Describe ways in which Marcus and Athena could additionally help each other explore their concerns and requests during and after their first sexual encounter.

/in /by

Athena and Marcus have been dating for several months, and it is clear to both that they will soon be lovers. They are both excited and secretly a little worried about getting sexually involved. Marcus has only had one other serious girlfriend with whom he had intercourse, and she broke his heart. He is constantly worried about what Athena thinks and if she will cheat on him. He would have become sexually intimate much sooner if Athena had consented. Athena had some disappointing experiences with lovers who ignored her arousal needs and rushed her into intercourse. As a result, intercourse has usually been uncomfortable and she has never had an orgasm with a lover. She loves Marcus unconditionally and wants only to make him happy.

Although at first glance, this looks like a disaster waiting to happen, it is also potentially an opportunity for Athena and Marcus to experience both a deepening of their emotional relationship and a satisfying sexual encounter if they are both willing to talk about their concerns.

Given what you have learned from this module’s readings and lecture, answer the following:

  • What “love style” describes Marcus and Athena? Are they compatible?
  • Describe how either of them can begin a conversation and voice their concerns before they become sexually involved.
  • What reasons might hold both of them back from initiating such a conversation?
  • Describe ways in which Marcus and Athena could additionally help each other explore their concerns and requests during and after their first sexual encounter.

Explain how you could minimize the risk of selection bias and how you could minimize the risk that individual differences become a confounding variable.

/in /by

1. What are the five steps of the scientific method?

2. Describe the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning, and give an example of each.

3. State a hypothesis that identifies a specific variable that causes some people to choose red as their favorite color. Create a prediction from your hypothesis.

4. Search in a current newspaper or on a news website and find one news story that is based on the results of a recent research study. Summarize the research result according to the story. Do you have any reason to doubt that this information is accurate?

5. List the five sections typically found in a research article and describe briefly what each should contain.

6. Determine whether each of the following hypotheses is testable and refutable. If not, explain why.

(a) Young children can see good or evil auras surrounding the people they meet.

(b) A list of three-syllable words is more difficult to memorize than a list of one-syllable words.

(c) The incidence of paranoia is higher among people who claim to be abducted by aliens than in the general population.

(d) If atomic weapons were never invented, then there would be less anxiety in the world.

7. For each of the following operational definitions, decide whether you consider it to be a valid measure. Explain why or why not. Decide whether you consider it to be a reliable measure. Explain why or why not.

(a) A researcher defines social anxiety in terms of the number of minutes before a child begins to interact with adults other than his or her parents.

(b) A professor classifies students as either introverted or extroverted based on the number of questions each individual asks during one week of class.

(c) A sports psychologist measures physical fitness by measuring how high each person can jump.

(d) Reasoning that bigger brains require bigger heads, a researcher measures intelligence by measuring the circumference of each person’s head (just above the ears).

8. In this chapter, we identified four scales of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

(a) What additional information is obtained from measurements on an ordinal scale compared to measurements from a nominal scale?

(b) What additional information is obtained from measurements on an interval scale compared to measurements from an ordinal scale?

(c) What additional information is obtained from measurements on a ratio scale compared to measurements from an interval scale?

9. Select one construct from the following list:

happiness hunger exhaustion motivation creativity fear

Briefly describe how it might be measured using:

(a) an operational definition based on self-report (e.g., a questionnaire)

(b) an operational definition based on behavior (e.g., what kinds of behavior would you expect to see from an exhausted individual?)

10. Explain the difference between passive and active deception.

11. A researcher studying cyberbullying among middle-school students interviews a group of students from a local middle school about their cyberbullying experiences. For this study, identify the target population, the accessible population, and the sample.

12. For each of the following scenarios, identify which research strategy is used: descriptive, correlational, experimental, or nonexperimental.

a. Dr. Jones conducts a study examining the relationship between sugar consumption and activity level for 5-year-old children. Sugar consumption scores are obtained by interviewing each child’s parents and activity level is measured by observing the children during an outdoor play period.

b. Dr. Jones conducts a study examining the relationship between sugar consumption and activity level for 5-year-old children. Sugar consumption scores are obtained by interviewing each child’s parents. Based on the interview results, the boys are divided into two groups: those who consume large amounts of sugar and those who eat relatively small amounts. Then activity level is measured by observing the children during an outdoor play period to determine if there is any difference between the two groups.

c. Dr. Jones conducts a study examining the relationship between sugar consumption and activity level for 5-year-old children. A group of children is randomly separated into two groups. One group is given a sugary cereal for breakfast and the other is given oatmeal. Activity level is then measured by observing the children during an outdoor play period to determine if there is any difference between the two groups.

d. Dr. Jones conducts a study examining activity level of 5-year-old children. Each afternoon for 1 week, a group of boys in a child-care center is observed during a 30-minute period while they play outdoors. Activity level is recorded during the 30-minute period.

13. Explain how using college students as participants in a study may limit the external validity of a study’s research findings.

14. Selection bias and individual differences are both potential problems dealing with the participants in a study.

a. Identify which of these is a threat to internal validity and which is a threat to external validity, and describe how each one is a threat.

b. Suppose that you were planning a research study in which the individuals who participate will be put into separate groups and each group will participate in one of the treatment conditions that are being compared. Explain how you could minimize the risk of selection bias and how you could minimize the risk that individual differences become a confounding variable.

15. A researcher would like to compare two methods for teaching math to third-grade students. Two third-grade classes are obtained for the study. Mr. Jones teaches one class using method A, and Mrs. Smith teaches the other class using method B. At the end of the year, the students from the method-B class have significantly higher scores on a mathematics achievement test. Does this result indicate that method B causes higher scores than method A? Explain your answer, and identify the general problem that precludes a cause-and-effect explanation.

Bonus:

16. Explain why plagiarism is unethical.

explore theories of social and emotional development and analyze their application in research articles. 

/in /by

Discussion: The Role of Theory in Social and Emotional Research

When looking through a historical lens, the study of social and emotional development research is relatively new. High infant and child mortality rates throughout much of history led to a low investment in children on multiple fronts. Many children who did survive their early years worked alongside families on farms. It was not until the work of some developmental theorists in the early 1900s, such as John Watson and G. Stanley Hall, that individuals started to see the unique vulnerabilities of children as well as the ways in which their unfolding emotional and social development had long-term implications for their lives into adulthood and beyond.

As with all other areas of developmental psychology, developmental theory is a basic guiding principle and foundation for research and intervention initiatives related to social and emotional development. Theory is defined as “a group of ideas, assumptions, and generalizations that interpret and illuminate thousands of observations about human growth. A developmental theory provides a framework for explaining the patterns and problems of development” (Berger, 2016, p. 23). Theories are a key aspect to research on social and emotional development, as they lead to testable hypotheses that researchers examine in their work.

Theories around social and emotional development have evolved over the past 100 years. Different social scientists began proposing contradictory theories as similar phenomena began to emerge. These theories needed to be tested to determine their validity, and the field of developmental psychology was born.

For this Discussion, you explore theories of social and emotional development and analyze their application in research articles.

To Prepare:

· Review this week’s Learning Resources for an overview of theories of social and emotional development.

· Identify a research study available in the Walden Library that was published in a peer-reviewed journal in the past 5 years and pertains to some aspect of social or emotional development. Avoid theoretical or review articles.

· Identify the theory applied in the research study.

By Day 4

Post a brief description of the article you selected. Include a PDF of the article as an attachment to the Discussion board. Identify the theory applied in the article. Summarize the theory in a paragraph. Does the research support or refute the theory applied in the article? Explain your response. Finally, explain in your own words why theory is important in social and emotional research.

Then: Select one article that a colleague posted to the board. Review the article and how the identified theory was applied. Try to choose a colleague whose article/post has not had a response yet.

By Day 6

Respond to at least one colleague by explaining whether your colleague correctly identified and summarized the theory and why. Please discuss any insights into the theory and research findings you gained by reading your colleague’s article in light of her or his post.

Resources for This Week

Gendron, M., & Barrett, L. F. (2009). Reconstructing the past: A century of ideas about emotion in psychology. Emotion Review, 4, 316–339.

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Lamb, M. E. (2015). Processes underlying social, emotional, and personality development: A preliminary survey of the terrain. In R. M. Lerner & M. E. Lamb (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science: Vol. 3, Socioemotional processes (7th ed., pp. 1–10). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Mauss, I. B., & Robinson, M. D. (2009). Measures of emotion: A review. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 209–237.

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Salovey, P., & Pizarro, D. A. (2003). The value of emotional intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg, J. Lautrey, & T. I. Lubart (Eds.), Models of intelligence: International perspective (pp. 263–278). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Erikson, E. (1950). Eight ages of Man. In E. Erikson, Childhood and society (pp 247-274). New York, NY: Norton

Clark-Stewart, A, & Park, R. D. (2014). Social Development (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley

Chapter 1, “Introduction Theories of Social Development” (pp 1-29)

Describe why the science of psychology places more emphasis on results based on scientific studies than it does on personal experiences and anecdotes.em.)

/in /by

Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which you:

Section 1 (1-2 paragraphs):

  • Choose one of the following areas of your brain and explain what it does:
    • Thalamus
    • Reticular formation
    • Brain stem (pons and medulla)
    • Cerebellum
    • Limbic system
    • One of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex
  • Explain how the area you described contributes to a specific activity from your everyday life.  (Example: During horseback riding, the cerebellum integrates information from the motor systems and balance system.)

Section 2 (1-2 paragraphs):

All of us have been shaped by both nature (biology) and nurture (environment), making us the persons we are today.  In most cases, it is difficult to completely disentangle the separate effects of nature vs. nurture with much certainty.  However, we can make some educated guesses based on our knowledge of familial tendencies that we may have inherited, as well as knowledge of our environment and experiences.  In this section, we ask for you to make some educated guesses about the roles of nature and nurture in your life.

  • Describe the role of nature (biology) in shaping what kind of person you are today. Provide a specific example of the role of nature.
  • Describe the role of nurture (environment) in shaping what kind of person you are today.  Provide a specific example of the role of nurture.

Section 3 (1-2 paragraphs):

  • Describe the influences of culture, your environment, and biology on your gender role behavior.
  • Use specific examples from your own life to explain your answers.

Section 4 (1-2 paragraphs):

  • Discuss the fallibility of memory in terms of bias and inaccuracy when you reflect on your past.
  • Identify specific memory biases that could affect how you remember your past.  Include factors related to cognition.
  • Use specific examples from your own life.

Section 5 (1 paragraph):

  • Describe why the science of psychology places more emphasis on results based on scientific studies than it does on personal experiences and anecdotes.em.)

what is Dementia and what does it do?

/in /by

The case study that I chose was Case #19- The Case of Fred (Gorenstein & Comer 2015)

Fred suffers from a type of dementia called Alzheimer’s disease.  Fred portrays almost all symptoms of a form of  Dementia; Alzheimer’s Disease. The cognitive functioning decline of memory , learning, attention, planning, decision making, language ability, visual perception, and social awareness in this patient are all effected by this disease (Morrison, 2014).

Fred exhibits forgetfulness, agitation, cognitive decline, and mild aphasia.  He does have symptoms of depression as well. (Gorenstein & Comer  2015).

Alzheimer’s is a form of dementia. Dementia what exactly is it and what does it do? Dementia isthe loss of cognitive functioning such as thinking, remembering, reasoning as well as behavior.Dementia or Alzheimer’s disease patients’ abilities eventually become impaired enough tointerfere with their daily activities. As the individual’s cognitive functions worsen with theprogression of the disease some of the other functions that become impaired include memory,language skills, visual perception, problem solving, self-management, as well as the ability to focus and pay attention (Pereira, 2017). Dementia/Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive disease that starts out basically unnoticeable (mildest stage) and will progress in severity to the pointwhere the patient will need continues care (severest stage) for all their activities even their mostbasic functions (Bowden, 2016)

Once the disease has progressed far enough for symptoms to begin showing the brain has already begun to lose neurons (nerve cells). The once healthy nerve cells cease performing, lose their connections to other nerve cells therefor actually begin to die (Bowden, 2016). As we age it is not uncommon to lose some neurons but individuals suffering from detention have a much greater loss than that of someone simply aging normally. Dementia/Alzheimer’s disease is most common as we age however it isn’t a routine part of growing older since countless individuals live well into their 90s and even longer never demonstrating any signs of dementia. The actual origins of dementia differ depending on the types of changes in the brain. Frontotemporal disorders are a type of dementia more common in middle age and Alzheimer’s is most common in the elderly, but these are only two of the different types of dementia and there are several other types (Crowe, 2015). Symptoms of dementia can include some or all the following; in the earliest stages trouble remembering names, conversations and special occasions, lethargy and quite often depression can also be signs in the beginning (Crowe, 2015). When the disease advances some signs may involve decreased communication skills, reduced judgement, uncertainty, behavior changes, eventually problems in speaking, swallowing and even walking (Crowe, 2015).

References

Bowden, S. C., Crowe, S. F., Klekociuk, S. Z., Saunders, N. L., & Summers, M. J. (2016).Diagnosing mild cognitive impairment as a precursor to dementia: Fact or fallacy?. Australian Psychologist, (5), 366. doi:10.1111/ap.12178

Crowe, S. F. (2015). Assessing the neurocognitive disorders of the diagnostic and statisticalmanual of mental disorders (Fifth Edition). Australian Psychologist, 50(1), 1-5.doi:10.1111/ap.12104

Gorenstein, E., & Comer, J. (2015). Case studies in abnormal psychology (2nd ed.). New York,NY: Worth Publishers. ISBN: 9780716772736

Pereira, T., Lemos, L., Cardoso, S., Silva, D., Rodrigues, A., Santana, I., & … Madeira, S. C.(2017). Predicting progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia usingneuropsychological data: a supervised learning approach using time windows.BMC Medical Informatics & Decision Making, 171-15. doi:10.1186/s12911-017-0497-

how might using the pop-out effect have resulted in a successful or quicker search?

/in /by

Assignment 1: Discussion—Visual Searches

You probably notice every day that some objects in the environment are easier to notice than other objects. For example, workers at sports stadiums often wear bright yellow shirts, which are very easy to see. While the crowd may blend in together, the workers are prominent and are easy to notice when you want a drink or something to eat. In this assignment, you will further explore how people engage in visual searches and what features of a stimulus make a search easier.

Think of a time when you had to locate someone in a crowd, such as a participant in a parade, a friend in a packed theater, or a runner in a marathon. Based on your experience, respond to the following:

  • Were you successful in locating the person? What strategy did you use?
  • Did your search make use of the pop-out effect? How? If not, how might using the pop-out effect have resulted in a successful or quicker search?
  • Did you conduct a conjunctive search? If yes, how did the number of distracters and features affect your search?
  • Using the principles you have read about in this module, how would you make material in a long e-mail stand out in order to ensure that the reader notices it?

Visual searches are also very important in warnings. Warnings need to stand out from their background. The warning must first be noticed, then read and understood. For example, a stick figure could be performing an ambiguous action and have an “X” through it. You therefore understand that while you are not supposed to perform some action, you do not understand what that action actually is.

Give two examples of a poor warning. Did you understand them? Why did you have difficulties with them? What features could be modified to make the warnings more effective?

Write your initial response in 4–5 paragraphs. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.

By the due date assigned, post your response to the appropriate Discussion Area. Through the end of the module, review and comment on at least two peers’ responses.

Discussion Grading Criteria and Rubric

This discussion assignment is worth 40 points and will be graded using the discussion rubric.

Grading Criteria  Maximum Points    Quality of initial posting, including fulfillment of assignment instructions  16    Quality of responses to classmates  12    Frequency of responses to classmates  4    Reference to supporting readings and other materials  4    Language and grammar  4    Total:  40              Rubrics

  • AU_Discussion Grading Rubric

Start a New Thread

What advice would you give young people to help them prepare for their old age?

/in /by

Ithaca College Gerontology Institute

Instructions for Interview of Older Adult

Using the questions below, conduct an interview with a person at least 65 years of age. Feel free to add questions of your own whenever one occurs to you.

The report of your interview should meet the following criteria:

1. Typed and double-spaced if possible; if not possible, please write neatly in pen.

2. Include the questions in your report in a format that enables the reader to know what the

person you are interviewing is referring to.

3. Discuss your personal reaction to the interview in three paragraphs at the end of your report.

******************************************************************************

Questions for Interview of an Older Adult

1. Please tell me about your childhood, family and school life.

2. Do you consider yourself old? At what ages (or stages) did you notice that you were getting older?

3. What is the most important historical event or period of time that you have lived through? How did it influence you personally?

4. What is the biggest change you have seen in how people conduct their everyday lives?

5. What have been the best years of your life so far? What are your plans for the future?

6. How are young people today different from when you were their age?

7. What advice would you give young people to help them prepare for their old age?

8. Have you ever experienced any negative attitudes or discrimination because of your age?

Please explain.

9. Student question. Based on what you’ve learned, ask at least one more question; what else would you like to know about this person’s life?

******************************************************************************

After you describe the interview, discuss your reaction (three paragraphs).

1. What did you learn? Did anything surprise you?

2. How did you feel during the interview?

3. What changes (if any) have occurred in your perception of older adults? (What did you think before? What do you think now?

Historical Context

Before beginning the interview of their older friend, students need to familiarize

themselves with national events, trends, and presidents of the 1900s.

Important Events:

1900-1920

Development of big business

Development of transportation

Panama Canal

Airplane invented

One room schools

First automobiles

World War I in Europe

U.S. entry into World War I

Flu epidemic

Armistice Day

1920-1930

Women vote

Prohibition

Flappers

Progressive Era

Stock Market Crash

1930-1940

Great Depression

New Deal

Radio popular

1940-1950

Pearl Harbor

Draft and World War II

Atomic bomb

V-E Day and V-J Day

Cold war and anti-communism

1950-1960

Sputnik

Fear of nuclear war

TV becomes common appliance

Elvis Presley popular

1960-1970

Vietnam

Civil rights

Great Society Programs

John F. Kennedy assassinated

Martin Luther King assassinated

Neil Armstrong first man on moon (Apollo missions)

Beatles popular

1970-1980

Arab oil embargo

Inflation

Gas Shortage

Drug use more widespread

Computers become more common

Watergate

Richard M. Nixon resigns as President

1980-1990

John Lennon shot and killed

Bell telephone system divided into smaller companies

Sally Ride-first female astronaut

Space shuttle Challenger explodes

AIDS virus

Ruptured Exxon tanker spills oil

Texas elects first woman Governor since Reconstruction

1990-2000

Nelson Mandella-apartheid ends in South Africa

Persian Gulf crisis

East and West Germany reunited-Berlin Wall taken down

Soviet Union dissolved

First wave of “baby boomers” turns 50

2001-2003

Collapse of the World Trade Center in New York City

War with Iraq

What are some of the ways to ensure you have a "successful marriage" and how could you work to ensure that yours is one of these relationships?

/in /by

Original work. Less than 20% plagiarism. Must be APA format.

In Module 7, you will begin the virtual life portion of the project. You will begin answering questions about your own life and experiences. Please answer questions through middle adulthood (ends at age 65). In your sixth reaction paper, please respond to the questions below.

1. What are some of the ways to ensure you have a “successful marriage” and how could you work to ensure that yours is one of these relationships? Consider Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love and the Evolutionary Theory of Mating in your response.
2. Do you see yourself as the kind of person that will stay in the same job for a long time, perhaps into retirement, or as more of a job climber who will jump from one position to the next in order to climb the professional ladder? What factors would you be likely to prioritize as you make such decisions?
3. What do you think might lead some to experience a full-on crisis, while others experience a mild crisis or change just one thing in an effort to accomplish a work or life goal? Consider Erikson, Vaillant, and Levinson’s theories in your response

produce a work demonstrating critical thinking skills and thoughtful scholarly examination of some problem in psychology.

/in /by

am in need of a APA style paper based on the downsides and disadvantages of Psychoanalysis in Psychology.

INSTRUCTIONS:

A key lesson in this class is that science is about always questioning. Nothing should ever be assumed as unquestionable fact. To do this, you will produce a work demonstrating critical thinking skills and thoughtful scholarly examination of some problem in psychology.

The assignment is this: find something in psychology that you think is incorrect. This may be a theory, a research finding, or a set of research findings (keep in mind a wise adage, with a twist: you can’t argue with data, but you can argue how to interpret the data). Write a paper explaining this topic and what the problems are with it. Do not produce a simple opinion piece. Provide citations to back up your reasoning. Support your argument with evidence and clear reasoning. You must use APA formatting rules as appropriate.

There is no length requirement: in science we write until we have completed making the point; page limits are arbitrary and meaningless. Tips: start with a statement in your opening paragraph that clearly describes the area of interest and the problem you have identified. Spend some time providing a descriptive background of the area of interest before detailing the problem and evidence. In addition to supporting your criticisms, provide solutions, whether it be a different theory, or a revision to research methodology or statistical analysis, or proposals for new experiments to be done.

Remember, the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition, is the only authoritative reference on APA style. You shouldn’t get a degree in Psychology without one. These papers will be submitted using the Turnitin tool built into webcourses. A similarity score will be calculated.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:

This is a very open-ended assignment and requires a bit of original thought on your part.

The goal, is for you to identify some topic, theory, line of research, idea, etc that you have encountered in your studies of psychology that you think is problematic, and to write a paper explaining your position. Your argument should be bolstered by strong reasoning and evidence (citing peer reviewed primary sources; never cite textbooks or other secondary sources).

The idea is completely up to you, but it should be something that is current and relevant to modern psychology, not a historical idea (it’s a bit trite to keep repeating the same critiques of Freud, for example, over and over).

One example is the current concern over the replication crisis in Psychology. What sorts of factors, whether theoretical or cultural, might be at play here?  If you do a google search (or google scholar) for psychology replication crisis you’ll find a lot of good articles about (esp if you use google scholar, which will link to peer reviewed articles).

What do case studies from the past such as these reveal to you about the nature of mental illness?

/in /by

The New York Public Library featured an exhibit called The Lives They Left Behind: Suitcases from a State Hospital Attic. When the Willard Psychiatric Center in the New York Finger Lakes region closed its doors for good in 1995, workers discovered several hundred suitcases filled with the belongings of former patients. The suitcases were in an abandoned attic and had sat there, undisturbed, for decades. The curators who lovingly and painstakingly went through the contents were able to piece together many stories of the lives of the former residents. The exhibit ran from December 3, 2007, through January 31, 2008.

You can learn more about the Willard Psychiatric Center and some of the curated suitcases here (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.. Please navigate to The Suitcases tab and choose one of the patients. After reading the biography compiled by the curators and examining the images for the suitcase, discuss what diagnosis your chosen patient might have had (if any) based on clues in the record and discuss how the patient might have been treated if they were alive today. What do case studies from the past such as these reveal to you about the nature of mental illness?

  • attachment

    Module7.pdf