NURS 6521 Advance Health Assessment Fecal Occult Blood Test

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NURS 6521 Advance Health Assessment Fecal Occult Blood Test

NURS 6521 Advance Health Assessment Fecal Occult Blood Test

NURS 6512 Advance Health Assessment Week 3 Assignment (Instructions and Rubric)

Option 1 Diagnostic Tests assigned to students in Groups A 

Assignment Option 1: Adult Assessment Tools or Diagnostic 
Case: Fecal Occult Blood Test

The Assignment

Assignment (3–4 pages, not including title and reference pages):

Assignment Option 1: Adult Assessment Tools or Diagnostic Tests:
Include the following:

  • A description of how the assessment tool or diagnostic test you were assigned is used in healthcare.
    • What is its purpose?
    • How is it conducted?
    • What information does it gather?
  • Based on your research, evaluate the test or the tool’s validity and reliability, and explain any issues with sensitivity, reliability, and predictive values. Include references in appropriate APA formatting. NURS 6521 Advance Health Assessment Fecal Occult Blood Test

To Prepare

  • Review this week’s Learning Resources and consider factors that impact the validity and reliability of various assessment tools and diagnostic tests. You also will review examples of pediatric patients and their families as it relates to BMI.
  • By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to one of the following Assignment options by your Instructor: Adult Assessment Tools or Diagnostic Tests (option 1), or Child Health Case (Option 2). Note:Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignments from your Instructor.
  • Search the Walden Library and credible sources for resources explaining the tool or test you were assigned. What is its purpose, how is it conducted, and what information does it gather?

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Also, as you search the Walden library and credible sources, consider what the literature discusses regarding the validity, reliability, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, ethical dilemmas, and controversies related to the test or tool.

Fecal occult blood test

 Student’s name

Institution

Course code

Due date

Fecal occult blood test

Assessment tools play an essential role in ensuring that health care practitioners can recognize any health issue or risk that a patient may be experiencing and design steps to help eradicate the ailment.

There are numerous assessment procedures and tools used in health care facilities for various diseases, ranging from those used for children to those used for adults

This study focuses on the Fecal Occult Blood Test. It examines the purpose of the test, information gathered, and validity, reliability, and sensitivity.

Colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer is among the most common cancers reported globally (Issa et al., 2017). It affects all populations, regardless of color, ethnicity, gender, or financial position. In the absence of adequate screening, both diagnosis and treatment are delayed. NURS 6521 Advance Health Assessment Fecal Occult Blood Test

Fecal occult blood testing is one of the numerous methods for screening for colon cancer, and it is safe to use in asymptomatic individuals. It assists in the early detection of cancer by directing patient selection for follow-up tests such as colonoscopies (Issa et al., 2017).

FOBT is not required for high-risk or symptomatic patients, who should instantly be referred to a gastroenterologist for further checkups and therapy.

When fecal occult blood testing is misused or performed incorrectly, unnecessary testing, greater healthcare costs, and longer hospitalization. As a result, it should be performed only when considered necessary

The purpose of fecal occult blood test

The fecal occult blood test involves collecting stool samples and determining whether or not they contain occult. The main goal of this test is to detect any blood in stool samples, especially in individuals who have colorectal cancer.

The presence of occult in the feces indicates that the patient has colon cancer (Liles et al., 2017). Given that only a small volume of blood can isolate from the stool, it requires other tests to determine its cause or the bleeding location.

This test is mainly used to assess individuals who have signs and symptoms of colon cancer. But still, this screening is not always reliable, and other procedures, such as a colonoscopy, must be performed to confirm if the patient has colon cancer (Liles et al., 2017).

To produce satisfactory results, patients are advised to avoid eating red meat, using any analgesic, or taking vitamin C supplements that might interfere with the test. In short, the prime purpose of a fecal occult blood test is to detect the presence of blood in stool samples from people suspected to have colon cancer.

How It Is Conducted

This test is often conducted before colonoscopy in individuals suspected to have colon owing to their presenting symptoms. According to Akram et al., 2017, three primary types of fecal occult blood tests vary in collection procedures and analysis.

For instance, the immunochemical fecal occult blood test (iFOBT) is a non-invasive blood test performed at home. Anyone can perform this test following the guideline which healthcare practitioners must supply. iFOBT test has three subtypes which are performed following their guideline.

Among these subtypes, the guaiac smear test requires collecting stool samples from three different bowel movements. These stool samples must be preserved in three separate glass vials. During collection, the patient must guarantee that the sample does not contact water or urine.

Once the sample has been collected, they must be spread in the different test strips, label and sealed as directed by the physician, and then transported to a laboratory.

Another type of fecal blood test, termed fecal immunochemical FOBT test, requires gathering stool samples from two to three bowel movements.

Unlike the iFOBT test, the collection requires a special brush often included in the collection box (Pioche et al., 2018). Fecal immunochemical FOBT test requires that the sample be smeared onto the test card, labeled, packed, and shipped to the laboratory.

A flushable reagent blood test is performed at home using disposable pads. This test requires the patient to place the pad or tissue throughout the bowl and detects blood in the tissue or pad. This test takes around 6 to 10 days, including proper preparation.

To get the most accurate results, certain foods, for instance, red meat, medication like NSAIDs, Colchicine, must be avoided during the test (Akramet al, 2018).

 Information Gathered

The fecal blood test results can either be positive or negative. If no blood is found on the stool samples, the test is deemed negative. If the fecal blood test was intended to test for colorectal cancer, the patient must be advised to wait for a while before repeating the test procedure (Singal et al.,2018).

The presence of blood in the stool can indicate bleeding within the intestine. This is not necessary cancer as there are many health complications, for example, ulcerative colitis, Crohns diseases, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, and polyps which might generate the findings.

And so, an additional test, for instance, colonoscopy, must be conducted to determine the precise size and source of the bleeding. NURS 6521 Advance Health Assessment Fecal Occult Blood Test

Validity and Reliability

Validity

When choosing a test, validity is an essential consideration. It relates to how well the test measures. The value of test scores is provided by validity.

In most cases, it refers to the diagnostic test’s ability to distinguish between persons who have or do not have a particular healthcare issue. In fecal blood tests, it can discriminate between individuals who have and do not have colorectal cancer.

Specificity and sensitivity are two criteria that may be used to assess validity. Specificity entails classifying persons as disease-free. It is connected to negative FOBT findings. Sensitivity classifies people as ill, and it is related to positive FOBT findings, which indicate that the person has colon cancer (Le Pimpec ey al., 2017).

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The predictive value is a parameter used to assess the accuracy of a clinical diagnosis. In essence, predictive value refers to the number of times a positive or negative assessment is typically the actual value.

Screenings utilizing gFOBT in the case of fecal blood tests may be impaired by an increased likelihood of false-positive findings, particularly if the patient does not adhere to food restrictions.

Reliability

Reliability is the consistency with which a test evaluates a feature. The reproducibility and accuracy of test findings determine reliability. It has been linked to improved accuracy and sensitivity in detecting invasive cancer in the context of a fecal blood test (Le Pimpec et al., 2017).

The reliability of fecal blood tests is determined by comparing test results to the eventual accurate diagnosis.

References

Singal, A. G., Corley, D. A., Kamineni, A., Garcia, M., Zheng, Y., Doria-Rose, P. V., … & Halm, E. A. (2018). Patterns and Predictors of Repeat Fecal Occult Blood Test Screening in Four Large Health Systems in the United States. The American journal of gastroenterology, 113(5), 746.

Pioche, M., Ganne, C., Gincul, R., De Leusse, A., Marsot, J., Balique, J., … & Ponchon, T. (2018). Colon capsule versus computed tomography colonography for colorectal cancer screening in patients with positive fecal occult blood test who refuse colonoscopy: a randomized trial. Endoscopy, 50(08), 761-769.

Akram, A., Juang, D., Bustamante, R., Liu, L., Earles, A., Ho, S. B., … & Gupta, S. (2017). Replacing the guaiac fecal occult blood test with the fecal immunochemical test increases proportion of individuals screened in a large healthcare setting. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 15(8), 1265-1270.

Liles, E. G., Coronado, G. D., Perrin, N., Harte, A. H., Nungesser, R., Quigley, N., … & deVos, T. (2017). Uptake of a colorectal cancer screening blood test is higher than of a fecal test offered in clinic: a randomized trial. Cancer Treatment and Research Communications, 10, 27-31.

Le Pimpec, F., Moutel, G., Piette, C., Lièvre, A., & Bretagne, J. F. (2017). Fecal immunological blood test is more appealing than the guaiac-based test for colorectal cancer screening. Digestive and Liver Disease, 49(11), 1267-1272.

Issa, I. A., & Noureddine, M. (2017). Colorectal cancer screening: An updated review of the available options. World journal of gastroenterology, 23(28), 5086. NURS 6521 Advance Health Assessment Fecal Occult Blood Test