Where does the CEA fit into public health and clinical epidemiological research, as well as, health services research?

QuestionSAINT HCM530 ALL MODULES CASE STUDY EXCEPT 7 MOULE AND  DISCUSSIONS MOULE 5,5,7 AND 8 Module 5 Discussion The cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) is one type of a benefit analysis tool used in managerial epidemiology. Others include cost-utility, cost-effectiveness, cost-consequence, and cost of illness. Since medical quality and health services have a high individual perception regarding value, different stakeholders will have different perspectives when performing and interpreting a CEA. Different decision makers, i.e., physicians, administrators, employers, payers, government and other public and private officials all have varying perspectives. Therefore, it is the common perspective that is generally most useful when making comparisons among the various interpretations of the CEA or other cost/benefit analysis results and outcomes. 1. Where does the CEA fit into public health and clinical epidemiological research, as well as, health services research? 2. What are some examples and characteristics of medical cost and effectiveness measures? Be sure in your initial response to provide at least two examples from peer reviewed literature that further clarify or illustrate your response (write 5-6 sentence summaries for each article). Module 6 Discussion How research is designed is important to its validity. In research, and particularly government funded research, the Institutional Review Board is the authority on requirements for research design. DHHS, Institutional Review Board Guidebook. Chapter 4: Considerations of Research Design A. Introduction F. Case-Control Studies B. Observation G. Prospective Studies C. Record Reviews and Historical Studies H. Clinical Trials D. Surveys, Questionnaires, and Interviews I. Identification and Recruitment of Subjects E. Epidemiologic Studies J. Assignment of Subjects to Experimental and Control Groups Four common research designs used in epidemiological studies are cohort, case control, longitudinal, and cross-sectional studies. However, there are also prospective and retrospective, quantitative, qualitative and quasi (mixed) research designs. Data is what drives medical research and its design. Medical research drives scientific findings that ultimately result in improving human health. All of the various research study designs that fall into either descriptive or analytical epidemiology. All research studies fall into either descriptive or analytical epidemiology. 1. What are those study designs and how are they defined? 2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each of the designs you have defined? Be sure in your initial response to provide at least two examples from peer reviewed literature that further clarify or illustrate your response (write 5-6 sentence summaries for each article). Module 7 Discussion In last week’s discussion, we looked at types of research designs. This week, we will look at requirements of designs using real people, i.e., the clinical trials. Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) 1. There are two types of clinical studies, i.e., clinical trials and observational studies. How do they differ and provide examples of each? 2. Who can participate in a clinical study and what is the process to protect them from harm? Be sure in your initial response to provide at least two examples from peer reviewed literature that helps to support your position (write 5-6 sentence summaries for each article). Module 8 Discussion   Disease may be classified as acute, subacute or chronic. It may be emerging or reemerging. 1. Why is it a challenge in defining diseases as either totally chronic or totally infectious (acute) in nature? 2. What are examples of emerging and reemerging diseases? Would HIV be considered an emerging or reemerging? Be sure in your initial response to provide at least two examples from peer reviewed literature that helps to support your position (write 5-6 sentence summaries for each article). hCM530 Case Study 1 Outbreak of Influenza in a Kentucky Nursing Home Assume that an outbreak of Influenza A occurred among 400 residents of a New York Nursing Home during December 2006 and January 2007, despite the vaccination of 375 of them between mid-October and mid-November of 2006. The residents, 70% of whom were female, had a mean age of 85 years and shared common recreational and dining areas. (Textbook Case Study 2.2) Case Questions: Base your reply upon this influenza outbreak case, research of influenza, and proposed solutions. You are to write a 2-3 page paper in APA formatting that addresses the following questions. Note: A minimum of two references should be used, which should include your textbook and the CDC, and others that support your responses in your paper. This is a paper, so your answer should not be numbered, but rather it should use titles and subtitles. 1. If 75 of the residents developed influenza-like illness (ILI), what proportion of the residents became sick? 2. Of those with ILI, 40 developed pneumonia, 25 required hospitalizations, and two died. What proportion of those with ILI developed pneumonia? What percent of those with ILI and pneumonia were hospitalized? What proportion of those with ILI died? 3. Of the 375 residents who were vaccinated, 60 developed ILI. Of the 25 residents who were not vaccinated, 20 developed ILI. What percent of vaccinated residents developed ILI? What percent of unvaccinated residents developed ILI? How many more times higher is the rate of ILI among those who were unvaccinated compared to those who were vaccinated? 4. Of the 375 vaccinated residents, 35 developed pneumonia following ILI compared to 15 residents among the 25 who were not vaccinated. What percent of vaccinated residents developed pneumonia following ILI? What percent of unvaccinated residents developed pneumonia following ILI? How many more times higher is the pneumonia following ILI among those who were unvaccinated compared to those who were vaccinated? 5. What was the vaccine efficacy for preventing LIL and pneumonia? Case study 2 Needs Assessment for Stroke Services in Ontario, Canada The Queen’s Health Policy Research Unit (QHPRU) estimated the need for stroke services in Ontario, Canada using measures of prevalence and incidence of (1) modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors for stroke; (2) acute cases of stroke; (3) major sequelae of stroke (Hunter D , 2000 and Hunter D, 2004). They identified the effective health services that are targeted at each of these three dimensions, and linked these steps to estimate need for health services. They compared the estimate of need for health services to compiled measures of levels of stroke-related health services in Eastern Ontario to see if there was a gap (unmet need) or surplus (overmet need) of these services. The numbers below have been changed slightly from the original source. (Textbook Case Study 4.3) Download Case Reports: http://mcgill.academia.edu/LorieKloda/Papers/78206/Creation_and_pilot_testing_of_StrokEngine_A _stroke_rehabilitation_intervention_website_for_clinicians_and_families Case Questions: Answer the case questions, with research from your book, CDC, NIH and other quality sources to determine answers and solutions. You are to write a 2-3 page paper in APA formatting that addresses the following questions. Note: A minimum of two references should be used, which should include your textbook and the CDC, and others that support your responses in your paper. This is a paper, so your answer should not be numbered, but rather it should use titles and subtitles. 1. Risk factors for stroke include heavy alcohol consumption, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, obesity, low physical activity, smoking, ischemic heart disease, transient ischemic attack. Where might QHPRU get estimates of the incidence of these conditions? 2. For each risk factor, or stroke sequelae, QHPRU listed the kind of intervention that would be effective, and the proportion of people for whom this intervention would be appropriate. According to Table 4.3, which three interventions are appropriate for hypercholesterolemia, and for what proportion of high-risk individuals? 3. The following types of interventions were recommended for acute stroke services: (a) surgical intervention (carotid endarterectomy); (b) thrombolytic therapy; (c) imaging of the brain, either computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); (d) non-invasive imaging of the vessels (ultrasonography or magnetic resonance angiography); (e) invasive imaging of the vessels (cerebral angiography); (f) rehabilitation therapy. For what percent of at-risk individuals are these services recommended? 4. Estimates of people in Eastern Ontario with hypercholesterolemia are as follows: aged 25-44: 30,000 men and 13,000 women; aged 45-64: 33,000 men and 42,500 women; aged 65 and above: 17,000 men and 42,000 women. How many residents in Ontario will need fasting lipoprotein analysis and dietary and pharmacologic interventions for hypercholesterolemia? 5. It is estimated that Eastern Ontario provides dietary and pharmacologic intervention for hypercholesterolemia to 66,000 and 15,500 patients respectively. What is the level of unmet need in terms of the number of patients not receiving each of these two recommended interventions? What percent of need is not currently being met in Eastern Ontario? 6. The incidence of acute stroke cases was estimated at 3,500 cases, 100 of whom died before reaching the hospital. The prevalence of chronic stroke cases was estimated to be 4,300. Use Table 4.4 to estimate the number acute and chronic stroke cases needing core stroke services, and services for chronic stroke and disability. 7. It is estimated that Eastern Ontario provides thrombolytic therapy and carotid endarterectomy to 50 and 200 patients respectively. CT and MRI brain imaging is provided to 1,000 and 150 patients respectively. Non-invasive and invasive imaging of the vessels is provided to 425 and 170 patients respectively. Rehabilitation is provided to 1,400 acute stroke survivors, and homecare services are provided to 1,400 chronic stroke with disability patients. What is the level of unmet need in terms of the number of patients not receiving each of recommended services for acute or chronic stroke victims? What percent of need is not currently being met in Eastern Ontario? HCM530 Case Study 3 Age and Gender Adjustment in Two Managed Care Organizations The purpose of standardization is to make two or more populations “similar” along dimensions in which they differ. Earlier, we demonstrated two methods of age-adjustment. For example, we know that Florida has proportionately more older folks, and older folks die at higher rates than younger folks. In order to compare the mortality rate of Florida to Alaska, we needed to control for this disparity by adjusting for differences in the age mix of the two states. Conceptually, we can adjust for more than one dimension, e.g., age and gender, if we want to compare two or more populations, know that the age and gender mix will be different in those two populations, and also know that some disease-specific mortality rates depend on both age and gender. Such is the case with cardiovascular disease in two large MCOs, Bluegrass East (BGE) and Bluegrass West (BGW), the former with 100,000 members, and the latter with 120,000 members. Suppose we want to compare the cardiovascular mortality rate of BGE and BGW. Suppose that BGE has a higher proportion of older folks, and a higher proportion of women, than BGW. Assume that the crude disease-specific mortality rate for cardiovascular disease is 290 (per 100,000) in BGE and 160 (per 100,000) in BGW. (Textbook Case Study 6.2) Case Questions: Answer the case questions, with research from your book, CDC, NIH and other quality sources to determine answers and solutions. You are to write a 2-3 page paper in APA formatting that addresses the following questions. Note: A minimum of two references should be used, which should include your textbook and the CDC, and others that support your responses in your paper. This is a paper, so your answer should not be numbered, but rather it should use titles and subtitles. 1. From these statistics alone, which MCO has the higher cardiovascular mortality rate? 2. The member mix in BGE and BGW is quite different. In BGW, 90% of the population is less than 55 years old compared to 77% in BGE. Refer to Table 6.7 to guide the calculation of age-adjusted cardiovascular mortality rates using the direct age-adjustment technique and the U.S. population as the standard. With age-adjusted rates, which MCO has the higher mortality rate? 3. Now assume that 60% of the members in BGW are men compared to 40% in BGE. Men have higher cardiovascular mortality rates than women. Refer to Table 6.8 to calculate age and Gender adjusted cardiovascular mortality rates. With age- and gender-adjusted rates, which MCO has the higher cardiovascular mortality rate?   HCM530 Case Study 4 Risk Adjustment with Multivariate Techniques (New York) The state of New York (http://www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/consumer/heart/1996-98cabg.pdf) has reported risk adjusted mortality statistics for coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) for a number of years, as discussed earlier in the text. New York uses the second major approach to risk adjustment, a multivariate model. Such models control for different kinds of patient characteristics that are likely to influence mortality. Table 4.1 reports the multivariate model used to calculate this risk-adjusted measure. (Textbook Case Study 6.4) Table 4.1: Multivariable risk factor equation for CABG hospital deaths in New York State in 1998. Logistic Regression Patient Risk Factor Prevalence (%) Coefficient P-Value Odds Ratio Demographics Age …. 0.0671 0.0001> Female Gender 28.92 0.5105 0.0001> Hemodynamic State Unstable 1.32 1.0423 0.0001> Shock 0.45 1.8458 0.0001> Comorbidities Diabetes 30.91 0.3607 0.0010 1.434 Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmia 2.228 0.9759 0.0001> COPD 15.97 0.5012 0.0001> Renal Failure (no dialysis), Creatinine > 2.5 1.89 0.9213 0.0001> Renal Failure requiring Dialysis 1.89 0.9213 0.0001> Hepatic Failure 0.10 3.0535 0.0001> Severity of Atherosclerotic Process Aortoiliac Disease 5.42 0.5481 0.0006 1.730 Stroke 7.01 0.4775 0.0016 1.621 Ventricular Function Ejection Fraction 0.0001> Ejection Fraction 20-29 7.40 0.8183 0.0001> Ejection Fraction 30-39 14.49 0.6186 0.0001> Previous Open Heart Operations 5.98 0.6800 0.0001> Intercept = -9.4988 C Statistic = 0.793 Case Questions: Answer the case questions, with research from your book, CDC, NIH and other quality sources to determine answers and solutions. You are to write a 2-3 page paper in APA formatting that addresses the following questions. Note: A minimum of two references should be used, which should include your textbook and the CDC, and others that support your responses in your paper. This is a mpaper, so your answer should not be numbered, but rather it should use titles and subtitles. 1. Which factors are supposedly related to CABG morality? 2. Which factors are the most strongly related to CABG mortality? 3. How could one derive an expected mortality rate from the multivariate model? HCM530 Case Study 5 Planning with Electron-Beam Computed Tomography (EBCT) The use of electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT) for screening of asymptomatic high risk cardiac population to assess for developing coronary heart disease is a new low risk alternative to the traditional invasive heart catheterization. The cardiac CT is recommended by the American College of Cardiology (ACC) as a secondary prevention test to screen prior to a myocardial infarction and death. Garcia (2005) cites that 1 in 20 emergency department (ED) patients present with chest pain and 3-5% of heart attacks have been missed by ED physicians. Another 20-40% of patients who have an invasive heart catheterization are negative. He recommends the cardiac CT as a method to solve some of these issues; however, continued validation is needed. The CT is not an answer for all patients, such as the obese, where visualization is difficult, or those with irregular heart rhythms. Hospitals and clinics across the nation are now purchasing the EBCT scanners. This case study will discuss the screening ability and healthcare planning challenges when bringing in new technology to the healthcare market. A recent purchase of an EBCT scanner was installed in a central U.S. clinic which serves a 300-bed tertiary hospital. The hospital and clinic took great care in training all staff in its use and patient preparation methods, including running a pilot on several local volunteers. Three months post pilot Case Questions: Answer the case questions, with research from your book, CDC, NIH and other quality sources to determine answers and solutions. You are to write a 2-3 page paper in APA formatting that addresses the following questions. Note: A minimum of two references should be used, which should include your textbook and the CDC, and others that support your responses in your paper. This is a paper, so your answer should not be numbered, but rather it should use titles and subtitles. 1. What are the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of EBCT? 2. Compare Valanis’s criteria for a good screening program with the eight criteria which the ACC/American Heart Association (AHA) panel proposed for selection of a screening procedure. 3. Provide descriptive epidemiology of this IL region to support the need to purchase a cardiac CT 4. (Health care planning) What should be done at this point to encourage use of this screening/diagnostic test for coronary heart disease? Compare and contrast clinical health services to public health and epidemiology in terms of a) how they are defined, b) goals, c) their target focus and d) functions. Click here to Order this paper at http://essaywritersgeek.com. A Professional Essay Writing Service Uncategorized devry him435 all week discussions April 13, 2015 Published by: admin Click here to Order this paper at http://essaywritersgeek.com. A Professional Essay Writing Service Question Week 1 discussion Principles of Management (graded) Which of the Principles of Management functions do you see as the most important? Is one more important than another? Explain your answer.   What did you learn from the interactive tutorial about the principles of management that can be applied in the management of an HIM department? Sources of Employment Law (graded) Abu Okari Al-Amin, an African-American man in his mid-20s, was recently hired by the HIM department to manage its photocopying, mailing, and office supplies center. In this role Mr. Al-Amin has regular contact with virtually all of the 25 staff in the department and employees and some physicians from other adjacent departments. Mr. Al-Amin is quite articulate, personable, and knowledgeable in his areas of responsibility. However, his long dreadlocks, Afro-Caribbean clothing style, his playing Reggae music on his lunch breaks, and (in the words of one white employee with 25 years of seniority) his using of “militant language” seemed to discomfort or threaten some of the staff. However, no real problems surfaced until one of the coders, Ms. Joyce Kim, an older Korean-American woman, filed a complaint with her supervisor, Leah Solomon, against Mr. Al-Amin for using “dirty” language in her presence, including the use of ethnic slurs, and otherwise treating her with disrespect. Ms. Kim also claimed that she smelled what she thought might be marijuana when he was close to her. The alleged incidents took place with no other witnesses to corroborate the facts. Ms. Solomon presented the complaint to Mr. Al-Amin in a one-on-one meeting to give him the opportunity to respond to the charges. Although Mr. Al-Amin conceded that he was not comfortable with Koreans because of tension with Korean Businesses in his neighborhood, he denied that he said anything disrespectful or abusive to Ms. Kim. He admitted to using some colorful street language with her that he used regularly with everybody and that no offense had been intended. He brushed off the reference to any drug use. Class, as the employee’s supervisor, what steps would you take next to resolve this issue? Week 2 discn Employee Hiring (graded) Review the You Decide scenario for this week. The scenario introduction follows.   You are the Director of HIM for ABC Hospital and are interviewing for a position of Assistant Director. This is a 500-bed, acute care facility. As has historically been common in many HIM departments, most of the staff members are Caucasian females, primarily in their 40s and 50s. There is a night shift supervisor in the department who was hired immediately after graduating school with a master’s degree and RHIA certification and has limited HIM experience. You know that your hospital is encouraging more diversity when hiring staff members. You posted the job opening saying that an RHIT or an RHIA is required with a strong preference for an RHIA. Preference may be given to those with a master’s degree. Five years of experience in an HIM department is required.   Respond to the questions asked in the You Decide activity in this discussion, and explain your answer using information learned in this week’s lecture about hiring and using the employment law issues studied last week. Employee Training (graded) Excessive employee turnover can be a major problem, with potentially adverse effects on productivity, stability, and employee morale. Often, turnover in healthcare is greatest in the jobs characterized by low pay, routine (nonchallenging) work, and limited prospects for career mobility without increased education and professional credentials (e.g., filing clerks and nursing home aides). How does an effective orientation program enhance employee retention? Week 3 discnn HIM Departmental Workflow (graded) Identify office space and workflow considerations as they relate to the various functions of the department. How will this vary based on the size of the organization? HIM Performance Improvement (graded) Assume you are the manager of an outpatient clinic that is part of a larger healthcare system. Complaints from patients about your clinic have recently increased in frequency and intensity. Some of your patients have complained about long wait times in the reception area. Others have expressed dismay over the rudeness of clinic staff members. You decide to talk to the staff members about these problems. The receptionists are very defensive and say that the secretaries in the back office won’t help with the phone calls, so they have to take all the calls while trying to register patients. You talk to the secretaries, and their story is just as negative. They say that they have been asked to assume more responsibilities without additional help. They also complain that the receptionists keep transferring calls to them that the receptionists should handle. The nurses are very upset with the secretaries who will not retrieve the patients’ health records, which causes longer waiting time for patients. The nurses are also annoyed because the receptionists interrupt their work to ask questions. The physicians feel that they cannot do anything more because their days are very chaotic, and they are stressed. They think the solution is to hire more front office staff. What performance improvement tool(s) should you use to identify all the possible reactions as to why patient complaints are increasing? What performance improvement tool(s) should you use to gather information to confirm the actual reasons for patient complaints? Week 4 discn   Productivity Monitoring (graded) Identify the functions provided by the HIM department that require productivity to be monitored. Why is this important? How will the monitoring vary based on the type of healthcare delivery setting?   Health Record Documentation (graded) Discuss the basic information that is required for all health record documentation. What documentation will vary, based on the different healthcare delivery setting? Week 5 discussions Survey Preparation (graded) The hospital is due for a Joint Commission accreditation survey in 6 months. The CEO asks for a report regarding the medical staff’s compliance with The Joint Commission requirements for delinquent records for last year. He or she wishes to avoid a citation related to the number of delinquent records. What, exactly, is the information that the CEO requests, and why is this important to not only the everyday operations of the HIM department, but also to the survey? Health Care Registry Development (graded) Find examples of diabetes registries on the internet. What is the purpose of the registry, how is the data obtained, and how is the data used in the management of diabetes? Week 6 discnn Clinical Databases (graded) We identified in the lecture the various clinical databases required by the federal government. What is the purpose of requiring these databases? What makes the information being collected important? 2 Management of Databases and Indices (graded) Data have been collected upon completion of the surgical informed consent form. More than 200 records have been reviewed for the presence of the following data items on the consent form: date and time the consent was completed and explained to the patient, the type of surgery performed, risks or possible complications of surgery, the patient’s signature, the date and time of signing, the physician or surgeon’s signature, the date and time of signing, the witness’ or nurse’s signature, and the date and time of signing. In order to set up a database with the information obtained, what column heads do you create, and how do you document the presence or absence of a data item on the consent form? week 7 discn   Characteristics of a Data Quality Program (graded) There are several characteristics of data quality that are presented in your textbook. Why are these characteristics important? Provide examples. Implementation of an HIM Service (graded) What are some other services or functions that can be provided by the HIM department? Select a service or function and describe how to plan a transition to assume that responsibility.