NURS 6050 Walden University Wk 10 California Prenatal Screening Program Template

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NURS 6050 Walden Vaccine Hesitancy Comparison Between US and Ukraine Worksheet

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NURS 6050 Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health

REPLY TO ONE STUDENT DISCUSSION – Week 1

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Presidential Agendas”

Regardless of political affiliation, every citizen has a stake in healthcare policy decisions. Hence, it is little wonder why healthcare items become such high-profile components of presidential agendas. It is also little wonder why they become such hotly debated agenda items.

To Prepare:

• Review the Resources and reflect on the importance of agenda setting.
• Consider how federal agendas promote healthcare issues and how these healthcare issues become agenda priorities. NURS 6050 Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health

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By Day 3 of Week 1

Post your response to the discussion question: Consider a topic that rises to the presidential level. How did each of the presidents (Trump, Obama, and Bush) handle the problem? What would you do differently? “ATTENTION  REPLY TO STUDENT DISCUSSION THIS TIME> YOU NEED TO CITE THE REPLY AND PROVIDE REFERENCES AT LEAST 3. “

RESOURCES/REFERENCES

Required Readings

Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

• Chapter 1, “Informing Public Policy: An Important Role for Registered Nurses” (pp. 11–13 only)
• Chapter 2, “Agenda Setting: What Rises to a Policymaker’s Attention?” (pp. 17–36)
• Chapter 10, “Overview: The Economics and Finance of Health Care” (pp. 171–180)
• Chapter 12, “An Insider’s Guide to Engaging in Policy Activities” NURS 6050 Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health

• “Creating a Fact Sheet” (pp. 217-221)

DeMarco, R., & Tufts, K. A. (2014). The mechanics of writing a policy brief. Nursing Outlook, 62(3), 219–224. doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2014.04.002

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Kingdon, J. W. (2001). A model of agenda-setting, with applications. Law Review, M.S.U.-D.C.L., 2(331).

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Lamb, G., Newhouse, R., Beverly, C., Toney, D. A., Cropley, S., Weaver, C. A., Kurtzman, E., … Peterson, C. (2015). Policy agenda for nurse-led care coordination. Nursing Outlook, 63(4), 521–530. doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2015.06.003

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

O’Rourke, N. C., Crawford, S. L., Morris, N. S., & Pulcini, J. (2017). Political efficacy and participation of nurse practitioners. Policy, Politics, and Nursing Practice, 18(3), 135–148. doi:10.1177/1527154417728514

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Enhancing Environmental Health Content in Nursing Practice, Pope, A. M., Snyder, M. A., & Mood, L. H. (Eds.). (n.d.). Nursing health, & environment: Strengthening the relationship to improve the public’s health. Retrieved September 20, 2018.

USA.gov. (n.d.). A-Z index of U.S. government departments and agencies. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.usa.gov/federal-agencies/a

USA.gov. (n.d.). Executive departments. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.usa.gov/executive-departments

The White House. (n.d.). The cabinet. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-trump-administration/the-cabinet/

USA.gov. (n.d.). Executive departments. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.usa.gov/executive-departments

The White House. (n.d.). The cabinet. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-trump-administration/the-cabinet/

Student A.A

RE: Discussion – Week 1

COLLAPSE

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                From 1999-2018, there were close to 450,000 people who died from an opioid overdose, including prescription and illicit opioids in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), focuses on certain areas with trying to control this massive public health issue. Some of the areas the CDC works towards is monitoring trends, building state and local tribal capacities, supporting providers, healthcare systems, and payors, partnering with public safety officials and community organizations, and increasing public awareness (CDC, 2020).

President Trump’s ideas and tactics behind defeating the opioid epidemic include, reducing the drug demand through education, awareness, and prevention; cutting off the flow of illicit drugs across the U.S. borders as well as within communities; and saving lives by expanding opportunities for evidence-based treatments for opioid addiction. On September 19th, 2018, the Trump administration gave more than one billion dollars in funding to state and local entities for the cause of this epidemic. Some of the efforts to reduce the over prescribing of opioids, included implementing a Safer Prescribing Plan which sought to cut nationwide opioid prescription fills by one-third in three years; calling for 95 percent of opioid prescriptions reimbursed by Federal healthcare to be issued using best practices within five years; and helping states transition to a nationally interoperable network of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs.          The Trump Administration issued 90.9 million dollars in Drug-Free Communities Support Program to 731 local drug prevention coalitions. High dose opioid prescriptions fell by 16 percent since Trump took office and in 2017, and the number of first-time heroin users ages 12 and older dropped more than 50 percent. There are other strategies being conducted to improve this crisis by the Trump Administration, such as working to keep drugs from entering the country, with cutting off land borders, and insuring first responders are provided naloxone to reverse opioids (Whitehouse.gov, 2018). NURS 6050 Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health

In 2010, former President Obama, released his first National Drug Control Strategy, which emphasized the need to act upon opioid use disorders and overdose, also while ensuring that individuals with pain are administered safe and effective treatment. The following year, the White House released its national Prescription Drug Abuse Prevention Plan. And in the year of 2015, the White House delivered the launching of the Prescription Drug Overdose: Prevention for States Program through the CDC. The Prevention for States Program would award states between 750,000 and 1 million dollars each year to be used for enhancing prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs); working on prevention in communities; working with health systems, insurers, and professional providers to assist them in making informed decisions regarding prescribing pain medication; and responding to new and emerging overdose issues through innovative projects (Wilson, J.J & Morgan, R.B., 2015).

In 2016, the Obama administration announced the plan to grant funding to fight the opioid epidemic. 53 million dollars was to be shared with 44 states to expand access to treatment, enhance data collection and curb abuse of opioid across the country. The grants were to fund prescriber training and education, to help increase the access to medication-assisted treatment and increase the prevalence of opioid overdose medications such as Naloxone (Petruzzelli, M., 2016).

Former President George W. Bush was determined to fight the opioid crisis when he took office in 2001. He set aggressive goals in order to reduce the drug issue in the United States; one tactic which included to reduce youth drug use by ten percent in two years. His primary focus was on three elements: to stop drug use before it stated, healing drug users, and disrupting the market for illicit drugs. There were numerous tactics used in these interventions, but overall, from the years of 2001-2006, illicit drug use declined among high schoolers (The White House, 2006).

After comparing the different tactics used by these three presidents, I personally, and putting any affiliation aside, agree more so with changing the laws on prescribing opioids to be more helpful in tackling this epidemic. I also appreciate the strong will which former President Bush had, on decreasing abuse from youth, as prevention is something, I am abundantly passionate about. Obama had great ideas as far as expanding access to treatment, and allocating a great deal of money to various states for the use of prevention and drug monitoring; however, I either over looked, or didn’t see much evidence of the Obama Administration, working toward changing laws as to prescribing opioids by providers. NURS 6050 Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health

References

CDC. (2020). Understanding the Epidemic. Retrieved from

https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/epidemic/index.html

Petruzzelli, M. (2016). Obama Administration Awards Money to Fight Opioids, Fund PDMPs. Retrieved from https://www.thenationalcouncil.org/capitol-connector/2016/09/obama- administration-awards-money-fight-opioids-fund-pdmps/

The White House. (2006). National Drug Control Strategy. Retrieved from

https://www.justice.gov/archive/olp/pdf/ndcs06.pdf

Whitehouse.gov. (2018). President Donald J. Trump’s Initiative to Stop Opioid Abuse and Reduce Drug Supply and Demand. Retrieved from    https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trumps-initiative-stop-opioid-abuse-reduce-drug-supply-demand-2/

Wilson, J.J. and Morgan, R. B. (2015). Obama Administration Initiatives to Address Prescription Drug Abuse and Heroin Use. Retrieved from         https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/obama-administration-initiatives-to-address- prescription-drug-abuse-and-heroin-use.aspx

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NURS 6050 Walden University Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Discussion

Respond to Two students’ Discussion for Week 3

Learning Objectives

Students will:

• Analyze how cost-benefit analysis affects legislative efforts
• Analyze legislative intent of bills
• Identify proponents and opponents of bills
• Analyze legislative process of bills
• Advocate policy position for bills

Discussion: Politics and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Regardless of political affiliation, individuals often grow concerned when considering perceived competing interests of government and their impact on topics of interest to them. The realm of healthcare is no different. Some people feel that local, state, and federal policies and legislation can be either helped or hindered by interests other than the benefit to society.

Consider for example that the number one job of a legislator is to be reelected. Cost can be measured in votes as well as dollars. Thus, it is important to consider the legislator’s perspective on either promoting or not promoting a certain initiative in the political landscape. NURS 6050 Walden University Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Discussion

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To Prepare:

• Review the Resources and reflect on efforts to repeal/replace the Affordable Care Act (ACA).
• Consider who benefits the most when policy is developed and in the context of policy implementation.

By Day 3 of Week 3

Post an explanation for how you think the cost-benefit analysis in terms of legislators being reelected affected efforts to repeal/replace the ACA. Then, explain how analyses of the voters views may affect decisions by legislative leaders in recommending or positioning national policies (e.g., Congress’ decisions impacting Medicare or Medicaid). Remember, the number one job of a legislator is to be re-elected. Please check your discussion grading rubric to ensure your responses meet the criteria.

Do RESPOND TO TWO Colleagues By Day X of Week 3

Respond to at least two of your colleagues* on X different days by expanding on their explanation and providing an example that supports their explanation or respectfully challenging their explanation and providing an example.

Student 1 (A,A)

Cost/benefit analysis plays a critical role in assisting leaders in government in making improved decisions on distributing limited tax dollars. This technique has not been used greatly at the federal level for a consecutive amount of years. Certain states have utilized this technique to help with individual programs, for example, evaluating whether an economic development incentive is cost-effective in creating jobs (Urahn, S.K., 2012). I personally feel it all depends on the legislator running for office and their personal views on the healthcare system in general. If the candidate feels that the money being used for the ACA could be used “better” somewhere else, then this could impact their idea to repeal/replace the ACA.  NURS 6050 Walden University Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Discussion

29.8 million people would lose their health insurance across the nation, if the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was repealed. This would double the number of individuals without health insurance; also resulting in 1.2 million jobs being lost across the board. I feel that legislators, once again, have their own minds set on policies and the healthcare system. The ideal way of handling this situation, would be to look at the statistics of how many individuals in the nation are being supported with the ACA. Also, reviewing the statistics/data which is stated above, can help guide the candidate to making decisions.  The voice of the people is fairly strong and needs to be taken account of in the decision making of legislators. Seeing that the “number one job of a legislator is to be re-elected”, it is ideal that the candidate proves the words which they speak of. We have seen too much of “speaking with no action” in our history. Candidates need to understand that in order to be re-elected, the people want to see positive change that will impact all citizens in a positive way.

Typically elected officials want to make good policy. As they think about how they can make a difference, they ask themselves “What is the smart course of action to take?” During this process, unbiased, independent research is very important in helping them make decisions. Legislators must consider the “Triangle Test”, which consists of “Do my constitutes care about this issue?”, “Is this good policy for the Nation and does this make sense?”, and “Is this press worthy?” (National Council for the Social Studies, n.d.)

References

Economic Policy Institute. (n.d.). How would repealing the Affordable Care Act affect health care and jobs in your state? Retrieved from https://www.epi.org/aca-obamacare-repeal-impact/

National Council for the Social Studies. (n.d.). How Legislators Make Decisions. Retrieved from https://www.socialstudies.org/advocacy/how-legislators-make-decisions

Urahn, S.K. (2012). The Cost Benefit Imperative. Retrieved from https://www.governing.com/columns/mgmt-insights/col-cost-benefit-outcomes-states-results-first.html

Student 2 (S,J)

Professor I disagree with they idea that the number one job of a legislator is to be reelected. Legislators are members of the legislative branch of government and should be tasked with serving the people by proposing bills having votes and passing laws that are in the interest of the people and the democracy. The reality of this scenario however, is not what actually occurs in Congress. There are a number of interest groups and private and cooporate entities and individuals that influence these legislators and influence the laws that they propose. Unfortunately, the topic of health care falls is treated similarly by legislators. Health care is a polarizing topic in America, while most may agree that health care should b e universally accessible determining how to fund it is where the quagmire  begins. Additionally, presidential elections and local elections are often seen by legislators as mandates by the people to get their agenda completed. This however is not often the case. Under President Obama there was the passage of the Affordable Care Act, “which permits young adults up to age 26 to enroll as dependents on a parent’s private health care insurance and additionally made insurance companies have to cover individuals with existing underlying conditions”(Cantor, Monheit, DeLia Lloyd, 2012). Under the current administration there is a similar belief that they also have a mandate by the people to repeal the Affordable Care Act, their efforts to do so have been tied up in the courts and has put them out of touch with reality also because they are still trying to repeal the law during a pandemic when there are millions of people who desperately need health care due to preexisting conditions and also the threat of the virus. NURS 6050 Walden University Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Discussion

Additionally, it should be noted that it was documented that an “estimated 30 million Americans are expected to gain health insurance through the
Affordable Care Act (ACA), and a healthy and sizable workforce will be needed to meet the increased demand”(Anderson, 2014) It should be noted that when policy works the way it was intended to the people and the country benefit as can be seen in the aforementioned statistics. However when self interest groups have control over politicians , these groups and their political interest alone benefit. NURS 6050 Walden University Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health Discussion

Learning Resources

Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.

Required Readings

Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

• Chapter 3, “Government Response: Legislation” (pp. 37–56)
• Chapter 10, “Overview: The Economics and Finance of Health Care” (pp. 180–183 only)

Congress.gov. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.congress.gov/

Taylor, D., Olshansky, E., Fugate-Woods, N., Johnson-Mallard, V., Safriet, B. J., & Hagan, T. (2017). Corrigendum to position statement: Political interference in sexual and reproductive health research and health professional education. Nursing Outlook, 65(2), 346–350. doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2017.05.003

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

United States House of Representatives. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.house.gov/

United States Senate. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.senate.gov/

United States Senate. (n.d.). Senate organization chart for the 115th Congress. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.senate.gov/reference/org_chart.htm

Videos Provided by the University

Laureate Education (Producer). (2018). Working with Legislators [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

Laureate Education (Producer). (2018). Introduction to Health Policy and Law with Joel Teitelbaum [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

Laureate Education (Producer). (2018). Contemporary Issues in Public Health Policy with Joel Teitelbaum [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

Laureate Education (Producer). (2018). Peter Beilenson: Population Health [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

Discussion Grading Rubric