APRN Roles History Essay

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APRN Roles History Essay

The development of each advanced practice registered nursing role has progressed significantly over time. Discuss the historical and developmental aspects of the RNP, CNM, CRNA, and CNS roles. Provide a general description of the roles and responsibilities of each type of APRN in today’s healthcare system. Compare the credibility of the early role to the role at this time.

Historical Development of Advanced Practice Registered Nursing (APRN) Roles and their Current Status

 

The four recognised APRN roles are the certified registered nurse anestheist (CRNA), the certified nurse midwife (CNM), the clinical nurse specialist (CNS), and the registered nurse practitioner (RNP) (Hamric et al., 2009). The CRNA role began in the late nineteenth century. This is when Catholic sisters (who were the ones serving as nurses) started assisting surgeons with administering chloroform during surgery. This was during the American Civil War of 1861-1865. The CNM role also started in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. That is the time that hospital-based deliveries started gaining recognition compared to home deliveries by lay midwives. The CNS role, on its part, started in the 1950s with a psychiatric CNS program at Rutger’s University in New Jersey. Lastly, the RNP role began in the 1960s in Leslie County, Kentucky. That was when nurses there started informally defining the primary healthcare role of the Nurse Practitioner (NP). Development of these APRN roles then continued over the years up to now when their current status is well-defined (Hamric, 2009) APRN Roles History Essay.

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A General Description of the Roles and Responsibilities of Each APRN Type

As stated above, each of the APRN roles whose historical roots have been discussed above is now well established. The CRNA gives anesthesia to patients during surgery and other procedures requiring an anesthetic. The CNM is specialist in childbirth and women’s health, while the CNS is a clinical expert and leader in a particular area of specialty. Lastly, the RNP provides primary health care to a particular population focus.

The credibility of the early role was lower than that of the current role. This is because these APRN roles are now formally taught at postgraduate level and are respected in the healthcare sector in the United States.

References

Hamric, A.B., Spross, J.A. & Hanson, C.M. (Eds) (2009). Advanced practice nursing: An integrative approach. St. Louis, MO: Saunders/Elsevier APRN Roles History Essay.

Rett syndrome Essay

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Rett syndrome Essay

Introduction

Rett syndrome is a rare developmental and genetic neurological disorder that affects the brain’s development. A child diagnosed with the syndrome will have progressive loss of speech and motor skills (Lyst & Bird, 2015). The disorder often affects females. A baby will appear to develop normally between the ages of 6 to 18 months before the acquired skills begin to deteriorate such as using hands, communicating, walking, or crawling.  Over time, a child will encounter difficulty in using muscles that control communication, coordination, and movement. A child may also have intellectual disability and episodes of seizures. Additionally, abnormal hand movements will manifest such as clapping and rubbing repetitively thus replacing purposeful use of hands (Lyst & Bird, 2015) Rett syndrome Essay.

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Symptoms

Communication abilities are lost: A child will lose their speech ability and is unable to make eye contact. A child will also not communicate in other ways. A child will lose interest on surroundings and toys. However, a child may gradually grain non-verbal communication skills and eye contact (Katz, Bird, Coenraads et al., 2016).

Loss of coordination and movement: Decreased control of hands and ability to walk or crawl will be observed. The loss of ability occurs very fast then slows down and becomes gradual. This is followed by spastic or rigid positioning or movement (Katz et al., 2016) Rett syndrome Essay.

Slowed growth: A child’s brain growth will slow soon after birth and hence, the head will appear smaller than it should. Growth delay in other parts of the body becomes evident as the child grows (Katz et al., 2016).

Abnormal hand and eye movement: The hand movement will be repetitive and may include rubbing, tapping, clapping, squeezing, and hand wringing. Unusual eye movement will be characterized by closing one eye at a time, crossed eyes, and intense staring (Katz et al., 2016).

Rett syndrome Essay

Other Signs and Symptoms: As noted by Feldman, Banerjee, Sur (2016), other signs and symptoms include breathing problems including forced exhalation of air and saliva; increased agitation and irritability as a child gets older; loss of intellectual functioning; seizures, abnormal spine curvature; irregular heartbeat (which is life threatening); sleep disturbances such as irregular sleep patterns; feeding problems including chewing food, swallowing, and bowel function; fragile bones that are easily fractured; and cold hands and feet. Rett syndrome Essay.

Rett syndrome Essay

Pathophysiology

Rett syndrome is as a result of the mutation of the methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MECP 2) gene (Chen, Chen, Lavery, et al., 2015). This gene is involved in the methyl-cytosine binding protein 2(MeCP2). This protein is necessary for development of the brain. It increases or decreases gene expression or alerts other genes on when to stop unique protein production. In Rett syndrome, the MECP2 gene functions abnormally with inadequate amounts or structurally abnormal protein amounts produced thus, causing gene expression of other genes to be abnormal as well.

Additionally, Pohodich & Zoghbi (2015) point out that Rett syndrome can also be caused by gene mutation or deletion of FOXG1 and CKL5 as well as other parts of MECP2 mutation which affect development of the brain in atypical Rett syndrome.

Diagnosis

Rett syndrome Essay

Treatment Options

There is no known cure for Rett syndrome and hence, treatment includes symptoms management and multidisciplinary approach to the signs and symptoms. Leonard, Cobbs & Downs (2017) assert that a child should be enrolled in communication therapy, physical therapy, and occupational therapy. Drugs are administered for dysfunctional breathing, to control seizures, and for dealing with motor challenges. A child should be re-evaluated regularly for progression of scoliosis and for cardiac abnormalities monitoring.  Additionally, a child will need support and social services as well as special education programs. Lastly, a child will require nutritional support to aid in maintaining a healthy weight (Leonard, Cobbs, & Downs, 2017) Rett syndrome Essay.

As a parent, you will need social support for your child with Rett syndrome. It is not easy coping with a child with Retts hence; a support group will be an ideal place to share strategies and advice on coping.

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References

Chen, L., Chen, K., Lavery, L. A., Baker, S. A., Shaw, C. A., Li, W., & Zoghbi, H. Y. (2015). MeCP2 binds to non-CG methylated DNA as neurons mature, influencing transcription and the timing of onset for Rett syndrome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(17), 5509-5514.

Feldman, D., Banerjee, A., & Sur, M. (2016). Developmental dynamics of Rett syndrome. Neural plasticity, 2016.

Katz, D. M., Bird, A., Coenraads, M., Gray, S. J., Menon, D. U., Philpot, B. D., & Tarquinio, D. C. (2016). Rett syndrome: crossing the threshold to clinical translation. Trends in neurosciences, 39(2), 100-113. Rett syndrome Essay

Leonard, H., Cobb, S., & Downs, J. (2017). Clinical and biological progress over 50 years in Rett syndrome. Nature Reviews Neurology, 13(1), 37.

Lyst, M. J., & Bird, A. (2015). Rett syndrome: a complex disorder with simple roots. Nature Reviews Genetics, 16(5), 261-275.

Pohodich, A. E., & Zoghbi, H. Y. (2015). Rett syndrome: disruption of epigenetic control of postnatal neurological functions. Human molecular genetics, 24(R1), R10-R16. Rett syndrome Essay

 

It is recommended that you make your project as attractive as possible and consider using the finished product as teaching tools for families that you will work with in your own practices. Rett syndrome Essay.
Students will:
Analyze signs and symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders
Analyze the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders
Analyze diagnosis and treatment methods for neurodevelopmental disorders
Evaluate Parent Guides
Using evidence-based research, design and develop a Parent Guide for your assigned disorder including:
Signs and symptoms
Pathophysiology
How the disorder is diagnosed
Treatment options
Provide a minimum of three academic references.

Rett syndrome Essay

 

Ethical Issues and the Patient Portal

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Informatics Assignment 1 – Ethical Issues and the Patient Portal
Point Value 100% Points 75% Points 50% Points 0% Points Point Total
Introduction 10 A brief, thorough, concise introduction is provided. 10 The introduction is satisfactory. 7.5 A partial introduction is provided. 5 An introduction is not provided. 0 10
Pros and Cons of a Patient Portal System 10 A thorough description of the pros and cons of a patient portal system is given. 10 A satisfactory description of the pros and cons of a patient portal system is given. 7.5 A partial description of the pros and cons of a patient portal system is given. 5 There is no description of the pros and cons of a patient portal system given. 0 10
Literature Review of Issues Related to Maintaining Patient Confidentiality 25 Provides a thorough literature review of issues related to maintaining patient confidentiality 25 Provides a satisfactory literature review of issues related to maintaining patient confidentiality 18.75 Provides a partial literature review of issues related to maintaining patient confidentiality 12.5 Does not provide a literature review. 0 25
Nurse Informaticist Processes 25 A thorough explanation of the nurse informatucist processes is provided 25 A satisfactory explanation of the nurse informatucist processes is provided 18.75 A partial explanation of the nurse informatucist processes is provided 12.5 Does not provide processes for the nurs informaticist. 0 25
Conclusion 10 Provides brief thorough conclusion. Ethical Issues and the Patient Portal 10 Provides a satisfactory conclusion. 7.5 Provides a partial conclusion 5 No conclusion is provided. 0 10
APA Format 10 0-2 APA Format Errors 10 3-5 APA Format Errors 7.5 More than 5 APA Format Errors 5 More than 5 APA Format Errors 0 10
References 10 Includes at least 10 references 10 Includes at least 7-9 references 7.5 Includes at least 5-6 references 5 Does not include any references. 0 10
100 100 points 75 points Ethical Issues and the Patient Portal 50 points 0 points 100

Discuss the pros and cons associated with establishing a patient portal system for a healthcare organization in terms of the seven ethical principles identified in your textbook. Identify the problems related to maintaining patient confidentiality and the processes a nurse informaticist should utilize to maximize the integrity of such a system. The scoring guidelines for this assignment are provided below Ethical Issues and the Patient Portal. This entire assignment is worth 100 points:

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Instructions:
1. This is an individual assignment consisting of a paper limited to 10 total pages, including a title page and reference pages.
2. Provide an introduction for your Ethical Issues and the Patient Portal paper.
3. Discuss the pros and cons of a patient portal system.
4. Provide a literature review of issues related to maintaining patient confidentiality.
5. Discuss the processes the nurse informaticist should use to maximize the integrity of this system.
6. Provide a conclusion for your paper.
7. At least ten references should be identified in the presentation.
8. Use proper grammar/spelling/and APA format guidelines as applicable. Include an introduction and Conclusions or Recommendations section for your paper.
Grading Criteria
Section
Possible Points
Introduction
10
Pros and Cons of a Patient Portal System
10
Literature Review of Issues Related to Maintaining Patient Confidentiality
25
Nurse Informaticist Processes
25
Conclusion
10
References
10
APA format/grammar/spelling/does not exceed 10 total pages to include a title and a reference page
10
Total Points
100

Ethical Issues and the Patient Portal

 

Root-Cause Analysis and Safety Improvement Plan

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For this Root-Cause Analysis and Safety Improvement Plan assessment, you will use a supplied template to conduct a root-cause analysis of a quality or safety issue in a health care setting of your choice and outline a plan to address the issue.
As patient safety concerns continue to be addressed in the health care settings, nurses can play an active role in implementing safety improvement measures and plans. Often root-cause analyses are conducted and safety improvement plans are created to address sentinel or adverse events such as medication errors, patient falls, wrong-site surgery events, and hospital-acquired infections. Performing a root-cause analysis offers a systematic approach for identifying causes of problems, including process and system-check failures. Once the causes of failures have been determined, a safety improvement plan can be developed to prevent recurrences. The baccalaureate nurse\’s role as a leader is to create safety improvement plans as well as disseminate vital information to staff nurses and other health care professionals to protect patients and improve outcomes Root-Cause Analysis and Safety Improvement Plan.

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As you prepare for this assessment, it would be an excellent choice to complete the Quality and Safety Improvement Plan Knowledge Base activity and to review the various assessment resources, all of which will help you build your knowledge of key concepts and terms related to quality and safety improvement. The terms and concepts will be helpful as you prepare your Root-Cause Analysis and Safety Improvement Plan. Activities are not graded and demonstrate course engagement.
Demonstration of Proficiency
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 1: Analyze the elements of a successful quality improvement initiative.
Apply evidence-based and best-practice strategies to address a safety issue or sentinel event.
Create a feasible, evidence-based safety improvement plan. Root-Cause Analysis and Safety Improvement Plan.
Competency 2: Analyze factors that lead to patient safety risks.
Analyze the root cause of a patient safety issue or a specific sentinel event within an organization.
Competency 3: Identify organizational interventions to promote patient safety.
Identify existing organizational resources that could be leveraged to improve a plan.
Competency 5: Apply professional, scholarly, evidence-based strategies to communicate in a manner that supports safe and effective patient care.
Communicate in writing that is clear, logical, and professional, with correct grammar and spelling, using current APA style.
Professional Context
Nursing practice is governed by health care policies and procedures as well as state and national regulations developed to prevent problems. It is critical for nurses to participate in gathering and analyzing data to determine causes of patient safety issues, in solving problems, and in implementing quality improvements.
Scenario
For this assessment, you may choose from the following options as the subject of a root-cause analysis and safety improvement plan:
The specific safety concern identified in your previous assessment Root-Cause Analysis and Safety Improvement Plan.
The Vila Health: Root-Cause Analysis and Safety Improvement Planning simulation.
One of the case studies from the previous assessment.
A personal practice experience in which a sentinel event occurred.
Instructions
The purpose of this assessment is to demonstrate your understanding of and ability to analyze a root cause of a specific safety concern in a health care setting. You will create a plan to improve the safety of patients related to the concern based on the results of your analysis, using the literature and professional best practices as well as the existing resources at your chosen health care setting to provide a rationale for your plan.
Use the Root-Cause Analysis and Improvement Plan Template [DOCX] to help you to stay organized and concise. This will guide you step-by-step through the root cause analysis process Root-Cause Analysis and Safety Improvement Plan.
Additionally, be sure that your plan addresses the following, which corresponds to the grading criteria in the scoring guide. Please study the scoring guide carefully so you understand what is needed for a distinguished score.
Analyze the root cause of a patient safety issue or a specific sentinel event in an organization.
Apply evidence-based and best-practice strategies to address the safety issue or sentinel event.
Create a feasible, evidence-based safety improvement plan.
Identify organizational resources that could be leveraged to improve your plan.
Communicate in writing that is clear, logical, and professional, with correct grammar and spelling, using current APA style Root-Cause Analysis and Safety Improvement Plan.

Spirituality Reflective Writing Essay

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Spirituality Reflective Writing Essay

  1. What aspects of normal anatomy is interesting to you and why?

I have always been fascinated by the heart. Roughly the size of a closed fist, the heart is a muscular organ that functions throughout an individual’s life to deliver nutrient- and oxygen-rich blood to other body organs and tissues even as it collects wastes. This is truly the work house of the body, pumping approximately 100,000 times every day with 5,000 gallons of blood passing through the heart during that period. Controlled by the nervous system, the heart is perhaps the most important organ in the body. My interest in the heart centers around heart attacks (myocardial infarctions), conditions that develop when the heart vessels are obstructed thereby obstructing blood flow (Woo & Robinson, 2016) Spirituality Reflective Writing Essay.

  1. What factors have caused the damage to the normal anatomy and physiology?

As earlier indicated, a heart attack is an incidence of the blood flow being showed down owing to the vessels being obstructed. This condition is typically caused by blood clots forming in the vessels. In addition, they can be triggered by plaques (fatty deposits) building up along the inside walls of the blood vessels causing constrictions that easily capture blood clots. By slowing the blood flow rate, the blood will be unable to supply enough oxygen to the result of the organs thereby causing a sense of dizziness. Besides that, the heart itself needs oxygen in the areas that regulate the heartbeat, a potentially fatal situation if a blockage occurs (Woo & Robinson, 2016) Spirituality Reflective Writing Essay.

  1. How can we restore the healing process?

A damaged heart as a result of blockage is considered a disadvantaged organs since the damage destroys heart muscles leaving behind baggy and thinned scar tissue. To be more precise, the lost blood supply causes injury to the heart. Healing begins when scar tissue begin forming around the damaged muscles, a process that takes weeks. Although healing occurs, the previous damage cannot be ignored as it lingers through the scars and thinned vessels that weaken the heart, causing it to be unable to pump as much blood as prior to the damage. The scarred and thinned tissue do not pump or contract as well as healthy tissue. Still, getting adequate rest, being in the right psychological state, leading a healthy lifestyle, and eating healthy foods can help to speed up the healing process and reduce opportunities for further heart damage (Woo & Robinson, 2016) Spirituality Reflective Writing Essay.

  1. What is the role of prayer, influence of religion and culture relating to this disease process?

Prayer, religion and culture can have a positive influence on the healing process. In this case, these interventions help with addressing psychological fear, depression, anxiety and distress that patients experience after suffering a heart attack. They help the patients accept the new circumstances and better cope with the new reality that the heart is damaged, but that feelings of wellbeing and improved quality of life can still be achieved. The strength and comfort obtained from prayer, religion and culture include a sense of meaningfulness that helps the patient to trust in his/her strengths, accept the new conditions, and cope (Shahrbabaki, 2017; White, 2011) Spirituality Reflective Writing Essay.

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  1. Conclusion with a call to action or something meaningful to remember

A heart attack causes long lasting damage to the heart and impairs its actions. To repair the damage, there is a need to support the healing process through getting adequate rest, being in the right psychological state, leading a healthy lifestyle, and eating healthy foods can help to speed up the healing process and reduce opportunities for further heart damage. Maintaining the right state of mind can be achieved through leveraging the influences of prayer, religion and culture.

References

Shahrbabaki, P., Nouhi, E., Kazemi, M. & Ahmadi, F. (2017). Spirituality: A Panacea for Patients Coping with Heart Failure. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery, 5(1), 38-48.

White, E. G. (2011). The Ministry of healing. Guildford, UK: White Crow Books.

Woo, T. & Robinson, M. (2016). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurse prescribers (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company.

Spirituality Reflective Writing

NURS 323 Pathophysiology

Select a body system and identify one disease process that fascinates you most as a creation of God. Answer the following questions relating to the disease process.
1. What aspects of normal anatomy is interesting to you and why?
2. What factors have caused the damage to the normal anatomy and physiology?
3. How can we restore the healing process?
4. What is the role of prayer, influence of religion and culture relating to this disease process?
5. Conclusion with a call to action or something meaningful to remember
please use this book Spirituality Reflective Writing Essay
References:
Mauk, K. L., & Schmidt, N. K. (2004). Spiritual care in nursing practice. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott.
White, E. G. (2011). The Ministry of healing. Guildford, UK: White Crow Books.
Journal article:

Department of Nursing

Grading Criteria for Spirituality Reflective Journal Paper

 

Course Number: NURS 364

Name of the Professor: Jercilla Murmu

Student Name:

Date:

You have been assigned required readings on spirituality in your course. You may choose one or more chapters from each assigned book to read.  You will then write a reflection paper regarding your thoughts, meaningful ideas, feelings, and/or reactions, and the application of these to nursing practice or your own spiritual growth and self-care.

                                                                                                       

1. Paper is typed in at least 2-3 pages, double spaced and turned in on time via D2L or email to your professor, with  coversheet title page in APA format; thoughtful, suitable title  10 Points
2. Introductory paragraph is attention-getting

 

  10 Points
3.  Spelling, grammar, mechanics, and usage are correct throughout paper  10 Points
4. Answers all questions and thoughts are expressed in a coherent and logical manner. 20 Points
5. Viewpoints and interpretations are insightful, demonstrating an in-depth knowledge, and understanding of the disease process and   reflecting the role of prayer, region and culture influence on healing on the disease process.  Spirituality Reflective Writing Essay. 20 Points
6. Concluding paragraph sums up information, reiterates ideas and opinions, and leaves reader with a call to action or something meaningful to remember  10 Points
7. Pertinent reference sources are skillfully woven throughout paper without over use of quotations but, rather, attempt to paraphrase 10 Points
8. References are properly cited in APA format with no plagiarism.  5 Points
9.  At least 3 references are cited in paper, including a reference from current class assigned chapter readings in Mauk, a reading in an assigned chapter in White, Anatomy & Physiology, and pathophysiology text and one journal article of your own choice.  5 Points
 Total 100 Possible Points Actual Points =

References:

Mauk, K. L., & Schmidt, N. K. (2004). Spiritual care in nursing practice. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott.

White, E. G. (2011).  The Ministry of healing. Guildford, UK: White Crow Books Spirituality Reflective Writing Essay.

Journal article:

APA format reference that you may use for free:

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

 

It is recommended that you upload your paper into Turnitin on D2L to check for plagiarism prior to submission to your professor.  Also, to check for correct grammar, use the Grammar Tutor on D2L. Spirituality Reflective Writing Essay.

 

Readings in E.G. White,

The Ministry of Healing

Chapt 5 Healing of the Soul

Chapt 16 Prayer for the Sick

 

 Readings in Mauk and Schmidt, Spiritual Care in Nursing Practice

Chapter 4 Introduction to Influences of Religion and Culture on Nursing

Spirituality Reflective Writing Essay

 

coping mechanisms for stress

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Topic 2 DQ 1

 coping mechanisms for stress.

Identify and explain research on effective coping mechanisms for stress. How do you believe these would help you in your everyday life?

Topic 2 DQ 1
Allen and Leary (2010) proposed that to deal with stress, a person can practice self-compassion, and it involves three features: mindfulness, common humanity, and self-kindness. The major goal of self-compassion is to reassure oneself when they make an error. Other approaches to coping with stress include escape and avoidance, distraction, obtaining professional support, and positive cognitive restructuring (Allen & Leary, 2010). Hofmann and Hay (2018) reported that although avoidance is a maladaptive behavior, it can be used to improve a person’s sense of control in patients suffering from anxiety disorders coping mechanisms for stress.. I am particularly interested in the relationship between two approaches, namely positive cognitive restructuring and self-compassion.According to Allen and Leary (2010), individuals who exhibit high levels of self-compassion are more likely to consider difficult circumstances positively than those who have low self-compassion. I will apply this concept by ensuring that whenever I receive an unsatisfactory grade, I will use coping mechanisms of positive reinterpretation and acceptance to manage the failure effectively. Additionally, it is important to determine the cause of an undesirable outcome. Hofmann and Hay (2018) proposed that by confronting the threat, a person is able to prevent the repetitive occurrence of the negative situation in the future. Therefore, I will determine the cause of a stressful event and develop methods of dealing with the problem appropriately.Self-compassionate individuals have a high likelihood of taking accountability for their actions (Allen & Leary, 2010). The authors also proposed that while it is also important for people to be self-critical, self-attacking tendencies should be avoided. By owning up to my mistakes, I will be able to identify areas where I need to change. Additionally, positive cognitive restructuring will enable me to improve my thinking patterns. Some of the other methods that I will use to cope with stress include questioning my assumptions, gathering evidence, and determining alternative approaches to dealing with the current problem. coping mechanisms for stress.

 

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References

Allen, A. B., & Leary, M. R. (2010). Self‐compassion, stress, and coping. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(2), pp. 107-118.

Hofmann, S. G., & Hay, A. C. (2018). Rethinking avoidance: Toward a balanced approach to avoidance in treating anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 55, pp. 14-21.

Topic 2 DQ 1

Before identifying and explaining specific effective coping mechanisms for stress, I feel it is important to make note of the following statistic included by Burger (2011) in our textbook: “Not only did anxiety scores rise throughout the five decades, but by the 1980s the average American child reported higher levels of anxiety than child psychiatric patients in the 1950s” (p. 124) coping mechanisms for stress.. Given the upward trend, I can imagine that the levels would only be higher now in 2020, especially with the contribution of social media and the inception of the coronavirus! Now, the first coping mechanism that Burger (2011) lists is repression-sensitization (p. 128). This is basically where people exposed to a stressful event will either try not to think of and avoid the situation (repress) or approach the situation head-on and proactively act on the situation (sensitize). Personally, I have difficulty practicing the second one as I am more apt to avoid conflicts and, on the contrary, fixate on my anxiety instead of coming to a constructive, proactive solution. Sensitization (not to be confused with desensitization, which is the complete opposite of the spectrum and related to horror films) is definitely something I could practice. This notion is supported by Burger when he states that in almost every case, active strategies are more effective in helping people cope with stressors than avoidance strategies (2011, p. 129) coping mechanisms for stress.. Other coping mechanisms mentioned are problem-focused strategies, which are intended to take care of the problem and thereby overcome the anxiety, and emotion-focused strategies, which are designed to reduce the emotional distress that accompanies. This is not the first time I have heard of either strategy, and I have utilized them during several instances of my life. I have used problem-focused strategies when I did not know exactly how to proceed regarding a certain assignment in a class, and I used emotion-focused strategies when I got rejected from ASU School of Music to show how maybe, there was a good reason why I did not get a spot and was instead led to start my college experience at GCC (which I absolutely loved). Therefore, both types of strategies have helped me, and I see no reason why the other one, sensitization, could not help.

Burger, J.M. (2011). Personality, 8th instructor’s ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. coping mechanisms for stress.

PSY-255-Trait-Theory-Short-Answer-Worksheet

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PSY-255-Trait-Theory-Short-Answer-Worksheet

Name: Class: PSY-255 Date:

Trait Theory Short Answer Worksheet

Using this web site (https://www.outofservice.com/bigfive/) please complete the questions in order to get your Big 5 personality profile.

 

  1. List your percentile scores as they appear on the site:

Open-Mindedness:

Conscientiousness:

Extraversion:

Agreeableness:

Negative Emotionality:

 

  1. The site producing the scores provides a descriptor for each score. What was a sentence that particularly stood out to you and why? PSY-255-Trait-Theory-Short-Answer-Worksheet

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Utilizing at least one peer-reviewed resource, write a paragraph explaining the benefit of using personality testing in order to determine whether an individual should be employed in a specific job.

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Utilizing at least one peer-reviewed resource, write a paragraph explaining the limitations of using personality testing in order to determine whether an individual should be employed in a specific job.

 

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  1. Imagine a situation where a person suddenly had access to the test results of a boyfriend/girlfriend. Explain why this person may have a strong desire to review the results of their significant other. PSY-255-Trait-Theory-Short-Answer-Worksheet. What social and ethical problems could arise from seeing their results?

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Should we know the personality profiles of our community leaders? What might the public gain or lose from having those profiles?

 

 

 

Trait Theory Short Answer Worksheet

Using this web site (https://www.outofservice.com/bigfive/) please complete the questions in order to get your Big 5 personality profile.

 

  1. List your percentile scores as they appear on the site:

Open-Mindedness: 48

Conscientiousness: 46

Extraversion: 26

Agreeableness: 12

Negative Emotionality: 48

 

  1. The site producing the scores provides a descriptor for each score. What was a sentence that particularly stood out to you and why?

The sentence that stands out the most for me is, “You find it easy to criticize others,” which describes the negative emotionality aspect of my personality. I cannot say that I am extremely surprised by the results, yet I have not expected that I will get such low scores demonstrating that the person is “critical, rude, harsh, callous” and is not “good-natured, sympathetic, forgiving, courteous.” Although I am indeed quite critical to other people, I do not agree that I am rude or lack sympathy. Therefore, I believe that the test does not accurately demonstrate the traits of the person analyzed. PSY-255-Trait-Theory-Short-Answer-Worksheet.

 

  1. Utilizing at least one peer-reviewed resource, write a paragraph explaining the benefit of using personality testing in order to determine whether an individual should be employed in a specific job.

Personality is always analyzed by the employers, and the results of the tests influence employee selection, development, and team-building (Hurst & Yung, n. d.). There is a great variety of approaches, strategies, and techniques, allowing to assess an individual’s personality. The employers, employing personality testing prior to hiring, focus on two major aspects, namely person-job (P-J) fit and person-organization (P-O) fit. In other words, the employer analyzes the potential worker’s skills and competencies, and if their personality matches the organization’s environment (Kumar, 2019). In fact, personality testing is the key factor that allows the entity to determine the person’s effectiveness and usefulness (Calvasina & Calvasina, 2016), which helps to hire professional and adequate individuals capable of adding to the development of the organization. In addition, such testing enables the employer to get people with “‘good character,” decreasing the possibilities of “a costly negligent hiring lawsuit if an employee harms a customer or co-worker” (Cavico et al., 2015). Other reasons for the application of personality testing include planning of management teams, its relatively low costs, reduction in turnover of employees and customers, or sifting the least qualified individuals (Cavico et al., 2015) PSY-255-Trait-Theory-Short-Answer-Worksheet. Therefore, personality testing has lost of benefits for the employment process, permitting to determine the best candidates for the needed positions.

 

  1. Utilizing at least one peer-reviewed resource, write a paragraph explaining the limitations of using personality testing in order to determine whether an individual should be employed in a specific job.

Despite the clear benefits of personality testing in the recruitment process, there is a variety of limitations, which reduce its effectiveness or even make it useless for employers. Some of the researchers claim that often the choice of the tests and their application can be neither valid nor reliable (Cavico et al., 2015). The major problem that arises with the implementation of such testing is the possibility of fake results. This aspect can be caused by two reasons, namely emotional pressure and anxiety, as well as dishonesty (Cavico et al., 2015). Individuals trying to fake their results by analyzing the questions and predicting the scores for each answer is a frequent phenomenon in the contemporary world PSY-255-Trait-Theory-Short-Answer-Worksheet. Yet, there are still no practical approaches to mitigating the problem (Cavico et al., 2015). Except for the discussed matter, one more aspect limiting the application of the testing is the fact that test results cannot help in predicting the person’s behavior that may be different from the actions typical for their personality type. Overall, personality testing has several limitations reducing its effectiveness, which necessitates further improvement of evaluation techniques.

 

  1. Imagine a situation where a person suddenly had access to the test results of a boyfriend/girlfriend. Explain why this person may have a strong desire to review the results of their significant other. What social and ethical problems could arise from seeing their results?

There is a common belief that personality tests are, in fact, extremely accurate and enable us to analyze our character to determine the strong and weak sides. There is a great variety of testing options, which may focus on various aspects, like leadership qualities or the role in relationships. Although the results are not always accurate, other people would still like to read the characteristics of others around them, especially the family, friends, or boyfriends/girlfriends, to get a better understanding of the person they are communicating with. Moreover, most people would like to make sure they see the true identities of others not to get betrayed. Any individual would like to date with a reliable and sincere person, and testing is one of the means of checking individuals around. It may cause both positive and negative effects depending on the expectations of the person and the actual results of the testing. In terms of the social aspect, the review of the results of other people may lead to conflicts, the spread of information to other people, and change in the attitude of those who expect to encounter different results. Or if the outcomes are better than assumed, the situation results in more reliable social connections and better relations. In terms of the ethical side of the question, the review of the results can be defined as the violation of personal rights for confidentiality. Moreover, as the results of the test may be faked/inaccurate, any change of the behavior can be perceived as morally incorrect. Tests cannot show what the person really is, and people should rely on their own vision and feelings while assessing the person PSY-255-Trait-Theory-Short-Answer-Worksheet.

  1. Should we know the personality profiles of our community leaders? What might the public gain or lose from having those profiles?

It may be extremely beneficial for the community to check the personal profiles of their potential leaders prior to voting to determine the best candidate for the position of the national leader. Such matter can allow the public to choose more suitable and trustworthy individuals who can add to the prosperity of the nation. At the same time, taking into consideration the chance that personality profiles can be faked to demonstrate the person in a better light, the access to such information may result in the wrong choice, threatening the future of the country. I assume there are no tools/testing strategies that can aid in getting absolutely accurate information about the person; therefore, the access to testing results has more potential drawbacks than benefits. Moreover, after I read about the experiment performed by the professor Michael Wiederman from the School of Medicine Greenville and an expert on psychological tests who proved that randomly taken tests have similar results to the tests completed by another person (Shapiro, 2018) I became confident that contemporary testing are absolutely irrelevant and should not be taken into consideration when making serious decisions. PSY-255-Trait-Theory-Short-Answer-Worksheet.

References

Calvasina, G. E., & Calvasina, R. V. (2016). Using personality testing as part of the employee selection process: Legal and policy issues for employers. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 16(2).

Cavico, F. J., Mujtaba, B. G., Lawrence, E., & Muffler, S. C. (2015). Personality tests in employment: A continuing legal, ethical, and practical quandary. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 2(3), 60-84.

Hurst, C. & Jung, Y. (n .d.). Using personality assessment for management and leadership development: An overview. https://www.lib.uwo.ca/files/business/Personality_NoteHurst.pdf PSY-255-Trait-Theory-Short-Answer-Worksheet

Kumar, R. (2019). The use of personality testing in personnel selection. CMC Senior Theses. 2038. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2038

Shapiro, S. (2018). The big problem with those personality tests for leaders. https://www.inc.com/stephen-shapiro/the-big-problem-with-those-personality-tests-for-leaders.html PSY-255-Trait-Theory-Short-Answer-Worksheet

Advantages and disadvantages in using twins to analyze genetic heritability

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Topic 4 DQ 1

 Advantages and disadvantages in using twins to analyze genetic heritability

Discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages in using twins to analyze genetic heritability. Why might it be useful for future twin studies to separate out monozygotic (identical) from dizygotic (fraternal) twins?

PSY 255 Personality Psychology Topic 4 DQ 1

Hello,

The advantages in using twins to analyze genetic heritability is twins are the closest model type that behavior geneticists can use for scientific experiments. It is most useful, as you probably already know, to separate out the identical twins from the fraternal twins. Why? Identical twins develop from a single fertilized egg; whereas, fraternal twins develop from separate fertilized eggs. There are no more similarities in fraternal twins than there are with the kids down the block in the same neighborhood. Advantages and disadvantages in using twins to analyze genetic heritability.

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When we take a closer look at how a human is created and how our genes are developed, we get a clearer understanding how different people truly are; even when born into the same household with the same parents. Humans have different chromosomes, DNA, and genes. These genes according to David Myers believes, “You have 30,000 or so gene words” (2011), that is a lot of gene words for a person’s personality to develop from.

When we think about God, who created each one of us. “We are the clay, you are the potter; we are all the work of your hand” (Isaiah 64:8). I am overwhelmed by the realization of how much God loves us, to create us all differently. We are an original, no two people have the same fingerprint or identical DNA. You and I are masterpieces, “…I am fearfully and wonderfully made: marvelous are your works…” (Psalm 139) Advantages and disadvantages in using twins to analyze genetic heritability.

Being created unique and differently, still raises the age-old question, how much does enviroment (nurture) influence personality? Parents still do influence a child’s attitude, value, manners, faith, and politics. Suppose you take identical twins, and the parents divorce and each parent takes one child and raises them differently. According to behavior geneticists the twins could still have the same likes, dislikes, mannerisms, laugh, sense of humar, and tastes in spouses. In conclusion, genetic heritability is still a mystery.

 

Myers, D.G. (2011). Exploring Psychology: Eighth edition in modules. New York, NY: Worth Publishers.

 

Re: Topic 4 DQ 1

The advantage is you have two genetically identical people that came from the same egg (monozygotic) and are virtually a carbon copy on one and another. Analyzing the set of twins can give you duplicate results and verifying the results will not be as difficult if they are the only set of children in the family. If they have other siblings then you have two sets of results that can be verified or contested with the other sibling(s). If the heritability results match then we can see we do inherit some of our personality genes from our parents. The disadvantage is they are both raised in the same environment and one can say the environment has an influence in shaping a portion of their personality. Another advantage is the nonadditive effect for monozygotic twins. The probability of sharing exact combination of genes is greater in monozygotic twins than it is with dizygotic twins. Nonadditive effects strengthen the genetic heritability in monozygotic twins but not in dizygotic twins. One serious ethical issue I can see is separating monozygotic or dizygotic twins at birth and separating them by distance and economical tiers to validate the genetic heritability. Advantages and disadvantages in using twins to analyze genetic heritability.

Topic 4 DQ 1

The different types of twins include identical and fraternal twins. Identical twins are made when a fertilized egg is split; thus creating twins. Fraternal twins are made when two eggs are fertilized at the same time. Each set of twins are unique and different in their own ways. However, one major advantage to twins is their genetic makeup. Twin A and twin B always have the same DNA which can somewhat be looked at as variables. One twin could technically be the dependent variable and the other the dependent due. Advantages and disadvantages in using twins to analyze genetic heritability. For example, if trying to research if breast milk really is best for a baby a mother could breast feed baby A and formula feed baby B. Using the twins that have the same genetic makeup leave less margin for error in my opinion. To look at this from a personality psychological stand point let’s take the movie parent trap. Identical twin girls are separated and live two completely different life styles. If we were trying to see if the twins developed any personality traits from their other parent it would be easier because we would not have the actual parents personality shaping how they are. It would be considered an outside factor because they are not influenced every day by their superego. However, if they were to be raised in the same environment this would leave to the possibility of disadvantages of both their mother and father having an effect on their personalities Advantages and disadvantages in using twins to analyze genetic heritability. Although I believe it is unethical to purposely separate twins I do believe there can be positives to it and if done in a good way can be beneficial. For example, I have three sets of twins in my class; one set of parents is very adamant about them being together at all times; the other two could careless as long as it does not affect their behavior in a negative way. We separate twin O and twin J at meal times because we know if they are together they tend to throw food, kick their friends, and not eat. However, at nap time we have them together because they sleep better when near each other. In my opinion, if done in a manner that does not separate them fully it is best for both twins. Advantages and disadvantages in using twins to analyze genetic heritability

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Re: Topic 4 DQ 1
To introduce this week’s topic of the advantages and disadvantages faced in using twins to analyze genetic heritability, I found the following quote that Burger (2011) mentions relevant: “Eysenck maintained that the individual differences in personality he described are based on physiological differences” (p. 200-201). I feel that this could readily apply to twins. Now, in regard to the actual advantages and disadvantages, one of the most apparent advantages of using twins to analyze genetic heritability is that they share DNA. Therefore, if the testing shows that they have the same characteristics, even if they live separately, that would be evidence to show that twin studies are effective. Another advantage in using twins to analyze genetic heritability is that, according to Burger (2011), “Other methods for teasing apart genetic and environmental influences also find evidence for genetic influence, but are not as strong as in the twin-study data…The strongest and most consistent evidence in favor of genetic influence on personality comes from twin-study research” (p. 235-237). This goes to show just how efficacious data from the twin-study research is relative to other methods of gathering data. Now, a disadvantage of twin-study research is that, “researchers assume that MZ and DZ twins have equally similar environments. However, there is evidence that MZ twins may share more of their environment than DZ twins” (p. 237). This can be quite deceiving, especially when drawing conclusions from the research done on both kinds of twins. Another disadvantage of twin-study research, as Burger mentions, is, “Research suggests that personality traits aren’t passed down from parent to child in a simple, direct manner. Rather, the inherited part of personality is often the result of a combination of a complex combination of more than one gene…That is, the genetic influence of same personality traits may not be seen…” (p. 238). This can also cause deception when interpreting the results of the study. Overall, however, using twins to analyze genetic heritability is useful in that MZ twins’ genes and personalities are not affected by the environments: “As you can see, the MZ twins tend to be quite similar to each other regardless of whether they are raised with or separated from their twin brother or sister…The obvious explanation for this similarity is that the twins’ genes shaped their personalities in a similar manner regardless of the environments they grew up in” (Burger, 2011, p. 256).Burger, J.M. (2017). Personality, 10th ed. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.Burger, J.M. (2011). Personality, 8th instructor’s edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Advantages and disadvantages in using twins to analyze genetic heritability.

 

Personality tests in job hiring essay – PSY 255 Topic 3 DQ 1

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Topic 3 DQ 1

 Personality tests in job hiring essay – PSY 255 Topic 3 DQ 1

What jobs should require personality tests prior to hiring a candidate? What traits are important for these jobs?

Topic 3 DQ 1

I believe that employees of any social services program who’s position allows them power over clients should be given a personality test. During my time employed by a child safety department, I saw personality types from case managers that were toxic to the well being of the clients. Case managers hold power over the parents who are fighting to get their kids back Personality tests in job hiring essay – PSY 255 Topic 3 DQ 1. While there is some accountability, a bad case manager could ruin a parent’s chances or prolong the case. When a case manager came in with an attitude that they were going to rescue all the children, it created an atmosphere where they saw the parents as the enemies and the foster parents as heroes. While the safety of the child is and should be the number one priority, the parents should not be misrepresented, and it is the case managers job to provide resources for the parent to improve themselves. This blinded them to real issues with foster parents that sometimes ended with the child removed from their foster placement.

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With that being said, I saw case managers who constantly exhibited healthy personality traits that created nurturing environments for parents, children and foster parents. These case managers never enabled the parents, but gave them the opportunities to succeed. These case managers wanted the parents to get their kids back and gave them the opportunities to better their lives and prove that they were able to safely care for their children. These case managers were patient, empathetic to the hardships people have experienced, resilient when handling tough cases, adaptable to the needs of everyone they worked with, and most importantly, honest. These are traits that I believe anyone with a position of power should exhibit. Personality tests in job hiring essay – PSY 255 Topic 3 DQ 1

Topic 3 DQ 1

Hello,

I think there are a lot of jobs out there tht should require personality test, but the ones that comes to my mind first are goverment jobs, and people who work with children or the elderly. I think that specifically for goverment jobs like FBI, police officers, soilders, CPS just government jobs in genereal. I think that for all of these jobs they have to be pretty strong minded, not emotional. Be able to hold their own and control their emotions. Specifically with people who work with CPS thats tough and could be hard for some people to handle. You dont necessarily understand how a job is going to be until you actually are hands on working so I think having a personalty test is important.

Topic 3 DQ 1

I would have to stay jobs involving law enforcement and healthcare workers are jobs that should require a personality test prior to testing. Personality tests in job hiring essay – PSY 255 Topic 3 DQ 1 Law enforcement and healthcare workers come into direct contact with people that are in need of some type of physical treatment and how that treatment is administered can tremendously affect their careers or how they are viewed by the public. Some important traits that law enforcement need to possess are, having negotiation skills, good communication skills, mental agility, integrity, compassion, and empathy. Some of the traits listed are lifesaving so, for the peace of mind of the citizens and the safety of everyone it’s important that we have law enforcement in our communities that have these traits. Healthcare workers especially are on the frontlines working during this current global pandemic the traits that they display are very important as well. Some traits healthcare workers need to have are, the ability to problem-solve, compassionate, empathetic, passionate, and good communication skills. A healthcare professional that has these traits will have successful careers and staff and patients that truly respect and appreciate them. Personality tests in job hiring essay – PSY 255 Topic 3 DQ 1.

 

Topic 3 DQ 1

The occupations and careers that should require a personality test prior to hiring any prospective individuals or prime candidates are areas of high-stress levels, assistant living positions and or positions with high social interactions. Easily any emergency individuals or medical responders, and nursing home personnel just to mention a few.

In our textbook, a trait is defined within the depth in the categories of people displaying specific or distinctive characteristics. Understanding firstly that traits stability is solely based on time and situational environments. With this in mind, narrowing candidates for positions via personality tests in ceratin jobs can bring good results. Traits that are of significance leadership, productivity to aid companies, teams, management to success. Personality tests in job hiring essay – PSY 255 Topic 3 DQ 1

 

Allport’s concept of functional autonomy Discussion Essay

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Allport’s concept of functional autonomy Discussion Essay

PSY 255 Personality Psychology Topic 3 DQ 2

Discuss Allport’s concept of functional autonomy. Identify two instances in your life where functional autonomy was present.

Topic 3 DQ 2

According to the American Psychological Association (APA), Gordon W. Allport’s notion of ‘functional autonomy’ is defined as “a general principle of motivation stating that during the performance of purposeful, goal-oriented behavior, various derivative drives emerge as independent units from the original drive that inspired the behavior” (2020).Allport’s concept of functional autonomy Discussion Essay. It goes on to cite the example of studying motivated by the desire to obtain high grades, and how that could be gradually replaced by the desire for (and pursuit of) knowledge for its own sake. Reading this definition, it makes me think of the difference between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. In intrinsic motivation, you perform the action because you want to, while in extrinsic motivation, you perform the action because you know you are going to get a reward. Based on the example provided by the APA, I would think that the concept of functional autonomy would relate more to intrinsic motivation. Offhand, I can think of many instances of extrinsic motivation that I have encountered, but it is harder to think of instances of intrinsic motivation. However, I guess if I had to identify two examples, I would cite the ones of transferring to Arizona School for the Arts during my freshman year of high school and volunteering at St. Vincent de Paul. I was intrinsically-motivated to attend ASA, so my parents went through all of the ‘hoops’ to get that started for me. I was also intrinsically-motivated to begin volunteering at St. Vincent de Paul, because I have always enjoyed benefitting the Phoenix community at large and giving back to those who are less fortunate. These are the two largest examples of functional autonomy that I feel were present in my life. Allport’s concept of functional autonomy Discussion Essay.

APA Dictionary of Psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/functional-autonomy

 

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Topic 3 DQ 2

Hi xxx,

Reading your post about the “now” behavior to pursuit knowledge is a great example of ‘functional autonomy.’ Thanks for sharing.

After reading your post, it sparked a memory about how Nicholas Spark became a very famous author. He began his writing career by accident. He began to write to occupy time (boredom) from being sidelined from sports due to an injury. What began as filling time and keeping his mind off of his injury, became a lifetime habit and a very luractive career. Now his motive is not to pass time, but as a career. Allport’s concept of functional autonomy Discussion Essay.

Nicholas Sparks, tells the story best when he shares what his mother said to him. “Your problem is that you’re bored. You need to find something to do…” Then she looked at me and said the words that would eventually change my life: “Write a book.” Until that moment, I had never considered writing. Granted, I read all the time, but actually sitting down and coming up with a story on my own? …I was nineteen years old and had become an accidental author.”

I sure would love to inquire a ‘functional autonomy’ like Sparks that proved to be successful. Unfortunately, I think sometimes there can be functional autonomies that are not always healthy, but I’m sure that would be a matter of opinion. What if Sparks mother bought him video games and he just played video games for his whole season of being injuried? And, it video game playing continued throughout his life. We might never know who he is or have the opportunity to fall in love with the movie “Notebook.” Allport’s concept of functional autonomy Discussion Essay

 

Wikipedia contributors. (2020, January 10). Nicholas Sparks. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 16:15, April 9, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Sparks&oldid=935109149

 

Topic 3 DQ 2
Gordon Allport was not the one to look too much into a person’s past in order to understand the way people are presently. “This belief is most strongly evident in the concept of functional autonomy: Your motives today are independent (autonomous) of their origins” (Boeree, 2006, p. 32). An instance in my life where functional autonomy was present, I developed a taste for green beans or another example is I developed a taste for collecting tarot and oracle cards. It does not matter why I developed a taste for green beans or why I wanted to collect these cards. The facts are this is the way I am now. (Boeree, 2006) Allport’s concept of functional autonomy Discussion Essay.In terms of perseverative functional autonomy this is about habits or behaviors that no longer serve their original purpose but still continue. A good example of this is I used the word “like” frequently in speech to tease my cousin but now it serves no purpose and has become a habit. Another example is cracking my knuckles to relieve the pain in my hand but now it is a habit that I cannot quit. “Propriate function autonomy is something a bit more self-directed than habits” (Boeree, 2006, p. 34). Allport’s concept of functional autonomy Discussion Essay. A good example of this is I was punished for being selfish when I was a child. Another example is I was kind to animals. These do not detract from my generosity today; this has become my value. (Boeree, 2006).References -Dr. C. George Boeree. (2006). Gordon Allport. Retrieved from https://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/allport.html

 

 

Topic 3 DQ 2
Hello Class,What Gordon Allport’s functional autonomy essentially means is that the actions used for achieving a goal become independent of themselves over time as one completes these actions toward completion of their goals. So, in the beginning of an undertaking towards a goal the actions are directly associated with the goal. Over time, these actions become normal and therefore less obviously associated with the end goal (Elsevier’s Dictionary of Psychological Theories, 2006). Allport’s concept of functional autonomy Discussion Essay.I can think of a few personal examples in my life, such as the undertaking of a new job or learning how to play guitar. Over time when learning my duties in the workplace or practicing guitar my actions became less about the end goal of learning these duties or chord progressions and scales, and more about performing them as I had become more proficient in them. 

Allport’s functional autonomy principle. (2006). In J. E. Roeckelein (Ed.), Elsevier’s dictionary of psychological theories. Elsevier Science & Technology. Retrieved from https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/estpsyctheory/allport_s_functional_autonomy_principle/0?institutionId=5865 Allport’s concept of functional autonomy Discussion Essay