Introduction to Neuroanatomy
Introduction to Neuroanatomy
The anatomy of the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron. A general overview of electrical impulse conduction, the pathway it travels, and the net result at the termination of the impulse. The structural and functional units of the nervous system are the neuron. The axon is a bundle of nerves found throughout the body. Across long distances, the axons and dendrites allow neurons to communicate. Different types of neurons control or perform different activities. The neuron is made up of a nucleus, a cell body, and axons and dendrites; each is important in conduction electrical signals throughout these cells. These synapses enable communication electrically and chemically within the neuron. (What Are the Parts of the Nervous System? 2018). • What are the major components that make up the subcortical structures? The diencephalon, pituitary gland, limbic structures, and basal ganglia are subcortical structures, a group of diverse neural formations deep within the brain. They are involved in complex activities such as memory, emotion, pleasure, and hormone production. (Vasković, 2021) Introduction to Neuroanatomy•
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Which component plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction? A role in learning, memory, and addiction is within the limbic, hippocampus, and amygdala, while the limbic system enables emotion and memory processes; the hippocampus is essential for learning, memory, and body homeostasis, but the Limbic stimulate pleasurable sensations and causes euphoria of drugs than can result in abuse of drugs. Amygdala enables our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to memories (Lumen Learning, n.d.). Hippocampus mediates a cognitive and spatial form of memory, whereas the dorsal striatum mediates stimulus-response habit memory (Goodman & Packard, 2016). Hippocampus is an essential structure for learning and memory. Amygdala is involved in tying emotional meaning to our memories. The hypothalamus regulates several homeostatic processes, including regulating body temperature, appetite, and blood pressure (Lumen Learning, n.d.). • What are the two critical neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that plays a significant role in motor control? The two critical neurotransmitters in the nigra striatal region are divided into the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the substantia nigra pars reticulate (SNr). GABAergic neurons of the SNr stimulate or inhibit movement depending on the input signal. Neurons of the SNc produce Dopamine, which stimulates movement; the dopaminergic nucleus plays a critical role in modulating motor movement and reward functions as part of the basal ganglia (Reddy, Beato, 2020). Introduction to Neuroanatomy • How glia cells function in the central nervous system. Glia, also called glial cells or neuroglia, are non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system that do not produce electrical impulses. They maintain homeostasis, form myelin in the peripheral nervous system, and provide support, and neurons receive nutrients from glia cells and protection (Wikipedia contributors, 2021). Glial cells provide support and protection to the neurons (nerve cells), maintain homeostasis, clean up debris, and form myelin. They essentially work to care for the neurons and the environment (Guy-Evans, 2021). • What part of the neurons communicates with each other, and in which direction does this communication occur? Communication between neurons occurs at tiny gaps called synapses, where specialized parts of the two cells, the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons, come within nanometers of one another to allow for chemical transmission. Neurotransmitters either help excite or hinder (inhibit) neuron B from firing an action potential, which is the fundamental unit of communication between neurons; it occurs when the total of all the excitatory and inhibitory inputs makes the neuron’s membrane potential reach around -50 mV, a value called the action potential threshold. Neurons communicate through electrical events called action potentials and chemical neurotransmitters; at the junction between two neurons synapses, an action potential causes the neuron to release a chemical neurotransmitter (Action Potentials and Synapses, 2017). • The concept of “neuroplasticity.” Neural plasticity, called neuroplasticity or brain plasticity, allows the nervous system to change its activity in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli by reorganizing its structure, functions, or connections; it is an important factor in neurorehabilitation. Neural plasticity allows the nervous system to modify the strength and efficacy of synaptic transmission through many activity-dependent mechanisms. It is a significant factor in brain lesions leading to visual dysfunction, the ischemic brain lesion (Mateos-Aparicio, 2019). Reference Action potentials and synapses. (2017, November 9). Queensland Brain Institute – University of Queensland. Retrieved December 4, 2021, from https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain-basics/brain/brain-physiology/action-potentials-and-synapses#:%7E:text=Key%20facts%3A%20action%20potential%20and,to%20release%20a%20chemical%20neurotransmitter. Goodman, J., & Packard, M. G. (2016)Introduction to Neuroanatomy. Memory systems and the addicted brain. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00024 Guy-Evans, O. (2021, June 9). Glial cells types and functions – Simply Psychology. Simply Psychology. Retrieved December 5, 2021, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/glial-cells.html#:%7E:text=Primarily%2C%20glial%20cells%20provide%20support,the%20environment%20they%20are%20in Lumen Learning. (n.d.). The limbic system and other brain areas | introduction to Psychology. Lumen. Retrieved December 3, 2021, from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-psychology/chapter/reading-the-limbic-system-and-other-brain-areas/ Mateos-Aparicio, P. (2019, February 27). The impact of studying brain plasticity. Frontiers. Retrieved December 4, 2021, from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2019.00066/full#:%7E:text=Neural%20plasticity%2C%20also%20known%20as,structure%2C%20functions%2C%20or%20connections. Sonne J, Reddy V, Beato MR. Neuroanatomy, Substantia Nigra. [Updated 2020 Nov 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536995/ Vasković, J. (2021, October 5). Subcortical structures. Kenhub. https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/subcortical-structures-anatomy What are the parts of the nervous system? (2018, October 1). U.S.Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved December 5, 2021, from https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/neuro/conditioninfo/parts Wikipedia contributors. (2021, November 11). Glia. Wikipedia. Retrieved December 5, 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glia I need a review and correction of this submitted paper Introduction to Neuroanatomy
