STDs Assignment Paper

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The factors that affect fertility (STDs)


Factors affecting fertility include age, the timing of sexual intercourse, type of lifestyle (use of alcohol, cigarette smoking, weight, exercises), and prescription or over-the-counter drugs. For this case scenario, STDs are the most integral factor affecting fertility. Studies show that STDs such as gonorrhea and Trichomoniasis are associated with the development of fallopian tube damage (Smolarczyk et al., 2021) STDs Assignment Paper . Cases of STDs may present like pelvic inflammatory disease, which can involve the female reproductive organs. Studies associate pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) with tubal factor infertility, proving STDs are significant factors that face infertility.


 


Why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID.


Bacteria and other microorganisms are responsible for pelvic inflammatory disease and STDs. The presence of the pathogens in the body induces the secretion of cytokines and interleukins 1, 6 and 8 (Paulis, 2018). Interleukin 1 works in synergy with the Tumor Necrosis Factor to propagate the inflammatory process. The infiltration of substantial quantities of Tumor Necrosis Factor into organs (including organs in the pelvic) activates neutrophil-activating peptides. These inflammatory markers may be tested in the laboratory as C-reactive protein and procalcitonin. STDs Assignment Paper


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Why prostatitis and infection happens. Also explain the causes of systemic reaction.


Prostatitis occurs from the inflammatory process at the stroma lying close to prostate acini. Infections may take the form of acute bacterial, chronic or PID. Systemic spread of bacterial infection from the urinary tract into the prostate or from the lymph through the rectum may induce a systemic reaction. Acute prostatic bacterial infection may cause a systemic reaction. STIs including gonorrhea, chlamydia and human immunodeficiency virus are common causes of systemic infection.


Need for splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP


Following the development of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, the spleen may destroy and remove platelets from the circulation after wrongly considering them as foreign. According to Cooper and Ghanima (2019), a person diagnosed with ITP would require splenectomy to prevent unnecessary damage to platelets.


Anemia and the different kinds of anemia


Anemia is the condition of having a hemoglobin level that is lower than expected level for the respective age or gender (Bengi et al., 2018). The different kinds of anemia include:


    

  • Hypo-proliferative anemias – include normocytic, microcytic, and macrocytic anemia based on the mean corpuscular volume
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  • Hypo-proliferative microcytic anemia – include anemia caused by chronic diseases, thalassemia, and iron deficiency anemia
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  • Hypo-proliferative macrocytic anemia – these anemias may drug-induced, or involve deficiencies in vitamin b12 and folate, alcohol, liver disease STDs Assignment Paper
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  • Hypo-proliferative normocytic anemia – aplastic anemia
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References


Bengi, G., Keyvan, H., Durmaz, S. B., & Akpınar, H. (2018). Frequency, types, and treatment of anemia in Turkish patients with inflammatory bowel disease. World journal of gastroenterology, 24(36), 4186.


Cooper, N., & Ghanima, W. (2019). Immune thrombocytopenia. New England Journal of Medicine, 381(10), 945-955.


Paulis, G. (2018). Inflammatory mechanisms and oxidative stress in prostatitis: the possible role of antioxidant therapy. Research and Reports in Urology, 10, 75.


Smolarczyk, K., Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska, B., Rudnicka, E., Szukiewicz, D., Meczekalski, B., Smolarczyk, R., & Pieta, W. (2021). The Impact of Selected Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Diseases on Pregnancy and Female Fertility. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(4), 2170. STDs Assignment Paper