Assessment 3 Instructions: Data Analysis and Quality Improvement Initiative Proposal
Assessment 3 Instructions: Data Analysis and Quality Improvement Initiative Proposal
Assessment 3 Instructions: Data Analysis and Quality Improvement Initiative Proposal
Prepare an 8-10 page data analysis and quality improvement initiative proposal based on a health issue of interest. Include internal and external benchmark data, evidence-based recommendations to improve health care quality and safety, and communication strategies to gain buy-in from all interprofessional team members responsible for implementing the initiative.
Introduction
Health care providers are perpetually striving to improve care quality and patient safety. To accomplish enhanced care, outcomes need to be measured. Next, data measures must be validated. Measurement and validation of information support performance improvement. Health care providers must focus attention on evidence-based best practices to improve patient outcomes. Assessment 3 Instructions: Data Analysis and Quality Improvement Initiative Proposal
Health informatics, along with new and improved technologies and procedures, are at the core of all quality improvement initiatives. Data analysis begins with provider documentation, researched process improvement models, and recognized quality benchmarks. All of these items work together to improve patient outcomes. Professional nurses must be able to interpret and communicate dashboard information that displays critical care metrics and outcomes along with data collected from the care delivery process.
For this assessment, use your current role or assume a role you hope to have. You will develop a quality improvement (QI) initiative proposal based on a health issue of professional interest. To create this proposal, analyze a health care facility’s dashboard metrics and external benchmark data. Include evidence-based recommendations to improve health care quality and safety relating to your selected issue. Successful QI initiatives depend on the support of nursing staff and other members of the interprofessional team. As a result, a key aspect of your proposal will be the communication strategies you plan to use to get buy-in from these team members.
Preparation
To develop the QI initiative proposal required for this assessment, you must analyze a health care facility’s dashboard metrics. Choose Option 1 or 2 according to your ability to access dashboard metrics for a QI initiative proposal. Assessment 3 Instructions: Data Analysis and Quality Improvement Initiative Proposal
Option 1
If you have access to dashboard metrics related to a QI initiative proposal of interest to you, complete the following:
Analyze data from the health care facility to identify a health care issue or area of concern. You will need access to reports and data related to care quality and patient safety. For example, in a hospital setting, you would contact the quality management department to obtain the needed data. It is your responsibility to determine the appropriate resource to provide the necessary data in your chosen health care setting. If you need help determining how to obtain the needed information, consult your faculty member for guidance.
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Include in your proposal basic information about the health care setting, size, and specific type of care delivery related to the identified topic. Please abide by Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) compliance standards.
Option 2
If you do not have access to a dashboard or metrics related to a QI initiative proposal:
Use the hospital data set provided in Vila Health: Data Analysis. You will analyze data to identify a health care issue or area of concern.
Include in your proposal basic information about the health care setting, size, and specific type of care delivery related to the identified topic.
Instructions
Use your current role or assume a role you would like to have. Choose a quality improvement initiative of professional interest to you. Your current organization is probably working on quality improvement initiatives that can be evaluated, so consider starting there. Assessment 3 Instructions: Data Analysis and Quality Improvement Initiative Proposal
To develop your proposal you will:
Gather internal and external benchmark data on the subject of your quality improvement initiative proposal.
Analyze data you have collected.
Make evidence-based recommendations about how to improve health care quality and safety relating to your chosen issue.
Remember, your initiative’s success depends on the interprofessional team’s commitment to the QI initiative. Think carefully about these stakeholders and how you plan to include them in the process, as they will help you develop and implement ideas and sustain outcomes. Also, remember how important external stakeholders, such as patients and other health care delivery organizations, are to the process. As you are preparing this assessment, consider carefully the communication strategies you will employ to include the perspectives of all internal and external stakeholders in your proposal.
The following numbered points correspond to grading criteria in the scoring guide. The bullets below each grading criterion further delineate tasks to fulfill the assessment requirements. Be sure that your proposal addresses all of the content below. You may also want to read the scoring guide to better understand the performance levels related to each grading criterion.
Analyze data to identify a health care issue or area of concern.
Identify the type of data you are analyzing from your institution or from the Vila Health activity.
Explain why data matters. What does data show related to outcomes?
Analyze the dashboard metrics. What else could the organization measure to enhance knowledge?
Present dashboard metrics related to the selected issue that are critical to evaluating outcomes.
Assess the institutional ability to sustain processes or outcomes.
Evaluate data quality and its implications for outcomes.&
Determine whether any adverse event or near-miss data needs to be factored in to outcomes and recommendations. Assessment 3 Instructions: Data Analysis and Quality Improvement Initiative Proposal
Examine the nursing process for variations or performance failures that could lead to an adverse event or near miss.
Identify trends, measures, and information needed to critically analyze specific outcomes.
Specify desired outcomes related to prevention of adverse events and near misses.
Analyze which metrics indicate future quality improvement opportunities.
Develop a QI initiative proposal based on a selected health issue and supporting data analysis.
Determine benchmarks aligned to existing QI initiatives set by local, state, or federal health care policies or laws.
Identify any internal existing QI initiatives in your practice setting or organization related to the selected issue. Explain why they are insufficient.
Evaluate external national or international QI initiatives on the selected health issue with existing quality indicators from other facilities, government agencies, and nongovernmental bodies on quality improvement.
Define target areas for improvement and the processes to be modified to improve outcomes.
Propose evidence-based strategies to improve quality.
Analyze challenges that meeting prescribed benchmarks can pose for a health care organization and the interprofessional team.
Communicate QI initiative proposal based on interdisciplinary team input to improve patient safety and quality outcomes and work-life quality.
Define interprofessional roles and responsibilities relating to data and the QI initiative.
Explain how to ensure all relevant interprofessional roles are fully engaged in this effort.
Identify how outcomes will be measured and data used to inform interprofessional team performance related to specific tasks.
Reflect on the impact of the proposed initiative on work-life quality of the interprofessional team.
Describe how the initiative enhances work-life quality due to improved strategies supporting efficiency.
Determine communication strategies to promote quality improvement of interprofessional care.
Identify interprofessional communication strategies that will help to promote and ensure the success of the QI initiative.
Identify communication models, such as SBAR and CUS, to include in your proposal.
SBAR stands for Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation.
CUS stands for “I am Concerned about my resident’s condition; I am Uncomfortable with my resident’s condition; I believe the Safety of the resident is at risk.”
Consult this resource for additional information about these fundamental evidence-based tools to improve interprofessional team communication for patient handoffs:
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). (n.d.). Module 2: Communicating change in a resident’s condition. https://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/systems/long-term-care/resources/facilities/ptsafety/ltcmod2ap.html
Communicate QI initiative proposal in a professional, effective manner, writing clearly and logically, with correct use of grammar, punctuation, and spelling. Assessment 3 Instructions: Data Analysis and Quality Improvement Initiative Proposal
Integrate relevant sources to support arguments, correctly formatting citations and references using APA style.
Example Assessment: Refer to QI Initiative Proposal Exemplar [PDF] for an idea of what an assessment given a proficient or higher rating on the scoring guide would look like.
Additional Requirements
Submission length: 8-10 typed, double-spaced pages of content plus title and reference pages.
Font: Times New Roman, 12 point.
Number of references: Cite a minimum of five current scholarly and/or authoritative sources to support your QI initiative proposal. Current means no older than 5 years unless a seminal work.
APA formatting: Citations and references need to adhere to APA style and formatting guidelines. Consult these resources for an APA refresher:
Evidence and APA.
APA Module.
American Psychological Association. (n.d.). APA style. https://www.apastyle.org/
Competencies Measured
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and scoring guide criteria:
Competency 1: Plan quality improvement initiatives in response to adverse events and near-miss analyses.
Determine whether any adverse event or near-miss data must be factored in to outcomes and recommendations.
Competency 2: Plan quality improvement initiatives in response to routine data surveillance.
Develop a QI initiative proposal based on a selected health issue and supporting data analysis.
Competency 3: Evaluate quality improvement initiatives using sensitive and sound outcome measures.
Analyze data to identify a health care issue or area of concern.
Competency 4: Integrate interprofessional perspectives to lead quality improvements in patient safety, cost effectiveness, and work life quality.
Communicate QI initiative proposal, based on interdisciplinary team input, to improve patient safety and quality outcomes and work-life quality.
Competency 5: Apply effective communication strategies to promote quality improvement of interprofessional care.
Integrate relevant sources to support arguments, correctly formatting citations and references using APA style.
Determine evidence-based communication strategies to promote quality improvement of interprofessional care.
Communicate QI initiative proposal in a professional, effective manner, writing clearly and logically, with correct use of grammar, punctuation, and spelling.
Two examples. See Resources you can use
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2013). Preventing falls in hospitals. https://www.ahrq.gov/patient-safety/settings/hospital/fall-prevention/toolkit/index.html
- Armstrong, G. (2019). Quality and safety education for nurses teamwork and collaboration competency: Empowering nurses. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 50(6), 252-255.
- Beiler, J., Opper, K., & Weiss, M. (2019). Integrating research and quality improvement using TeamSTEPPS: A health team communication project to improve hospital discharge. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 33(1), 22-32
- Braithwaite, J. (2018). Changing how we think about healthcare improvement. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 361.
- Bush, N. J., Goebel, J. R., Hardan-Khalil, K., & Matsumoto, K. (2020). Using a quality improvement model to implement distress screening in a community cancer setting. Journal of the Advanced Practitioner in Oncology, 11(8), 825-834.
- This article showcases examples of strategic QI projects.
- Buttigieg, S. C., Pace, A., & Rathert, C. (2017). Hospital performance dashboards: A literature review. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 31(3), 385-406.
- Kellogg, K. C., Gainer, L. A., Allen, A. S., O’Sullivan, T., & Singer, S. J. (2017). An intraorganizational model for developing and spreading quality improvement innovations. Health Care Management Review, 42(4), 292-302.
- This article showcases examples of strategic QI projects.
- Joint Commission. (2021). National Patient Safety Goals. https://www.jointcommission.org/standards_information/npsgs.aspx
- Melo, S. (2018). The role of place on healthcare quality improvement: A qualitative case study of a teaching hospital. Social Sciences & Medicine, 202, 136-142.
- Montgomery, L., Fave, P., Freeman, C. R., Hijal, T., Maietta, C., Parker, W., & Kildea, J., (2018). Development and implementation of a radiation therapy incident learning system compatible with local workflow and a national taxonomy [PDF]. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 19(1), 259-270. Assessment 3 Instructions: Data Analysis and Quality Improvement Initiative Proposal
- Nursing Masters (MSN) Research Guide.
- You may wish to conduct additional independent research as you prepare for Assessment 3. This guide can help direct you to appropriate, credible, and valid resources.
- Rondinelli, J., Zuniga, S., Kipnis, P., Kawar, L. N., Liu, V., & Escobar, G. J. (2018). Hospital-acquired pressure injury: Risk-adjusted comparisons in an integrated healthcare delivery system. Nursing Research, 67(1), 16-25.
- Rumalla, K., Smith, K. A., Follett, K. A., Nazzaro, J. M., & Arnold, P. M. (2018). Rates, causes, risk factors, and outcomes of readmission following deep brain stimulation for movement disorders: Analysis of the U.S. nationwide readmissions database. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 171, 129-134.
- Sari, N., Rotter, T., Goodridge, D., Harrison, L., & Kinsman, L. (2017). An economic analysis of a system wide Lean approach: Cost estimations for the implementation of Lean in the Saskatchewan healthcare system for 2012-2014C. Health Services Research, 17.
- Walsh, J., Messmer, P. R., Hetzler, K., O’Brien, D. J., & Winningham, B. A. (2018) Standardizing the bedside report to promote nurse accountability and work effectiveness. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 49(10), 460-466.
- Wolak, E., Overman, A., Willis, B., Hedges, C., & Spivak, G. F. (2020). Maximizing the benefit of quality improvement activities: A spread of innovations model. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 35(3), 199-205.
- Zhu, J., Stadeli, K. M., Pandit, K., Zech, J., Ludwig, A., Harris, K., Naughton, H., Yi, J., Davidson, G. H., & Kritek, P. A. (2020). Standardizing nightly huddles with surgical residents and nurses to improve interdisciplinary communication and teamwork. The American Journal of Surgery, 219(5), 769-775.
Running head: DATA ANALYSIS AND QUALITY IMPROVEMENT INITIATIVE PROPOSAL 1
Data Analysis and Quality Improvement Initiative Proposal
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
DATA ANALYSIS AND QUALITY IMPROVEMENT INITIATIVE PROPOSAL 2
Data Analysis and Quality Improvement Initiative Proposal
Introduction
There is a constant pursuit for improvement in the quality of care among hospitals across
the world. Improving the quality of care increases the positive health outcomes among patients,
leads to a better working environment, and also raises the reputation of the hospitals as more
people seek their services. However, the improvement in quality can only be realized through
efficient quality improvement innovations, support from the administration and the medical staff,
evidence-based practices, continuous learning, the working together of different healthcare
stakeholders, and effective communication.
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Nurses play a great role in contributing to quality improvement initiatives in healthcare
organizations. They are involved in frequent interactions with the patients and this makes them
important in every effort to improve the quality of care. The dashboard metrics from a healthcare
organization can help to identify the different problems in a healthcare institution and can be the
foundation of quality improvement initiatives. The aim of quality improvement is to improve on
the weaknesses in the hospital to ensure a high-quality care to all the patients. The Vila Health
dashboard provides the hospice information for the year 2014 and 2015. The information
includes both near misses and events that resulted in potential harm to the patients. The quality
indicators used in the report are the length of stay, inpatient unit, pain, and symptom.
Analysis if the dashboard metrics
Patients in hospice care require a lot of attention from the physicians and nurses in a
healthcare facility. The level of care offered to patients in hospice care determines the level of
quality offered at the hospital. It shows how the hospital takes care of its most vulnerable patients
and this can be used as a benchmark on whether the hospital upholds the highest quality
standards. Interdisciplinary professionals such as nurses, dieticians, ancillary medical staff,
pharmacists, physicians, and therapists attend to the patients in hospice care. They all work
together to ensure the safety and comfort of these patients.
DATA ANALYSIS AND QUALITY IMPROVEMENT INITIATIVE PROPOSAL 3
Table 1
Hospice Unit-Year LOS IPU Pain level Symptom
2014 50 47 13 13
2015 46 27 17 22
The data from the hospice care revealed that the length of stay decreased from 50 to 46
days and the IPU number also decreased from 47 to 27. On the contrary, there was an increase
the number of patients with a high pain level from 13 in the year 2014 to 17 in the year 2015 and
the symptoms also increased from 13 in 2014 to 22 in the year 2015. Assessment 3 Instructions: Data Analysis and Quality Improvement Initiative Proposal
Inasmuch as some of the quality indicators showed an improvement, the increase in the
patients experiencing high pain and symptoms is not a good indication of the quality of care at
the hospital. High-quality care should be effective, safe, reliable, patient-centered, equitable, and
efficient (Sfantou et al., 2017). The poor management of pain in hospice care lowers the quality
of life for the patients (Cea et al., 2016). The assessment and management of pain in hospice care
have a direct effect on the quality of care for the patients. The reduction in the length of stay is
not significant enough to portray quality improvement at the hospital. The length of stay in the
hospital influences the rate of readmission. A long length of stay at the hospital is associated with
high rates of readmission (Sud et al., 2017). Therefore, hospitals should strive to lower the length
of stay of patients to improve the quality of care. The rate of readmission as a result of staying
long at the hospital has a high cost on both the patients and the hospital. In the United States,
hospitals readmit approximately 20% of Medicare patients within 30 days after discharge and
this leads to an annual cost of $17 billion (Sud et al., 2017). The readmissions also show that
there is a low quality of care at the hospital and this is a bad reputation that most hospitals would
like to avoid.
The information about the length of stay, pain level, and symptoms portray a deficiency
in the quality of care and this can have negative implications on the healthcare stakeholders.
DATA ANALYSIS AND QUALITY IMPROVEMENT INITIATIVE PROPOSAL 4
They lower the satisfaction of the patients with the quality of care, and this limits the number of
patients that the hospital attends to due to the lost confidence in the capabilities of the hospital
and its staff. The reduction in the number of patients has an effect on the hospital revenue and
also lowers the reimbursement from insurance companies and this can lower the motivation of
the staff which further affects the quality of care negatively. The length of stay, symptoms, and
pain level indicate the need for quality improvement.
Quality Initiative Proposal
Efficient nursing leadership is important in improving the quality of care for patients in
every healthcare setting. Effective leadership is essential to improving the quality of care in
healthcare organizations (Sfantou et al., 2017). Therefore, a change in leadership will help in
enhancing the quality of care in the healthcare facility. The repercussions on hospitals in case of
readmission, which increases with the length of stay, encourage hospitals to lower the length of
stay for patients and improve other quality measures such as the pain level and symptoms for the
hospice care patients. In the year 2012, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
instigated the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program (HRRP). The HRRP allows Medicare
and Medicaid Services to lower the payments to hospitals that have high rates of readmission
within 30 days after a patient is discharged (Khouri et al., 2017). Therefore, every hospital must
strive to improve the quality of care offered to its patients.
The existing quality improvement initiatives are ineffective. The leadership style does not
motivate the nursing staff enough to ensure they contribute to improving the quality of care for
the hospice patients. Effective leadership should motivate the healthcare staff and lead to visible
improvements within the care facilities. The lack of any significant improvement after a whole
year shows the level of incompetence in the leadership. It portrays a lack of commitment,
dedication, leading by example, and encouraging the nurses to become better through motivating
them and providing an environment for their development.
DATA ANALYSIS AND QUALITY IMPROVEMENT INITIATIVE PROPOSAL 5
The leadership style can be changed to ensure an improvement in quality. The patient
outcome can be improved by encouraging healthcare staff such as nurses in the hospice care unit
to acquire more skills through different learning methods or working closely with the
experienced nurses in the facility. The motivation of nurses will help them to feel like part of the
organization and will improve their productivity. Leadership determines the level of trust that
healthcare staff has with the healthcare facility. Good leadership results in the development and
strengthening of trust and this promotes the productivity of the nursing staff. Therefore, a change
in the style of leadership will result in positive improvements that further lower the length of
stay, the symptoms, and the number of patients who experience high levels of pain. Changing
from the current leadership style to transformational leadership will help to improve the health
outcomes. Transformational leadership is portrayed by motivating the staff and developing good
relationships with them. Transformational leaders inspire staff respect, confidence and
communicate loyalty through their shared vision which leads to improved productivity, job
satisfaction, and the strengthening of employee morale (Sfantou et al., 2017). Transformational
leadership in the organization will help to improve the productivity of the nurses, enhance their
job satisfaction, and improve their morale leading to better health outcomes for the hospice
patients.
The Model for Improvement can be used as an evidence-based strategy for improving the
quality of hospice care. The strategy offers a way to structure the improvement projects and it
contains two distinct parts. The first section has three questions that ask what is to be
accomplished, how to determine if there is an improvement and the changes that will result in the
improvement. The hospital aims to accomplish better quality of care for the hospice patients. It
will know if there are improvements based on the number of patients who experience the
different measures of quality. For example, a significant decline in the number of patients who
DATA ANALYSIS AND QUALITY IMPROVEMENT INITIATIVE PROPOSAL 6
stay long at the hospital or experience great pain will indicate an improvement. The necessary
change to achieve improvement in quality is the transformational leadership style. The Model for
Improvement has a Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle that will also help to implement the
changes at the hospital. The stages of the PDSA cycle include planning, doing, studying, and
acting. Assessment 3 Instructions: Data Analysis and Quality Improvement Initiative Proposal
Plan: This is the initial stage and includes planning for the test. The hospital can plan for
this change by identifying methods of collecting data during the test to know if they are
making changes. They can also plan the section of the hospice care to use for the initial
test.
Do: It involves trying out the test on a small scale. The hospital can use a small section of
the hospice care or a sample of patients to test the effect of the change in leadership style.
Study: It involves comparing band analyzing the data collected before the study and after
implementing the change. It helps to understand the effectiveness of the change and
whether it is worth implementing.
Act: At this stage, the change is refined based on the discovery from the comparisons and
analysis of data.
Quality indicators approved by the Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality include
mortality, utilization, and volume indicators. Therefore, the changes in the volume of patients can
help in determining the level of the quality of care in a hospital. The interprofessional team can
meet the challenge of not understanding the full scope of the problem since only four quality
indicators are used in the experiment. They should use the other indicators set by the benchmark
such as mortality and utilization indicators to understand the extent of the problem. The available
information also shows only the problem existing in the hospice care and no other areas within
the facility. This limits the implementation of the change to the hospice care unit only yet the
problem could be emanating from a different department in the hospital. Including information
DATA ANALYSIS AND QUALITY IMPROVEMENT INITIATIVE PROPOSAL 7
from other departments in the hospital and testing the change in leadership on them too can help
to improve the situation in the whole hospital.
Integrate Interprofessional Perspectives to Lead Quality Improvements
Interprofessional perspectives can help in improving the quality of care. The
professionals are gifted in different areas and they can combine their knowledge and skills in
specific areas to improve the quality of care in healthcare organizations. Interprofessional
collaboration is the ability of every healthcare professional to embrace the complementary
responsibilities in a team, share problem-solving responsibilities, work cooperatively, and make
decisions that contribute to efficient patient care (Busari, Moll, & Duits, 2017). The nurses and
physicians will have to work collaboratively to improve the quality of care. I will ensure the
roles are fully engaged by ensuring that there are professionals assigned to every part of
improving the quality of care. There will be people responsible for every quality indicator from
the provided data. The initiative will incorporate the concept of interpersonal relationships. It
will help in improving the relationship between the team members and lead to better outcomes.
The outcomes to measure the effect of the intervention will help the interprofessional team to
understand whether they succeeded in developing a good team that can improve care or not. It
will provide guidance on what they should improve on and what they are doing best and should
maintain. The proposed initiative will improve the work-life quality of the staff and the
interprofessional team through collegial relationships. Collegial relationships between healthcare
professionals improve their work-life quality and promote job satisfaction (Nowrouzi et al.,
2016). It will empower the nurses and members of the interprofessional team leading to better
work-life quality.
Effective Communication Strategies to Promote Quality Improvement
Effective communication is essential for the success of the interprofessional team. The
Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS) can help in
DATA ANALYSIS AND QUALITY IMPROVEMENT INITIATIVE PROPOSAL 8
improving communication among the members of the interprofessional team. The tools provided
by the strategy give an evidence-based framework that enhances communication in teams. The
strategy eliminates subjectivity and emotional charge to allow team members to work together
effectively (Keller et al., 2013). This provides a good environment for communication and
increases confidence and competence when responding to and resolving conflicts. The proposal
will also include the SBAR communication model. The model is effective in effective
assessment of situations. It looks into the situation and background before making an assessment
and recommendations. This helps to provide a better perspective when solving problems because
of the vast information acquired using the communication model.
Conclusion
It is essential for healthcare facilities to continuously improve their quality to ensure
better care for the patients. An interprofessional team can work together to improve the quality of
care and lower the number of patients who experience excessive pain and also decrease the
length of stay in the hospital, leading to lower readmission rates. Improving the quality of care
will result in better outcomes for all stakeholders. Using the PDSA cycle, strategies such as
TeamSTEPPS, and the SBAR communication model will enhance the interaction and efficiency
of the interprofessional team leading to quality improvement and better health outcomes.
DATA ANALYSIS AND QUALITY IMPROVEMENT INITIATIVE PROPOSAL 9
References
Busari, J. O., Moll, F. M., & Duits, A. J. (2017). Understanding the impact of interprofessional
collaboration on the quality of care: a case report from a small-scale resource limited
health care environment. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 10, 227. doi:
[10.2147/JMDH.S140042] Assessment 3 Instructions: Data Analysis and Quality Improvement Initiative Proposal
Cea, M. E., Reid, M. C., Inturrisi, C., Witkin, L. R., Prigerson, H. G., & Bao, Y. (2016). Pain
assessment, management, and control among patients 65 years or older receiving hospice
care in the US. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 52(5), 663-672. doi:
[10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2016.05.020]
Keller, K. B., Eggenberger, T. L., Belkowitz, J., Sarsekeyeva, M., & Zito, A. R. (2013).
Implementing successful interprofessional communication opportunities in health care
education: a qualitative analysis. International Journal of Medical Education, 4, 253. doi:
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Khouri, R. K., Hou, H., Dhir, A., Andino, J. J., Dupree, J. M., Miller, D. C., & Ellimoottil, C.
(2017). What is the impact of a clinically related readmission measure on the assessment
of hospital performance? BMC Health Services Research, 17(1), 781. doi:
[10.1186/s12913-017-2742-x]
Nowrouzi, B., Giddens, E., Gohar, B., Schoenenberger, S., Bautista, M. C., & Casole, J. (2016).
The quality of work life of registered nurses in Canada and the United States: a
comprehensive literature review. International Journal of Occupational and
Environmental Health, 22(4), 341-358. doi: [10.1080/10773525.2016.1241920]
Sfantou, D. F., Laliotis, A., Patelarou, A. E., Sifaki-Pistolla, D., Matalliotakis, M., & Patelarou,
E. (2017, October). Importance of leadership style towards quality of care measures in
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[10.3390/healthcare5040073]
Sud, M., Yu, B., Wijeysundera, H. C., Austin, P. C., Ko, D. T., Braga, J., … & Lee, D. S. (2017).
Associations between short or long length of stay and 30-day readmission and mortality
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in hospitalized patients with heart failure. JACC: Heart Failure, 5(8), 578-588.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2017.03.012 Assessment 3 Instructions: Data Analysis and Quality Improvement Initiative Proposal
