Literature Review For A Research Proposal Assignment
Literature Review For A Research Proposal Assignment
Research Proposal Draft
By the due date assigned, write a (2-3 pages on APA format) paper addressing the sections below of the research proposal.
This week you will submit the Literature Review section of your proposal. The review of literature is a critical, analytical summary and synthesis of the current knowledge of your research topic. Thus it should compare and relate different theories, findings, etc., rather than just summarize them individually.
Research Question
In adults patients who have a high risk to develop heart disease (P), how does a nurse-led health education campaign about risk factors of heart disease (I) compared to a control group without education (C) reduce the incidence of the condition (O) over three years period (T)? Literature Review For A Research Proposal Assignment
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Current research worldwide has established that skin cancer is a growing problem with increased incidence of occurrence, naming melanoma as the deadliest one from them all. Researchers agree, that in the United States, skin cancer is one of the most common cancers types, with the occurrence of malignant melanoma increasing (Cassel et al., 2018; Falzone et al., 2017; Hillhouse et al., 2016; Hingle et al., 2014; Mcwhirter, & Hoffman-Goetz, 2012; Moon, Kang & Lee, 2018; Watson et al., 2013, Williams, Grogan, Clark-Carter & Buckley, 2013). In summary the key concept of the studies is Skin cancer prevention. The population group notably being at high risk are adolescents (Cassel et al., 2018; Falzone et al., 2017; Foreward, 2014; Hillhouse et al., 2016; Hingle et al., 2014; McRee et al., 2017, Watson et al., 2013; Williams, Grogan, Clark-Carter & Buckley, 2013). “More than half of an individual’s lifetime skin damage and skin cancer risk occurs during adolescence” (Cassel et al., 2018).
The focus of these studies can be summarized in three questions:
1. What are the risk behaviors?
2. What is the general awareness?
3. How to promote awareness to prevent risk behaviors? Literature Review For A Research Proposal Assignment
What are the risk behaviors?
Skin cancer is caused by overexposure to ultraviolet radiation, tanning. Indoor tanning has been identified as a risk factor for skin cancer development and has been targeted as a major behavioral risk among adolescents (Falzone et al., 2017; Hillhouse et al., 2016, McRee et al., 2017, Watson et al., 2013; Williams, Grogan, Clark-Carter & Buckley, 2013) however, sunbathing makes no exception and it is discussed as a general risk factor for ultraviolet radiation among adolescents, increasing skin cancer risk including melanoma (Cassel et al., 2018; Hingle et al., 2014; McRee et al., 2017; Mcwhirter, & Hoffman-Goetz, 2012; Moon , Kang & Lee, 2018; Watson et al., 2013; Williams, Grogan, Clark-Carter & Buckley, 2013). Literature Review For A Research Proposal Assignment
What is the general awareness?
In global review two articles from British Journals discuss the awareness among adolescents and influential personnel such as teachers and parents. Forward (2014) reports that 50% of teachers don’t encourage their students to wear sun protective clothing such as hats and 24% stated that it was not in their job description. Williams, Grogan, Clark-Carter & Buckley, (2013) also discuss the poor practice of sun protection in the adolescent population but emphasize that it could be learned behavior from their parent’s examples and urge the importance of health promotion directly to the adolescents. McRee et al. (2017) conducted study via on-line survey with national sample of adolescents and their parents, to identify how many receive skin cancer prevention counseling from their health care providers and if so, in what form. Although about 39% received counseling on sun screen use, alarming 3% received counseling on indoor tanning risks (McRee et al., 2017)Literature Review For A Research Proposal Assignment.
How to promote awareness to prevent risk behaviors?
Adolescent population has been established as risk group for skin cancer but one that can be easily prevented by changing risky behaviors and enforced skin protection. It is necessary to properly educate this vulnerable population and increase skin cancer awareness among the youths. In the new millennial world, technology is vastly and rapidly evolving capturing youths’ primary focus. Reportedly, more than 70% teens use social media, with visually oriented media being preferable, such as Facebook, Instagram and Snapchat (Falzone et al., 2017). Mcwhirter, & Hoffman-Goetz (2012) provided review of qualitative studies on using visual images in health promotion stating that “Visual images influence attention, comprehension of health information, health behaviors, especially important for people with basic literacy, enhancing communication and education about cancer”. The qualitative study portrays the lack of visual communication theory as guidance, which could raise potential bias views (Mcwhirter, & Hoffman-Goetz, 2012)Literature Review For A Research Proposal Assignment.
Moon, Kang & Lee (2018) researched whether the use of framing messages is valuable in skin cancer promotion. Their study suggests that displaying “loss” vs “gain” type of framing messages have more positive outcome. Hingle et al., (2014) conducted study of a small group of 96 participants completing the study, including those with cell phones able to receive sms messages. These participants received health promotion messages via text showing significant positive behavioral changes in the period of 12 weeks. Although the small group and relatively short-term timeline presents shortcoming in the research, it proposes the validity in using social media as a promotional format. In the British Journal, with published article from Forward (2014), the suggestion on teaching resource for teens is “Teenage Cancer Trust” which provides downloadable teaching resources.
As evident by the presented literature review, research has been conducted discussing the subject of increased risk of skin cancer among adolescent population, proving its concerning raise and the need for proper education among the youths. Sources such as social media, using visual images is interesting theoretical idea, showing promising outcomes but requiring more in depth research Literature Review For A Research Proposal Assignment.
