NURS 6501 Walden University Wk 4 Cardiovascular Systems Discussion
NURS 6501 Walden University Wk 4 Cardiovascular Systems Discussion
Description
I did submitted the pathophysiology assignment, but the professor has not graded, yet she gave me another chance to rewrite it and the turn it in system gave to my paper a 75% of copy and paste as per professor. I need a tutor that can check my paper write it in a way that turn it in system percentage be below 45%. I sent the attach paper for tutor to review it. Please make sure that % is low not copy and paste. NURS 6501 Walden University Wk 4 Cardiovascular Systems Discussion
Week 4 Assignment NURS 6501 Advanced pathophysiology
Module 2: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders
ORDER A PLAGIARISM FREE PAPER NOW
Week 3 Concepts of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders
The circulatory system and the respiratory system are powerful partners in health. While they work closely together in good health, a disease or disorder that manifests in one can have a significant impact on both, hampering the pair’s ability to collaborate.
Cardiovascular and respiratory disease and disorders are among the most common reasons for hospital visits, and among the leading causes of fatality. Heart disease and pneumonias are among the most familiar, but a wide variety of issues can impact physiological functioning of one or both systems.
This week, you examine fundamental concepts of cardiovascular and respiratory disorders. You explore common diseases and disorders that impact these systems, and you apply the key terms and concepts that help communicate the pathophysiological nature of these issues to patients.
Learning Objectives
Students will:
- Analyze concepts and principles of pathophysiology across the lifespan
Week 4: Alterations in the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
Cardiovascular and respiratory disorders can quickly become dangerous healthcare matters, and they routinely land among the leading causes of hospital admissions. Disorders in these areas are complicated by the fact that these two systems work so closely as contributors to overall health. APRNs working to form a similarly close partnership with patients must demonstrate not only support and compassion, but expertise to guide the understanding of diagnoses and treatment plans. This includes an understanding of patient medical backgrounds, relevant characteristics, and other variables that can be factors in their diagnoses and treatments.
This week, you examine alterations in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and the resultant disease processes. You also consider patient characteristics, including racial and ethnic variables, and the impact they have on altered physiology.
Learning Objectives
Students will:
- Analyze processes related to cardiovascular and respiratory disorders
- Analyze alterations in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and the resultant disease processes
- Analyze racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning
- Evaluate the impact of patient characteristics on disorders and altered physiology
Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis
An understanding of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. This importance is magnified by the fact that these two systems work so closely together. A variety of factors and circumstances that impact the emergence and severity of issues in one system can have a role in the performance of the other.
Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond these systems and their capacity to work together. The impact of patient characteristics, as well as racial and ethnic variables, can also have an important impact.
Photo Credit: yodiyim / Adobe Stock
An understanding of the symptoms of alterations in cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.
In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.
To prepare:
By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study scenario for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.
Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)
In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following
- The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
- Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
- How these processes interact to affect the patient.
Assignment-Module2 week 4
WEEK #4 TOPIC
Posted on: Sunday, March 14, 2021 11:59:00 PM EDT
Scenario 1: 76-year-old female patient complains of weight gain, shortness of breath, peripheral edema, and abdominal swelling. She has a history of congestive heart failure and admits to not taking her diuretic, as it makes her “have to get up every couple hours to go to the bathroom.” She now has to sleep on two pillows in order to get enough air.
This week, you examine alterations in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and the resultant disease processes. You also consider patient characteristics, including racial and ethnic variables, and the impact they have on altered physiology.
Learning Objectives
Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)
In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following
- The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
- Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
- How these processes interact to affect the patient.
-
ORDER A PLAGIARISM FREE PAPER NOW
By Day 7 of Week 4
Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The sample paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates). All papers submitted must use this formatting.
Learning Resources
McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
- Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems; Summary Review
- Chapter 33: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function (stop at Dysrhythmias); Summary Review
- Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System; Summary Review
- Chapter 36: Alterations of Pulmonary Function (stop at Disorders of the chest wall and pleura); (obstructive pulmonary diseases) (stop at Pulmonary artery hypertension); Summary Review
Note: The above chapters were first presented in the Week 3 resources. If you read them previously you are encouraged to review them this week.
Note: The above article was first presented in the Week 3 resources. If you read it previously you are encouraged to review it this week.
Alterations in the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems – Week 4 (15m)
Accessible player –Downloads– Download Video w/CC Download Audio Download Transcript
Pneumonia
Note: The approximate length of the media program is 13 minutes.
(Previously reviewed in Week 3)
Online Media from Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
In addition to this week’s media, it is highly recommended that you access and view the resources included with the course text, Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. Focus on the videos and animations in Chapters 32, 33, 35, and 36 that relate to cardiorespiratory systems and alteration in cardiorespiratory systems. Refer to the Learning Resources in Week 1 for registration instructions. If you have already registered, you may access the resources at https://evolve.elsevier.com/
See Rubric Detail for grading
Name: NURS_6501_Module2_Case Study_Assignment_Rubric
| Excellent | Fair | Poor | ||||
| Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis, examing the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following: Explain both the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes of why the patient presents these symptoms. | 28 (28%) – 30 (30%)
The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms. The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed reasons, with explanation for both the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. |
23 (23%) – 24 (24%)
The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague or inaccurate. The response includes reasons for the cardiovascular and/or cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes, with explanations that are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research. |
0 (0%) – 22 (22%)
The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague and inaccurate, or the description is missing. The response does not include reasons for either the cardiovascular or cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes, or the explanations are vague or based on inappropriate or no evidence/research. |
|||
| Explain how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient. | 28 (28%) – 30 (30%)
The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient. |
23 (23%) – 24 (24%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient. |
0 (0%) – 22 (22%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient. |
|||
| Explain any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning. | 23 (23%) – 25 (25%)
The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. |
18 (18%) – 19 (19%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, and/or explanations based on inappropriate evidence/research. |
0 (0%) – 17 (17%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, or the explanations are based on inappropriate or no evidence/research. |
|||
| Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization: Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria. |
5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria. |
3 (3%) – 3 (3%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time. Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are vague or off topic. |
0 (0%) – 2 (2%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time. No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion were provided. |
|||
| Written Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation |
5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors. |
3 (3%) – 3 (3%)
Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. |
0 (0%) – 2 (2%)
Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding. |
|||
| Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list. | 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Uses correct APA format with no errors. |
3 (3%) – 3 (3%)
Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors. |
0 (0%) – 2 (2%)
Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors. |
|||
| Total Points: 100 | ||||||
Name: NURS_6501_Module2_Case Study_Assignment_Rubric
Pathophysiology Assignment #2
Student:
Walden University
Professor:
Date: 03/28/21
Outline for Pathophysiology Week 4 Assignment #2
I. Intruduction
II. The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
III. Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
IV. How these processes interact to affect the patient, and implications to patient health.
Scenario 1: 76-year-old female patient complains of weight gain, shortness of breath, peripheral edema, and abdominal swelling. She has a history of congestive heart failure and admits to not taking her diuretic, as it makes her “have to get up every couple hours to go to the bathroom.” She now has to sleep on two pillows in order to get enough air
Intruduction
Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome caused by the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body. HF can result from any disorder that reduces ventricular filling (dyastoloic dysfunction) and/or myocardial contractility (systolic dysfunction). It can be inherited or acquired abnormality of cardiac structure. It will develop a constellation of symptoms (dyspnea and fatigue) and signs (edema and rales) that lead to frequent hospitalizations, a por quality of life, and a short life expentancy. In developed countries, coronary artery disease (CAD), and hypertension has become the predominant cause in men and women and responsible for 60-70% of HF.
The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes
This patient presented with classical signs and symptoms of weight gain, shortness of breath, peripheral edema, and abdominal swelling. She has a history of congestive heart failure and admits to not taking her diuretic, as it makes her “have to get up every couple hours to go to the bathroom.” She now has to sleep on two pillows in order to get enough air. The patient clearly admits that she is not compliant with medications regimen as ordered. This patient is experiencing an acute heart failure exacerbation with fluid overload. The pathophysiology involve in heart failure is very complex. The causes of systolic dysfunction (decreased contractility) are reduction in muscle mass, dilated cardiomyopathies, and ventricular hypertrophy can be caused by pressure overload as in systemic or pulmonary hypertension and aortic or pulmonic valve stenosis, also volume overload for example, valvular regurgitation, shunts, and high-output states. The causes of diastolic dysfunction (restriction of ventricular filling) are increased ventricular stiffness, ventricular htpertrophy, infiltrative myocardial diseases, myocardial diseases, myocardial ischemia and MI, mitral or tricuspid valve stenosis, and pericardial disease. As cardiac function decreases after myocardial injury, the heart relies on the following compensatory mechanisms: (1) tachycardia and increased contractility through sympathetic nervous system activation, (2) increased preload increases stroke volume, (3) vasoconstriction, and (4) ventricular hypertrophy and remodeling. Although these compensatory mechanisms initially maintain cardiac function they are responsible for the symptoms of HF and contribute to disease progression (McCance & Huether, 2019).
The neurohormonal model of HF recognizes that initiating events such as acute MI leads to decreased cardiac output but that the HF state then becomes a systemic disease whose progression is mediated largely by neurohormones and autocrine/paracrine factors. These substances include angiotensin II, norepinephrine, aldosterone, natriuretic peptides, arginines vasopressin and enthelins peptides, proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a and various interleukins, and endothelins-1 (McCance & Huether, 2019). Therfore, persistent neuro-humoral activation induces maladaptive processes resulting in detrimental ventricular remodelling and organ dysfunction. Based on that, pharmacological therapies that inhibit the sympathetic and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems.
Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
Racial and ethnic differences in the underlying etiology and pathophysiology of heart failure may contribute to differences in outcomes. Heart failure is commonly associated with diabetes and hypertension in black patients, while white patients have higher rates of coronary disease leading to ischemic cardiomyopathy. Similarly, black, Hispanic, and Asian patients had more hypertension, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease compared to white patients. Black patients have a 50% higher incidence of HF that occurs at an earlier age than white patients, and the other ethnic groups with epidemiological studies suggesting 30% to 50% hospitalized with incident HF have HFpEF (Chen et al., 2020).
Epidemiological studies suggest more rapid progression of HF in black patients, and explanations have included higher prevalence of key risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity; possibility of disparate health care; worse socioeconomic status; and potential differences in physiological responses to elevated blood pressure. It is noted that minority patients hospitalized for heart failure may be healthier than whites to explain the discrepancy between lower mortality and higher readmission rates for minority patients (Chen et al., 2020)
How these processes interact to affect the patient, and implications to patient health.
Heart failure affect the patient life style mostly by intolerance of the activities of daily living. The patient presentation may range form asymptomatic to cardiogenic shock, the primary symptoms are dysnea (particularly on exertion) and fatigue, which lead to exercise intolerance. Other pulmonary symptoms include orthopnea ( patient needs to sleep on two pillows in orhter to breath), paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, tachypnea, and cough. Fluid overload can result in pulmonary congestion and peripheral edema. Nonspecific symptoms may include fatigue, nocturia, hemoptysis, abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, bloated ascites, poor appetite, mental status changes, and weight gain. Physical examination findings may include pulmonary crackles and S3 gallop, and cool extremities, Cheyne-Stockes respirations, tachycardia, narrow –pulse pressure, cardiomegaly, symptoms of pulmonary edema (extreme breathlessness, anxiety, sometimes with coughing and pink frothy sputum), peripheral edema, jugular venous distention, hepatojugular reflux, and hepatomegaly. (Bills, & Rose, 2021).
References
Bills, G. W., & Rose, C. (2021). Principles of pharmacology for respiratory care.
Chen J, Normand SL, Wang Y, Krumholz HM. National and regional trends in heart failure hospitalization and mortality rates for Medicare beneficiaries, 2020. JAMA. 2011;306(15):1669–78. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic
Mosby/Elsevier. basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO:
