Competing interests in relation to health care

Health policy stakeholders
Executive summary In this report, the six different topics on the health policy stakeholders will be discussed. The topics include the mental health policy stakeholders, aboriginal health policy stakeholders, hospital policy stakeholders, nursing education policy stakeholder, pediatric health policy stakeholder and women and child policy stakeholder. An introduction on all these topics has been provided along with its importance and influence on the various policies.  Competing interests in relation to health care 
Topic 1: Mental health policy stakeholders Holden, C.A. and Lin, V., 2012. Network structures and their relevance to the policy cycle: A case study of The National Male Health Policy of Australia.Social Science & Medicine,74(2), pp.228-235.

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The main theme of this paper is the understanding of a network formation obtained from the network analysis method that is broadly described in the paper providing the stake holders and policy makers the means to analyse the other stakeholders position in context to consideration of the policy process.
Competing interests in relation to health care is a conflict of value, which has a direct effect on the care the physicians provide and even evaluates the factor that whether the competing interests has any negative impact on the divergent interests. There is an involvement of the government in the policy making process and the health care organisations are often asked to have some policies that will guard the negative impacts of the competing interests.
The approach used in this paper is important for understanding the influence of stakeholders in public health policy because this paper focuses on the performers of a policy, which is helpful in providing the insight about how to feature a policy. To provide a broader view of the stakeholders in the mental health policy this paper provides a case study on the competing interest. This study provides with a network analysis style as an instrument, which will help the policy makers to identify the stakeholders and their considerations regarding the policy process. this study focuses on the structural functional framework and this helps in evaluating on role of the network analysis in providing of alternative methods to the stakeholders for participating in the policy cycle process. This paper highlights the point about how the network based on the relationship of the policy makers and stakeholders’ impacts on the policy process and hence has relevance to the topic and can be used as assistance to the topic. Competing interests in relation to health care 
Topic 2: Aboriginal health policy stakeholder Flicker, S. and Worthington, C.A., 2012. Public health research involving aboriginal peoples: research ethics board stakeholders’ reflections on ethics principles and research processes.Canadian Journal of Public Health/Revue Canadienne de Sante’e Publique, pp.19-22.
The main theme of this study is to identify the role of the stakeholders about the health policy of the aboriginals. This study highlights the fact of having a presence of considerable discussions about the principles that are best for researching the health process of the aboriginals in context to the stakeholders’ perspective.
This study deals with the term community health or the health issues of any community. The study of community health focuses on mainly kinds of groups and deals with aspects of health of that certain group. Community health mainly focuses on health issues of the whole group rather than pointing on any individual. This is why this study relates to the topic and this study deals with the system in which the health characteristics of a given community can be sorted and mentions that health of any group or community is dependent on the social and demographic position of that particular group. Health dimension encompasses the complete physical and mental situation of an individual. The stakeholders are not always involved in the health policy of the stakeholders and they do not particularly have the decision making right if not they are given the objective of the meaningful engagement that allows them to be a part of the decision making process.
This study is relevant to the topic because it highlights that the stakeholders do not have the right to get involved in the health and health policy matters of the aboriginals. They are not always allowed to take part in every decision making process and as the topic of the study is the aboriginal health policy stakeholders, the overall topic is discussed in the chosen paper providing a clear view. Thus, this paper can be accessed as an assistance to the topic to define the stakeholders position in aboriginal health policy.
Topic 3: Hospital policy stakeholders Gagnon, M.P., Desmartis, M., Poder, T. and Witteman, W., 2014. Effects and repercussions of local/hospital-based health technology assessment (HTA): a systematic review.Systematic reviews,3(1), p.129.
This chosen article is about the health technology assessment of hospitals and this paper highlights the perceptions of the stakeholders in the process of HTA in the hospitals. There is also mentioning of the implementation of the stakeholders recommendations for improving outcomes.
This research paper has an analysis of a conducted research to find the answer to the relevant questions and to find the answer to the perceptions of the stakeholders in the hospital policy. The method chosen by this paper was PRISMA and it was conducted in two methods; firstly the screening and selection method and the extraction of the data. The study was conducted using around 700 articles and the research was done in the hospitals of a country.
As the study was only about the effects of HTA and finding the perceptions of the stakeholders along with implementation of the recommendations, this study had limited access to research. The overall research provides an understanding of the impact of decision with introducing modern technologies in the hospitals. The study does not broadly emphasize on the stakeholder term in the whole paper but it is well known that the stakeholders of a hospital are the providers, payers, patients and the employers. Hence, through this paper one can critically evaluate the stakeholders’ perception about the hospital policy.
This article discusses the perception of stakeholders in the hospital policy; though not by mentioning the term stakeholders in every term still this article is relevant to the topic and can be used to discuss the topic in a broader way. This article focuses on the given topic, though it discusses the context of the topic in a different way it still highlights the importance of the decision-making by the stakeholders of a hospital and can be used as a help to describe the topic clearly. Competing interests in relation to health care 
Topic 4: Nursing educational policy stakeholders Tobiano, G., Marshall, A., Bucknall, T. and Chaboyer, W., 2015. Patient participation in nursing care on medical wards: an integrative review.International journal of nursing studies,52(6), pp.1107-1120. This article is about the participation of the patients in the way of their own nursing care. This study highlights the role of the patients in the nursing process. The objective of the study is to provide the perceptions of the patients towards the patient involvement in nursing process. This research paper has implied some methods to integrate the reviews of the patients as well as the nurses in the nursing process or policy. The methods with the help of which the study was conducted are data sources and the review methods, which provided a clear idea about the topic of the paper. The limitations of the paper are that the paper had some discrepancies. The results of the conducted research helped the research with some themes, which were the enacted participation, challenges in the participation process and the promotion of participation and lastly the participation types. There is a large number of enacted participation of the patients in the medical wards. The known challenges are will ingness of the patients and the approach of the nurses. Sharing of the information can be a way of promoting the participation. The question may arise how the above discussion is relevant to the topic. The above discussion is about the participation of the patients in nursing policy. This is the answer of the question. Broadly describing, this paper discusses about one of the stakeholders’ participation in the health care system and that is the patient. The patients are a type of stakeholders in any health care system. Hence, this paper is relevant to the topic and has the information, which can be used for defining the topic. The topic is about the nursing policy stakeholders and the paper is about the patient participation in the nursing policy, therefore, this paper can actually be a guide to discuss the topic. Topic 5: Paediatric health policy stakeholder Young, I., Gropp, K., Pintar, K., Waddell, L., Marshall, B., Thomas, K., McEwen, S.A. and Rajic, A., 2014. Experiences and Attitudes Towards Evidence-Informed Policy-Making Among Research and Policy Stakeholders in the Canadian Agri-Food Public Health Sector.Zoonoses and public health,61(8), pp.581-589.
This paper discusses the principle for developing the policy making process more evidence informed for the paediatric or food sector. This paper focuses on the interface of the food sector and policy making with highlighting its impact.
This paper covers a research of food and public health policy makers of Canada, to understand the perspectives of the policy makers. This paper focused on few groups on which the study was conducted and the participants were from paediatric and food departments. The participants introduced the research to all the principles required in this sector. The first one was clarifying the objectives of the policy. Second was the supporting the policy making with evidence third was evidence of the stakeholders interest in the policy inputs. Fourth, the ensuring of the evidence is delivered to the stakeholders in an informative way. Fifth was creating interdisciplinary perspective among the communities and the stakeholders. Sixth aspect was enhancing of individual skills for the policy makers. The results found after consideration of above facts are that the planned effort can lead to proper policy making along with evidence. Understanding of the policy realms can be effective in the policy making of the food industry. The limitation of this study is that it is conducted on few groups and hence there is a problem of implementing the results on wider perspective.
This paper is relevant to the topic as this paper highlights the integration of evidence based policy makers with the stakeholders interest and even the importance of the information sharing about the policy making of food industry to the stakeholders. Thus this paper can be used to discuss the topic broadly. This paper provides the proper importance of the policy makers in the paediatric policymaking system. Thus, this paper can be used as an assistance to look up to the topic of paediatric policy making.
Topic 6: Women and Child health policy stakeholder Nyondo, A.L., Chimwaza, A.F. and Muula, A.S., 2014. Stakeholders’ perceptions on factors influencing male involvement in prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV services in Blantyre, Malawi.BMC Public Health,14(1), p.691.
This paper is mainly about the factors that plays an influential role in determining the involvement of a man in preventing the transmission of HIV from mother to child. This paper is based on the stakeholders’ perspective on the given topic.
The paper discusses the prevention of HIV transmission as a topic from the stakeholders end and adapts many strategies and methods that are required to prevent and evaluate the overall transmission factor. This study highlights the role of the men in the prevention of HIV transmission as society is mainly patriarchal as mentioned by the stakeholders. There are many methods used in the study for conducting a research on the topic. The stakeholders perspective is clearly provided in the overall study and the limitations are that this study is about the role of male to prevent HIV transmission from mother to child but this study does not mention any other point about the other measures.
Though this paper is based on the stakeholders perspective in role of men in prevention of HIV transmission from mother to child this study highlights the certain factors of the topic. This paper highlights the women and child health factor along with highlighting the role of the stakeholders in the women and child health care policy. This paper discusses the stakeholders’ perspective in defining the importance of the male role in the prevention of the transmission of HIV from mother to child and the topic is also based on women and child care. Hence, both the paper and the topic is relevant to each other though not fully but to a great extent and hence this can be used in defining the topic broadly and giving a clear view of the topic of women and child health care and its importance from stakeholders perspective. Competing interests in relation to health care 

REVIEW OF FRAMEWORKS

To prepare:

• Review the article, “Formulating the Evidence Based Practice Question: A Review of the Frameworks,” found in the Learning Resources for this week. Focus on the PICOT model for guiding the development of research questions.
• Review the section beginning on page 75 of the course text, titled, “Developing and Refining Research Problems” in the course text, which focuses on analyzing the feasibility of a research problem.
• Reflect on an issue or problem that you have noticed in your nursing practice. Consider the significance of this issue or problem REVIEW OF FRAMEWORKS.
• Generate at least five questions that relate to the issue which you have identified. Use the criteria in your course text to select one question that would be most appropriate in terms of significance, feasibility, and interest. Be prepared to explain your rationale.

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• Formulate a preliminary PICO question—one that is answerable—based on your analysis. What are the PICO vWrite a 3- to 4-page paper that includes the following:
  • A summary of your area of interest, an identification of the problem that you have selected, and an explanation of the significance of this problem for nursing practice
  • The 5 questions you have generated and a description of how you analyzed them for feasibility
  • Your preliminary PICOT question and a description of each PICOT variable relevant to your question
  • At least 10 possible keywords that could be used when conducting a literature search for your PICOT question and a rationale for your selectionsariables (patient/population, intervention/issue, comparison, and outcome) for this question? REVIEW OF FRAMEWORKS

TRAINING AND SYSTEM MAINTENANCE

In this course, you will progressively work on a system implementation process in six stages:

• Week 1: System planning
• Week 2: System analysis
• Week 3: System selection
• Week 4: System implementation
• Week 5: User training and system maintenance

You can use Internet resources, peer-reviewed journals, and reputable, published articles, and you may interview an executive of a healthcare facility that has implemented an electronic medical record system/electronic health record system or similar system to describe the six implementation steps TRAINING AND SYSTEM MAINTENANCE.

This week there are three tasks to do. First, you will work on the user training phase of the system implementation, considering the following:

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• Planning for training
• Contents of training
• Methods of training
• Location of training
• Schedule of training
• Resources needed
• Training the trainer
• Conducting the training
• Additional periodic ongoing trainings
• Computer-assisted training

Complete the section in a 3–5-page.

Second, this week is final phase of the system implementation that results in the acceptance, rejection, or modification of the project, and release, suspension, or deduction of the contracted amount to the vendor(s)—system maintenance. Compose a brief (2-page) summary of how you will:

• Ensure that all hardware work together.
• Ensure that every function of every application of the computer system works and the system meets the functional requirements and the RFP specifications.
• Ensure that data between different systems interfaces and is transferred smoothly and in correct format.
• Ensure correct transference of data from old to new system (conversion testing).
• Ensure that the system can work under maximum load (volume/stress testing).
• Verify that the system works as expected in a live environment TRAINING AND SYSTEM MAINTENANCE.

RULES AND REGULATIONS TO HEALTH CARE

Write 400 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments. This will be the foundation for future discussions by your classmates. Be substantive and clear, and use examples to reinforce your ideas. 

For this assignment, you will review the Health Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) policies and regulations. HIPAA is a series of government regulations defining private, confidential medical information. These regulations dictate who can use and transmit medical information. The clinic policy states that you are required to explain the HIPAA policy to the patient, obtain his or her signature after you answer any questions, and give a copy of the document to the patient.

Discuss the following:

· What are the rules and regulations that pertain to the health care organizations? 

· Should there be mandatory training on HIPAA rules and regulations and a competency test? Why, or why not? 

Project 2 DUE 3/14

Draft (Project 3 is the Final Draft)

In this assignment, you will develop a training manual that will be utilized for training new employees (certified medical administrative assistants [CMAAs]) who join the clinic. 8 pages; APA format RULES AND REGULATIONS TO HEALTH CARE. 

Physicians are hiring more CMAAs to help manage the increasing complexities of patient care and practice management, while also helping to implement cost-effectiveness and efficiency. The responsibilities of a CMAA can be tailored to the needs of the practice. You will manage front-office functions, manage patient flow, and handle a wide range of tasks that have been discussed in the past few weeks. As a CMAA, you may convey clinical information on behalf of the physician and follow clinical protocol when speaking with patients, but you cannot exercise independent medical judgments. You will also help to optimize patient flow, enabling the physician to see more patients with efficiency, all while following your State’s scope of practice and working under the supervision of a licensed physician.

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The project deliverables are as follows:

· Training Manual 

o Title page 

§ Course number and name

§ Project name

§ Your name

§ Date 

o The training manual should include the following topics: 

§ An introduction to the health care system

§ The organization’s structure

§ The process of checking patients in and out

§ Scheduling patients

§ Various community and patient resources

§ Processes for how to interact with patients

§ Health insurance plans

§ Financial procedures related to the policies of the organization

§ Clean claims

§ Financial procedures related to the organization’s cash flow

§ Billing policy and procedures

§ Protecting patients’ privacy

§ Accounting and bookkeeping procedures and processes

§ Office procedures for various forms of documentation (release of information, electronic health record)

§ Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) rules and regulations RULES AND REGULATIONS TO HEALTH CARE

§ HIPAA forms

§ Advance directives

§ Medical record responsibilities

§ Obtaining patient demographics and insurance information

§ Receive, triage, and route phone calls

§ Review records for medical necessity

§ Release of information guidelines 

Project 3 FINAL PROJECT DUE 3/16

This final draft represents Part 1 and Part 2 of the Key Assignment. You should treat it as a finished document in terms of grammar, formatting, references, all necessary sections, and complete content. 

Training Manual

In this assignment, you will develop a training manual that will be utilized for training new employees (certified medical administrative assistants [CMAAs]) who join the clinic.

Physicians are hiring more CMAAs to help manage the increasing complexities of patient care and practice management, while also helping to implement cost-effectiveness and efficiency. Your responsibilities as a CMAA can be tailored to the needs of the practice. You will manage front-office functions, manage patient flow, and handle a wide range of tasks that have been discussed in the past few weeks. As a CMAA, you may convey clinical information on behalf of the physician and follow clinical protocol when speaking with patients, but you cannot exercise independent medical judgments. You will also help to optimize patient flow, enabling the physician to see more patients with efficiency, all while following your State’s scope of practice and working under the supervision of a licensed physician RULES AND REGULATIONS TO HEALTH CARE. 

Add a final section to your training manual that will be utilized for training new employees (CMAAs) who join the clinic.

As a CMAA in a clinic, you are responsible for ensuring that job performance is in compliance with regulatory agency guidelines. There are many areas of compliance that a CMAA must be familiar with: financial risk, local and state regulations, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), transmission and release of information, HIPAA guidelines, patient care procedures, and prevention of medical errors. For this part of the assignment, you will add the following topics to your training manual:

· Identify and discuss 3 compliance risks. 

· Indicate the consequences of not meeting these requirements. 

Add a conclusion that should include the guidelines or policies that should have been followed to prevent this infraction RULES AND REGULATIONS TO HEALTH CARE.

ADAPTIVE RESPONSE

Consider the following scenarios:

Scenario 1: Jennifer is a 2­year­old female who presents with her mother. Mom is concerned because Jennifer has been “running a temperature” for the last 3 days.  Mom says that Jennifer is usually healthy and has no significant medical history. She was in her usual state of good health until 3 days ago when she started to get fussy, would not eat her breakfast, and would not sit still for her favorite television cartoon. Since then she has had a fever off and on, anywhere between 101oF and today’s high of 103.2oF. Mom has been giving her ibuprofen, but when the fever went up to 103.2oF today, she felt that she should come in for evaluation. A physical examination reveals a height and weight appropriate 2­year­old female who appears acutely unwell.  Her skin is hot and dry. The tympanic membranes are slightly reddened on the periphery, but otherwise normal in appearance. The throat is erythematous with 4+ tonsils and diffuse exudates. Anterior cervical nodes are readily palpable and clearly tender to touch on the left side. The child indicates that her throat hurts “a lot” and it is painful to swallow. Vital signs reveal a temperature of 102.8oF, a pulse of 128 beats per minute, and a respiratory rate of 24 beats per minute ADAPTIVE RESPONSE.

Scenario 2: Jack is a 27­year­old male who presents with redness and irritation of his hands. He reports that he has never had a problem like this before, but about 2 weeks ago he noticed that both his hands seemed to be really red and flaky. He denies any discomfort, stating that sometimes they feel “a little bit hot,” but otherwise they feel fine. He does not understand why they are so red. His wife told him that he might have an allergy and he should get some steroid cream. Jack has no known allergies and no significant medical history except for recurrent ear infections as a child. He denies any traumatic injury or known exposure to irritants. He is a maintenance engineer in a newspaper building and admits that he often works with abrasive solvents and chemicals. Normally he wears protective gloves, but lately they seem to be in short supply so sometimes he does not use them. He has exposed his hands to some of these cleaning fluids, but says that it never hurt and he always washed his hands when he was finished ADAPTIVE RESPONSE.

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Scenario 3: Martha is a 65­year­old woman who recently retired from her job as an administrative assistant at a local hospital. Her medical history is significant for hypertension, which has been controlled for years with

hydrochlorothiazide. She reports that lately she is having a lot of trouble sleeping, she occasionally feels like she has a “racing heartbeat,” and she is losing her appetite. She emphasizes that she is not hungry like she used to be. The only significant change that has occurred lately in her life is that her 87­year­old mother moved into her home a few years ago. Mom had always been healthy, but she fell down a flight of stairs and broke her hip. Her recovery was a difficult one, as she has lost a lot of mobility and independence and needs to rely on her daughter for assistance with activities of daily living. Martha says it is not the retirement she dreamed about, but she is an only child and is happy to care for her mother. Mom wakes up early in the morning, likes to bathe every day, and has always eaten 5 small meals daily. Martha has to put a lot of time into caring for her mother, so it is almost a “blessing” that Martha is sleeping and eating less. She is worried about her own health though and wants to know why, at her age, she suddenly needs less sleep.

To prepare:

Review the three scenarios, as well as Chapter 6 in the Huether and McCance text. Identify the pathophysiology of the disorders presented in the scenarios, including their associated alterations. Consider the adaptive responses to the alterations. Review the “Mind Maps—Dementia, Endocarditis, and Gastro­oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)” media in this week’s Learning Resources. Then select one of the disorders you identified from the scenarios. Use the examples in the media as a guide to construct a mind map for the disorder you selected. Consider the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of the disorder, as well as any adaptive responses to alterations ADAPTIVE RESPONSE.

To complete:

Write a 2­ to 3­page paper that addresses the following:

Explain the pathophysiology of the disorders depicted in the scenarios, including their associated alterations. Be sure to describe the patients’ adaptive responses to the alterations. Construct a mind map of your selected disorder. Include the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of the disorder, as well as any adaptive responses to alterations.

 The School of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The Sample Paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/57.htm). All papers submitted must use this formatting ADAPTIVE RESPONSE.