3- to 4-page paper:

• Analyze the effects of legislation on HR outsourcing. 
o Using the 5C model, analyze how new laws requiring universal health care would specifically stimulate increased outsourcing of health care and related benefits. 
o Using the table provided in this week's Learning Resources (Effects of Legislation on HR Outsourcing), do research to fill in five of the nine cells illustrating the effects of local, state, and federal legislation on HR outsourcing. 
– Provide a brief description/explanation of each. 
– Identify whether the legislation increased, decreased, or had no effect on HR outsourcing. 
• Evaluate the effects of federal legislation requiring universal health care coverage on the outsourcing of health care in the U.S. 
o From your research, describe three specific effects you think such legislation would have on outsourcing of health care. 
o What specific actions can HR professionals take to enable employees to navigate the complexities of PPACA?

Effects of Legislation on HR Outsourcing

LEGISLATIONTITLEDESCRIPTIONEFFECT
Local   
State   
Federal 

Examine what some of the specific outcomes that resulted from changes to the financial decision-making process

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Prepare a detailed outline of the Health Care Economic Issues Presentation.

Select a health care issue or situation. Some examples include the following

Changing technology

Health care insurance issues – underinsured, uninsured, and so on

Health care spending

Health care reform

Pharmaceuticals

Complete the Health Care Economic Issues Presentation.

Prepare a 10- to 12-slide Microsoft ® PowerPoint ® presentation with detailed speaker notes that includes the following information:

An analysis of the effectiveness of current procedures that are in place for the issue or situation you have selected. You should:

Analyze how the evolution of health care has affected the financial decision-making process in your selected issue or situation

Analyze how the evolution of health care has affected the financial decision-making process in general

Analyze how the financial decision-making process has affected your chosen issue or situation

Analyze the effect the policy and regulatory environment has had on the financial decision-making process of your chosen issue or situation

Analyze the effect the policy and regulatory environment has had on the financial decision-making process in the health care industry in general

In your presentation, base your analysis on evolutional perspectives on health care economics and economic theories while completing the following:

Examine who is involved in financial decision-making.

Analyze what are the steps in the financial decision-making process.

Examine what some of the specific outcomes that resulted from changes to the financial decision-making process.

Analyze what some of the specific outcomes that resulted from changes in the regulatory environment.

Analyze how your issue or situation has been affected by the changes.

In your presentation, recommend improvement strategies based on economic theories on the financial-decision making process and economic concepts.  Include the following:

Differentiate key players involved in the issue or situation.

Differentiate microeconomic and macroeconomic perspectives and utilization.

Examine tools that support best practices.

Distinguish how benchmarking has been and can be used in financial-decision making processes and economic concepts.

Differentiate economic incentives and competition.

Distinguish global implications in financial decision-making processes and economic concepts.

Cite a minimum of four sources.

Format your sources consistent with APA guidelines

[purchase_link id=”7006″ text=”Purchase” style=”button” color=”blue”]

various forms of public-private partnerships

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4. Total Number of PPP Contracts As of 2005, Spain had 15 health PPP projects, with accounted for 8,4% of total PPP project value. (Allard 2008). For the period 2004-11, the Spanish PPP market consisted of 20 hospitals, for a total of 7.000 beds, of which 11 hospitals included clinical services (con bata blanca) and 9 hospitals covered infrastructure and facility and support services only (sin bata blanca), plus medical equipment in the certain cases such as Burgos and Vigo (Acciona 2012). Since the establishment of the first (Alzira) concession model, other administrative concessions have been granted in Valencia: Torrevieja (2003), Denia (2004), Manises (2006) and Vinalapó (2006). Although no consolidated national health PPP list is available, there are at least two dozen health related PPPs in Spain, of varying scopes and durations. Besides Valencia, most other PPP hospitals have been developed in Madrid, with Valdemoro following the fully integrated “Alzira model” and other contracts limited to infrastructure and related services (PFI or Madrid model). 5. Models: Spain has had a long tradition in various forms of public-private partnerships, such as “conciertos”, contracts between official regional health services and private providers, mutual health organizations, or administrative health concessions which include the management of health services. (PWC 2012). Conciertos include out-contracting of testing, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in order to relieve waiting lists. Some contracts cover an entire population area in areas with insufficient infrastructure. Noteworthy among others, Jimenez Diaz Foundation (Madrid), POVISA (Vigo), several hospitals in the Order of San Juan de Dios, several hospitals in Catalonia, etc.. Mutual health organizations cover about two million civil servants: MUFACE, MUGEJU and ISFAS. The financing is public and each year about 85% of the beneficiaries opt for private provision (through private insurers as Asisa Adeslas DKV and IMQ). Administrative health concessions, which include the construction of the hospital and management of health and non-health services. As of 2012, there were seven such hospitals operating in Spain (5 in Valencia and 2 Madrid), Central Clinical Laboratory (Madrid), plus 2 new hospitals in Madrid (Móstoles and Collado) and a new radiotherapy unit in the Canaries. • The company Ribera Salud, the Capio group and private insurers (Adeslas Asisa Sanitas and DKV) have been the main private operators. By taking overall responsibility for providing for the full health care needs based on capitation fees, the Alzira model used in Valencia is akin to an HMO – health maintenance organization. Other contractual models of varying scopes and durations are used elsewhere in Spain: ? PFI or administrative concession for construction and non-healthcare management (PFI model): In Spain this infrastructure-only model has been implemented in Madrid, Balearic Islands, Catalonia, Castilla-León and Galicia. These contracts go up to 28-32 years, remunerated mainly by rental fees. Health and Economics Analysis for an Evaluation of the Public Private Partnerships in Health Care Delivery across EU 100 Administrative concession for full health service provision, including primary care (Alzira model), implemented in Valencia and in one hospital in Madrid (Valdemoro), based on capitation payments. In Alzira profits were capped at 7.5% of turnover, with yields above this limit being returned to the public partner. Contract duration: 15-year contract, which can be extended to 20 years. 6. Payment System: Under (both) the Alzira models, Cumunidad Valenciana as payer pays an annual capitation fee (best practices: capitation fee; patient freedom of choice, money follows the patient). As a general principle in Spanish health care, money follows the patient, who has freedom of choice in selecting the health care provider. If a patient chooses not to use the designated hospital in his region, it must compensate the actual provider at 100% of the respective DRG. If a hospital treats patients from outside its zone, it receives 80% of the respective DRG (focus attention on service local population, discourage adverse selection and unjustified transfer of patients). Under the original Alzira Model (hospital care only), the capitation fee was set at €204 in 1999 , and indexed to inflation. Although no Public Sector Comparator was formally used, the fee proved to be too low (especially when compared to the capitation used at the time by MUFACE the public sector health mutual fund of €301) and to Valencia’s average per capita expenditures of €362 (Acerete 2011), which amounted to an aggressive under-pricing of 30 to 40%. The current capitation fee is indexed to the payer’s overall health spending and is about € 670 – still about 25% below comparable average costs for Comunidad Valenciana. The infrastructure and support services contracts are remunerated through rental payments. 7. Share of PPP contracts in total hospital investment plans N/A 8. Value for money consideration on a macro level In the recent past, C.A. Valenciana proved to be economically fragile and highly vulnerable to the bursting of the property bubble along Spain’s Mediterranean coast. It is the second most highly indebted of Spain’s regions after Castilla La Mancha. With debt equivalent to 25% of GDP and tax revenues reductions of over 30%, its sub-sovereign rating was cut to BB subinvestment grade in February 2012. It is also the region with the longest (884 days) delays in payments to the pharmaceutical companies (Maiquez, 20minutos.es, Jun 2012). The regional Government had also accumulated past due health sector liabilities of over €2,4 billion at the end 2011. There appear to be some calls for increases in the capitation fees, but the budget cuts required by the austerity measures are likely to impact the regional health budgets, which will have to shrink rather than increase (key issue: test of compressibility of PPP liabilities in austerity scenario). The capitation fees paid to the PPP hospitals appear to have been consistently below Valencia’s per capita health costs.However, the reliance on the Government-controlled savings banks to provide both project equity and project debt can be seen, at least in retrospect, as a warning sign, especially after one of the savings bank sponsors failed in 2003 (clearly not the best