A Comparative Analysis

Assessment 1 Instructions: Evolution of the Hospital Industry: A Comparative Analysis

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• Write a 3 page paper about the similarities and differences in hospital care from the 1800s, 1960s, and today, plus your analysis conclusions. Include a research table in the appendix of your paper. A Comparative Analysis

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Izabella is a health care historian. She has been hired by the Philadelphia Medical Society to research and develop a storyboard of hospital care quality from the first hospital to today’s hospitals. The storyboard will cover the evolution of the hospital environment, staff education, level of care, and how hospital services were paid for.

Izabella’s storyboard begins with the fact that hospitals had humble beginnings in the United States. The first hospital in America was founded in Philadelphia in 1751! Its mission was “to care for the sick-poor and insane who were wandering the streets” of Philadelphia (Penn Medicine, n.d., para. 1). Having a historical perspective on health care changes and trends is critical to understanding how to improve health care today and in the future. What kind of medical care might a patient have received in the first 18th-century hospital?

As a health care administrator, you will often do research on a topic to provide background information for decision making, committee work, or creating policies. It is often best practice to use a comparison table to lay out and visualize your research notations.

Reference

Penn Medicine. (n.d.). History of Pennsylvania Hospital. http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/features/creation.html

Scenario

Imagine you are a patient with a serious illness in a hospital in the 1800s, in the 1960s, and today. Think about the room configurations, the skills of the nurses and other staff, the level and type of care, and how you would pay for the care, both now and in the previous centuries.

Instructions

Write a 3 page paper about the similarities and differences in hospital care from the different time periods (1800s, 1960s, and today), as well as the conclusions you drew from your analysis. Include a research table in the appendix of your paper.  

Complete the following:

1. The textbook is suggested as the most efficient resource for this assessment, or use at least two other resources from those provided for this assessment. You may also use resources you find on your own from the History of Health Care Researchtab in the Health Care Administration Undergraduate Library Research Guide to research how the hospital industry has evolved in terms of hospital environment, medical staff education, level of care in hospitals, and payment systems.
   • You will need to reference a total of three scholarly sources in your paper.
   • Be sure to cite these references within the body of your paper correctly using APA-style citations.
2. Complete the Comparative Analysis Table: Hospital Care Evolution, located in the appendix of the Comparative Analysis Template [DOCX].
   • Provide two descriptive changes for each time period under each of the headings. 
   • Add bullet points to each cell in the table to document the descriptive changes that you have found for each topic.
   • Document the source where you found the information for each cell in the table, using APA-style citations.
3. Refer to the Comparative Analysis Assessment Exemplar [PDF]for an example of how to translate the information from the table into a written paper.
   • Note that the assessment exemplar is written about the evolution of physicians’ practices and not hospital care, which is the topic for this assessment.
   • Do not copy the exemplar text into your paper. You should submit original written work about the evolution of hospitals in your paper.
4. Write an introduction to the paper using the Comparative Analysis Template [DOCX].
   • Include a brief explanation of the purpose of the paper and main ideas.
   • Reference significant trends that you noticed as appropriate.
   • Refer to the Writing Supportpage on Campus for resources to help you as you write and revise your paper.
5. Write the body of the paper.
   • Write the Hospital Care Evolutionsection in the assessment template, using the information from the Comparative Analysis Table you completed.
     • Describe your findings about each topic in the different time periods under each subtopic heading.
     • Explain the trends in hospital environment, medical staff education, level of care in hospitals, and the payment systems in a short paragraph (3–4 sentences) for each topic, using the subheadings provided in the assessment template.
     • Cite all references used within the body of your paper using APA-style citations.
   • Write the Comparative Analysissection (1–2 paragraphs) in the assessment template.
     • Write a brief summary of your comparisons and analysis about the significance of the key changes from the different time periods. 
     • Draw conclusions about how the hospital industry has evolved from the 1800s to the 1960s to today and about the significance of the key milestones from the different time periods.
     • Give specific examples of the impact on the quality of patient care during these time frames.

6. Write a conclusion paragraph where you summarize the main ideas included in the paper.
   • Explain why it is important to study the history of hospital care for your profession.

Additional Requirements

• Your paper should be 3 pages, in addition to the title page, appendix, and reference page.
• Double space your paper, and use Times New Roman, 12-point font, as indicated in the assessment template.
• Use a minimum of three resources; you may include the textbook.
• Complete all parts of the assessment template, using the headings provided in the template.
• Support all points with credible evidence, in the form of APA citations.Refer to Evidence and APA in the Capella Writing Center for help with using APA style.
• Include a references page in APA format with appropriate citations.
• Complete the Comparative Analysis Table: Hospital Care Evolutiontable in the appendix of the assessment template.

Competencies Measured

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and scoring guide criteria:

• Competency 1: Analyze trends in the U.S. health care system from a historical perspective.
  • Compare and contrast the hospital environments of the 1800s, 1960s, and today.
  • Compare and contrast the level of care provided in hospitals of the 1800s, 1960s, and today.
  • Compare and contrast the payment systems in the hospitals of the 1800s, 1960s, and today.
  • Draw conclusions about how the hospital industry has evolved from the 1800s, to the 1960s, to today.
• Competency 3: Analyze the development of medical education in the United States.
  • Compare and contrast the staff education level in hospitals of the 1800s, 1960s, and today.
• Competency 4: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and respectful of the diversity, dignity, and integrity of others.
  • Appropriately addresses all components of the assessment prompt, using the assessment description to structure text.
  • Apply APA formatting to in-text citations and references.

 

 

Health Care in History

• Young, K. M., & Kroth, P. J. (2018). Sultz & Young’s health care USA: Understanding its organization and delivery(9th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. Available in the courseroom via the VitalSource Bookshelf link.
  • Chapter 1, “Overview of Health Care: A Population Perspective,” pages 1–21.
  • Chapter 2, “Benchmark Developments in the U.S. Health Care System,” pages 23–43.
• The U.S. Health Care Timeline.
  • Review this timeline for the major milestones in health care in the United States.
• Cai, C., Runte, J., Ostrer, I., Berry, K., Ponce, N., Rodriguez, M., Bertozzi, S., White, J. S., & Kahn, J. G. (2020). Projected costs of single-payer healthcare financing in the United States: A systematic review of economic analyses.PLoS Medicine, 17(1), 1–18.
  • This article is an analysis of the fiscal feasibility of having a single-payer health care system in the United States.
• Tuohy, C. H. (2019). Political accommodations in multipayer health care systems: Implications for the United States.American Journal of Public Health, 109(11), 1501–1505.
  • This article provides the chance to learn from other developed countries’ experiences with single-payer universal health care and apply it to the U.S. multi-payer system.
• Morone, J. A. (2010). Presidents and health reform: From Franklin D. Roosevelt to Barack Obama.Health Affairs, 29(6), 1096–1100.
  • This resource offers a historical timeline of the U.S. health care system reforms from Roosevelt to Obama.
• (n.d.). Healthcare crisis: Who’s at risk?http://www.pbs.org/healthcarecrisis/index.htm
  • This website offers a variety of topics related to health care.
  • Click on the Healthcare Timelinein the left menu of the website, under The Issues heading.

 

 

Hospital Evolution

• Young, K. M., & Kroth, P. J. (2018). Sultz & Young’s health care USA: Understanding its organization and delivery(9th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. Available in the courseroom via the VitalSource Bookshelf link
  • Chapter 4, “Hospitals: Origin, Organization, and Performance,” pages 71–107.
• Schwartz, C. C., Ajjarapu, A. S., Stamy, C. D., & Schwinn, D. A. (2018). Comprehensive history of 3-year and accelerated US medical school programs: A century in review.Medical Education Online, 23(1), 1.
  • This article includes a chronological look at the changes in U.S. medical schools from the years 1800 to 2017.
• Gruber, J., & Levy, H. (2009). The evolution of medical spending risk.Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23(4), 25–48.
  • This article explains the evolution of private and public health care expenditures from 1960 to 2007.
• Bai G., Yehia F., & Anderson G. F. (2020). Charity care provision by US nonprofit hospitals.JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(4), 606–607.
  • This article addresses the IRS not-for-profit hospital requirement to provide charity care, or uncompensated care, to medically needy and low income patients.
• The Joint Commission. (n.d.). History of the Joint Commission.https://www.jointcommission.org/about-us/facts-about-the-joint-commission/history-of-the-joint-commission/
  • This resource shows a historical timeline and milestones of the Joint Commission (JC) and hospital quality initiatives (HQI) from 1910 to 2020.
• Key Milestones in the History of Medicare and Medicaid Timeline.
  • Changes in health care quality have both influenced Medicare and Medicaid and vice versa.

 

 

Evolution of the Hospital Industry: A Comparative Analysis Scoring Guide

CRITERIA	NON-PERFORMANCE	BASIC	PROFICIENT	DISTINGUISHED
Compare and contrast the hospital environments of the 1800s, 1960s, and today.	Does not address the hospital environments of the 1800s, 1960s, and today.	Describes but does not compare and contrast the hospital environments of the 1800s, 1960s, and today.	Compares and contrasts the hospital environments of the 1800s, 1960s, and today.	Compares and contrast the hospital environments of the 1800s, 1960s, and today. Gives specific examples of the impact on the quality of patient care during these time frames.
Compare and contrast the staff education level in hospitals of the 1800s, 1960s, and today.	Does not address the staff education level in hospitals of the 1800s, 1960s, and today.	Describes but does not compare and contrast the staff education level in hospitals of the 1800s, 1960s, and today.	Compares and contrasts the staff education level in hospitals of the 1800s, 1960s, and today.	Compares and contrasts the staff education level in hospitals of the 1800s, 1960s, and today. Gives specific examples of the impact on the quality of patient care during these time frames.
Compare and contrast the level of care provided in hospitals of the 1800s, 1960s, and today.	Does not address the level of care provided in hospitals of the 1800s, 1960s, and today.	Describes but does not compare and contrast the level of care provided in hospitals of the 1800s, 1960s, and today.	Compares and contrasts the level of care provided in hospitals of the 1800s, 1960s, and today.	Compares and contrasts the level of care provided in hospitals of the 1800s, 1960s, and today. Gives specific examples of the impact on the quality of patient care during these time frames.
Compare and contrast the payment systems in the hospitals of the 1800s, 1960s, and today.	Does not address the payment systems in the hospitals of the 1800s, 1960s, and today.	Describes but does not compare and contrast the payment systems in the hospitals of the 1800s, 1960s, and today.	Compares and contrasts the payment systems in the hospitals of the 1800s, 1960s, and today.	Compares and contrasts the payment systems in the hospitals of the 1800s, 1960s, and today. Gives specific examples of the impact on the quality of patient care during these time frames.
Draw conclusions about how the hospital industry has evolved from the 1800s, to the 1960s, to today.	Does not address how the hospital industry has evolved from the 1800s, to the 1960s, to today.	Compares and contrasts but does not draw conclusions about how the hospital industry has evolved from the 1800s, to the 1960s, to today.	Draws conclusions about how the hospital industry has evolved from the 1800s, to the 1960s, to today.	Draws conclusions about how the hospital industry has evolved from the 1800s, to the 1960s, to today. Supports conclusions with several appropriate and significant references and citations from the professional literature.
Appropriately addresses all components of the assessment prompt, using the assessment description to structure text.	Does not address the assessment prompt.	Writing lacks a clear purpose or message that inhibits effective communication with the intended audience.	Appropriately addresses all components of the assessment prompt, using the assessment description to structure text.	Appropriately addresses all components of the assessment prompt and uses the prompt to guide organization. Additionally, shares information relevant to all assessment components at a level that communicates clear meaning.
Apply APA formatting to in-text citations and references.	Does not apply APA formatting to in-text citations and references.	Applies APA formatting to in-text citations and references incorrectly and/or inconsistently, detracting noticeably from good scholarship.	Applies APA formatting to in-text citations and references.	Exhibits strict and nearly flawless adherence to APA formatting of in-text citations and references.