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Nursing homework help

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Nursing homework help

Instructions

  • There will be 5 case studies posted this semester. Please answer all questions associated with the case study as thoroughly as you can.
  • Please use at least 2 reference when responding to the Case Study unless otherwise noted.
  • There is no particular length requirement as long as you answer the questions thoroughly and use a reference(s) to support your responses.
  • Use the most current APA edition when writing and referencing.
  • Please proofread your papers.

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Negotiation
Susie Smith, a nurse manager of a 77-bed orthopedic unit, is trying to get the pharmacy to deliver medications earlier in the morning. The clinical nurses are unable to schedule procedures in a timely manner, complete all required treatments, and medicate clients on time because of the late pharmacy delivery. Nurse Smith has scheduled meetings with the pharmacy manager. She has determined the exact time required for timely delivery to the unit and for proper client medication delivery. After brainstorming to identify options, she has decided that she will not back down on her demand that the medications be delivered earlier. When Nurse Smith meets with the pharmacy manager, she clearly states the problem and asks for input from his perspective. The pharmacy manager tells Nurse Smith that he cannot change the time schedule because he will upset his workers and their organization. Nurse Smith empathizes with him but reiterates that for quality care, it is essential to administer medications in a timely fashion. Nurse Smith offers to work with him in analyzing delivery times to help develop a different schedule that meets everyone’s needs. The pharmacy manager declines and tells her that it is her problem, not his. What should Nurse Smith do?

  1. What are the three forms of communication often used when two sides seek to reach an agreement? Which of those is being used here?
  2. A patient in the orthopedic unit suffers a significant setback in his recovery when he cannot function properly during physical therapy because his pain medications were not available at the right time to enable him to participate pain-free. The physicians on the orthopedic unit speak out in support of the patients’ needs to receive medications in a timely fashion. As a result, a small task group is made up of Nurse Smith, the pharmacy manager, and two staff members from both departments. Because she was the one who tried to spearhead this change, Nurse Smith is made the group leader. Not wanting to alienate the already defensive pharmacy team members, she decides she will only use an empowering style of leadership. Do you agree with her?

Assignment File(s)

Case Study Rubric  Download Case Study Rubric[Word Document]

Rubric

NM480 Unit 1 Assignment – Case Study #1 Rubric

NM480 Unit 1 Assignment – Case Study #1 Rubric
Criteria Ratings Pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeOrganization
20 pts

16-20 points

All questions were answered with information organized in a logical sequence.

 15 pts

12-15 points

All questions answered with information generally organized in a logical sequence.

 11 pts

8-11 points

All questions answered and information intermittently organized.

 7 pts

4-7 points

All questions answered but information disorganized.

 3 pts

0-3 points

All questions not addressed.
20 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeAnalysis and Evaluation
20 pts

16-20 points

Presents an insightful and thorough analysis of issue; Supports analysis with at least one scholarly source.

 15 pts

12-15 points

Presents a thorough analysis of issue; Support analysis with at least one scholarly source

 11 pts

8-11 points

Presents an incomplete analysis of issue by failure to address one aspect: No scholarly support of analysis.

 7 pts

4-7 points

Presents an incomplete analysis of issue by failure to address multiple aspects; No scholarly support of analysis.

 3 pts

0-3 points

Presents a superficial analysis of issue; No scholarly support of analysis.
20 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeConclusion and Recommendation
20 pts

16-20 points

Effective recommendation or solution aligned with the analysis.

 15 pts

12-15 points

Recommendation or solution loosely aligned with the analysis.

 11 pts

8-11 points

Recommendation or solution does not align with the analysis.

 7 pts

4-7 points

Recommendation or solution does not align with the analysis and is unrealistic.

 3 pts

0-3 points

No recommendation or solution offered.
20 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeWriting Mechanics and Formatting
20 pts

16-20 points

Demonstrates clarity, conciseness, and correctness. Current APA formatting used and free of grammar and spelling errors.

 15 pts

12-15 points

Majority of information is clear with some questions left to reader interpretation. APA with 1-3 grammar and spelling errors.

 11 pts

8-11 points

Sentence structure is proper but paragraph is disorganized. APA with 4-5 grammar and spelling errors.

 7 pts

4-7 points

Poorly organized and does not follow proper sentence structure. APA with greater than 5 grammar and spelling errors.

 3 pts

0-3 points

Unfocused and rambling. Not in current APA format.
20 pts

 

Nursing homework help

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Nursing homework help

MDC3 -3

MAKE SURE TO ANSWER ALL THE FOLLOW CAREFULLY AND CORRECTLY  WITH CAREFUL UNDERSTANDING

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  1. Which of the following assessment findings are consistent with aortic regurgitation?

Atrial fibrillation

Systolic click

Pitting edema

Blowing decrescendo diastolic murmur

  1. The nurse receives an order to infuse heparin 1000 units/hr IV. The IV bag contains 25.000 units heparin in 500ml. D5W. Calculate the IV rate in ml/hr___ ( record as a whole number)
  2. The nurse is assessing a client with severe anemia. Which clinical manifestation does the nurse expect to see in this clients?

Dyspnea with activity

Hypertension

Bradycardia

Warm flushed skin

  1. A nurse is caring for a 19 year old male recently diagnosed with leukemia. Which of the following nursing interventions is appropriate for the client?

Strict hand hygiene to prevent infection

Fluid restriction

Low residual diet

Therapeutic phlebotomy

  1. The nurse assesses a client and documents the following findings edema 2+ bilateral ankles brown pigmentation of lower extremity skin aching pain of lower extremities when standing that resolves with elevation and 2+pedal pulses. What condition does the client likely have?

Deep vein thrombosis

Venous insufficiency

Peripheral arterial disease

Raynaud disease

  1. The nurse is caring for a 65 year old female who presented to the emergency department with shortness of breath and chest discomfort. The client has not been feeling well for the past few days and complains of a productive cough of blood tinged sputum. Laboratory an elevated brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and chest x-ray reveals pulmonary congestion , Based on the assessment findings which of the following diagnosis are consistent with these findings?

Heart failure(left- sided)

Pulmonary embolism

Heart failure(right-sided)

Lung cancer

  1. A nurse is performing discharge teaching for a client who was recently diagnosed with heart failure. Which of the following should be included in the client and family teaching? (SATA)

Medication teaching

Low sodium diet

Fluid restriction

Weekly weight

Symptoms to report to the provider

  1. A 65 year old female presented to the emergency room with complaints of progressively worsening fatigue shortness of breath, and palpitations. Upon assessment heart rate is  150 beats per minute and irregular, and there is positive jugular vein distention heart tones reveal a high pitched holosystolic murmur. Which of the following disorders are consistent with these findings?

Mitral regurgitation

Mitral stenosis

Aortic regurgitation

Mitral valve prolapse

  1. Which of the following assessment findings is consistent with mitral valve prolapse?

Systolic click

Urinary frequency

Atrial fibrillation

Claudication

  1. The nurse is caring for four clients on a post surgical unit . The nurse understands that monitoring the client for which post operative complication takes priority?

Constipation

Nausea

Urinary retention

Pneumonia

  1. A nurse is caring for a client who was recently diagnosed with hemophilia. Which of the following laboratory tests is consistent with that diagnosis?

Decreased bleeding time

Prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time

Prolonged prothrombin time

Decreased platelet count

  1. A 78 year old female presented to the emergency department with shortness of breath. Her daughter is at the bedside and shares that the client has a history of heart failure. You place the client on the cardiac monitor and find that the client is in atrial fibrillation at rate of 180 beats per minute. Which of the following are your concerns regarding this rhythm?(SATA)

Potential for embolic event

Hypotension due to elevated heart rate

Worsening heart failure

Dizziness and light headedness

Cerebral edema

  1. Which of the following is the most common assessment finding related to autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura?

Bruising

Fatigue

Confusion

Fever

  1. A client is receiving treatment for the diagnosis of hemophilia A. Which of the following is most appropriate to include in the assessment of the client?

Appetite

Urine output

Joint pain and bruising

Respiratory rate

  1. A nurse is caring for a client who recently underwent a heart transplant. Which of the following post operative nursing interventions is the priority?

Assess for signs and symptoms of rejection

Advanced diet as tolerated

Auscultated bowel sounds

Maintain strict bedrest

  1. A nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with polycythemia vera. Which of the following should the nurse include in the client and family education?

Decrease fluid intake to no more than 1 liter per day

Wear support hose while awake

Diet  high in vitamin K intake

Resume normal activity

  1. The nurse knows that hemolytic reaction to blood transfusion occur most often within the —-first minutes of the infusion?

100

15

45

60

  1. The family of a neutropenic client reports that the client confused and is not acting right, What action by the nurse is the priority?

Ask the client about pain

Assess the client for infection

Delegate taking a set of vital signs

Look at todays laboratory results

  1. During hourly rounding the nurse enters a room where the client is unresponsive without a pulse. What is the nurses priority action?

Call the family

Begin ventilation at 1 breath every 6-8 seconds

Start chest compressions at a rate of 100-120 compression per minutes

Wait for the emergency response team for direction

  1. Which of the following assessment findings is a priority during a blood transfusion?

Chest pain

Headache

Joint pain

Fatigue

  1. A nurse is caring for a client with a history of an abdominal aortic aneurism. Which of the following assessment findings request immediate intervention?

Decreased urine output

Back pain

Nausea and vomiting

Absent peripheral pulses

  1. A nurse is caring for a client who has heart failure and a prescription for digoxin 125mcg PO daily . Available is digoxin PO 0.25mg/tablet. How many tablets should the nurse administer per dose? (round nearest tenth)
  2. A client admitted for sickle cell crisis is distraught after learning her child also has the disease. What response by the nurse is best?

Both you and the father are equally responsible for passing it on

I can see you are upset . I can stay here with you a while if you like

Its not your fault there is no way to know who will have this disease

There are many good treatments for sickle call disease these days

  1. A female client is being treated for a deep vein thrombus she developed post operatively about one week ago and was treated with unfractionated heparin, Today she presents to the clinic with petechiae on bilateral hands and feet. Laboratory results show a platelet count of 42, 000/mm3(42* 109/L). The nurse is concerned about a drug reaction and anticipates the client has which of the following?

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia(HIT)

Hemophilia A (classic hemophilia)

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura(TTP)

Sickle call crisis

  1. The nurse educates the client on which of the following tests as the best tool for diagnosing heart failure?

Echocardiography

Pulmonary artery catheter

Radionuclide studies

Mitigated angiographic (MUGA) scan

  1. Which of the following nursing interventions would be appropriate for a client with sickle cell disease? (SATA)

Administer IV morphine

Keep the client strictly NPO

Remove restrictive clothing

Prepare the client for surgery

Provide a cool environment

  1. A nurse is caring for a client who was received in the emergency department with a heart rate of 220 beats per minute. The clients  cardiac monitor displays supraventricular tachycardia(SVT) . Which of the following interventions should the nurse anticipate?

Apply compression stockings

Check blood glucose

Draw labs

Vagal maneuver

  1. A nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with peripheral artery disease. Which of the following is a common assessment finding?

3+ pedal pulses

1+ pedal pulses

4+pedal pulses

Bounding pulses in all 4 extremities

  1. A nurse is planning a client for a client who is iron deficient. Which of the following foods high in iron should the nurse include in the plan?

Oranges

Cashews

Red meat

Yogurt

  1. A client states that their legs have pain with walking that decreases with rest. The nurse observes absence of hair on the clients lower extremities and the client has a thready weakened posterior tibial pulse. What would be the best position to have the clients legs?

Elevated on pillows

Crossed at the knee

Slightly bent with a pillow under the knees

Dependent position

  1. A client diagnosed with stable angina is complaining of substernal chest pain, rating the pain 5 out of 10 what would be the priority action by the nurse?

Administer nitroglycerin 1 table sublingual immediately

Administer 81 mg of aspirin immediately

Administer the clients prescribed beta blocker

Administer morphine

  1. A male client is presenting with radiating chest pain. Which of the following would the nurse recognize as indicators that an acute myocardial infarction may be occurring?(SATA)

Positive troponin markers

ST elevation on EKG on two contiguous leads

History of atherosclerosis

Pain radiating in jaw back shoulder or abdomen

Pain relieved with rest

  1. Which of the following is a common early assessment finding consistent with a diagnosis of hereditary hemochromatosis?

Flank pain

Fever

Hypoglycemia

Liver dysfunction

  1. Which of the following is a treatment option for a client with sickle cell disease?

Pain management with NSAIDs only

Arthrocentesis

NPO diet

IV fluid bolus

  1. Which of the following medications are appropriate for the treatment of heart failure?(SATA)

Antibitics

Diuretics

Digoxin

Bronchodilators

Angiotensin- converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitors

  1. Which of the following is a possible treatment plan for a client diagnosed with leukemia?

Therapeutic phlebotomy

Stem cell transplant

Splenectomy

Dialysis

  1. You are caring for a client who presented to the emergency department with pulmonary edema. The clients is hypotensive with a pulse oximeter reading of 85% on room air. Which of the following is a nursing priority?

Administer diuretics

Administer IV fluids

Administer oxygen

Obtain a chest X-ray

  1. The nurse is arriving at the beginning of her shift and taken report on four clients on a medical surgical unit. Which client should the nurse see first?

A client with pyelonephritis with nausea and vomiting

A client post total abdominal hysterectomy with 9/10 abdominal pain

A client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with an oxygen saturation of 89% on room air.

A client post prostatectomy with bright red blood and clots in his catheter

  1. Which of the following interventions should be included in the nutrition care plan of the client with atherosclerosis?

Increase saturated fats

Increase daily intake of vegetables fruits and whole grains

Limit sodium intake to 6 g per day

Increase full fat dairy products

  1. Which of the following is a treatment option for a client with infective endocarditis?

Antimicrobials

Antihypertensives

Diet modification

Bedrest

  1. A nurse is caring for a client recently diagnosed with pericarditis which of the following is a common assessment finding with this disorders?

ST segment depression

Pericardial friction rub

Elevated troponin

Heart failure

  1. A nurse in a hematology clinic is working with four clients who have polycythemia vera. Which client should the nurse see first?

Client with a blood pressure of 180/98mm Hg

Client who reports shortness of breath

Client who reports calf tenderness and swelling

Client with a swollen and painful left great toe

  1. A nurse sets an infusion pump to infuse 1 L of D5NS at the rate of 100 ml/hr.

How many hours will it take to complete the infusion? __ hours (record whole number)

  1. Which of the following is the priority nursing intervention for a client experiencing a transfusion reaction?

Stop transfusion immediately

Notify the provider

Flush the IV Line

Check vital signs

  1. The nurse knows which of the following is the most common problem for a client with valvular heart disease?

Decreased cardiac output

Difficulty coping

Bradycardia

Altered body image

  1. A nurse is caring for a 65 year old male who recently underwent an aortic valve replacement. Which of the following is a post operative nursing care priority?

Temperature monitoring

Advance diet as tolerated

Assess for bleeding

Dressing change

  1. A nurse is caring for a client recently diagnosed with hypertension. Which of the following should be included in the discharge teaching?

Only check your blood pressure at a clinic or pharmacy

Diet changes are not recommended

Decrease physical activity to avoid spikes in blood pressure

Adhere to prescribed  medications

  1. The nurse is discharging home a client at risk for venous thromboembolism on enoxaparin sodium. What instruction is a priority for the nurse to provide to this client?

Notify your health care provider if your stools appear  dark or tarry

Massage the injection site after the heparin is injected

You must have your PT/INR checked every 2 weeks

You must have you’re a PTT checked every 72 hours

  1. A nurse is caring for a client who presented to the emergency department with complaints of fatigue. Palpitations and chest pain . Upon assessment the provider notes an S3 and S4 gallop. Weak peripheral pulses and tachycardia. The provider orders a chest x-ray and echocardiogram. Which reveals left ventricular dilation. Which of the following disorders is consistent with these findings?

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Pericarditis

Cardiac tamponade

  1. A nurse is providing discharge teaching to a client who recently underwent a mechanical valve replacement which of the following statement by the client indicates the clients correct understanding of the discharge teaching regarding warfarin anticoagulant therapy?

I do not need to take my prescribed medication for the rest of my life

Additional monitoring is not required while on the anticoagulant

I can lead a normal life while on anticoagulants no restrictions are required

I may need to modify my diet while on this medication

  1. Which of the following procedures are performed for a client with a pericardial effusion?

Coronary artery bypass graft

Thoracotomy

Pericardiocentesis

Thoracentesis

  1. Which of the following is the treatment of choice for end stage heart failure?

Heart transplant

Coronary artery bypass grafting

Percutaneous angiogram

Medications

  1. A nurse are caring for a client diagnosed with atherosclerosis. Which of the following is considered a risk factor for the development of the disorder?

High HDL-C/ Low LDL- C

Vegan diet

Low HDL C/High LDL-C

Diet high in vitamin K

  1. Which of the following medications are utilized to treat peripheral artery disease(PAD)?

Antiplatelet drugs

Antibiotics

Nitroglycerin

Diuretics

  1. Which of the following client is most at risk for developing endocarditis?

A client who recently underwent a valve replacement

A client with Marfans syndrome

A client recently diagnosed with mitral stenosis

A client who recently had a valve replacement and had dental work recently performed

  1. A nurse is caring for a client who was recently diagnosed with left ventricular heart failure what is an early sign the client is most likely to report?

Abdominal distention

Weight gain

Swollen legs

Nocturnal coughing

  1. A nurse reviews the arterial blood gas (ABG) values of a client admitted with pneumonia PH 7;51 PaCO2 28mm Hg PaO2 70 mmHg and HCO2 24 mEq/L. What do these values indicates?

Metabolic acidosis

Respiratory alkalosis

Respiratory acidosis

Metabolic alkalosis

  1. You are providing care to a client with pericarditis. If left untreated which of the following is the client at risk of developing?

Cardiac tamponade

Pneumonia

Pulmonary embolism

Deep vein thrombosis

  1. A nurse is caring for a client recently diagnosed with leukemia. Which of the following signs and symptoms are consistent with this diagnosis?(SATA)

Bleeding gums

Bone pain

Weight gain

Increased urination

Fatigue

  1. A 65 year old male client is brought via EMS to the emergency department with chest pain , He  rates the pain as a 10 on a scale from 0-10 the pain is located mid-sternum and  radiates to his left arm, His heart rate is 126 bpm and  blood pressure is 96/60 mm Hg A 12 lead  electrocardiogram is performed and reveals ST segment elevation. Which of the  following interventions does the nurse anticipate performing immediately?(SATA)

Administer oxygen

Administer nitroglycerin

Administer a beta blocker

Administer morphine

Administer a statin

  1. The client is admitted for heart failure and has edema neck vein distension and ascites. What is the most accurate way to monitor fluid gain or loss in this client?

Check for pitting edema in the dependent body parts

Auscultate the lungs for crackles or wheezing

Assess skin turgor and the condition of mucus membranes

Weigh the client daily at the same time with the same scale

  1. When educating a female client on the signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction the nurse recognizes that which of the following should be included in the teaching?

Pain usually resolves with rest and relaxation

Women often present with a typical sign and symptoms

Substernal chest pain is the most common symptom in women

Women experience intermittent claudication

  1. The nurse questions which order for a client with thrombocytopenia?

Avoid IM injections

Administer enemas

Apply ice to areas of trauma

Test all urine and stool for the presence of occult blood

  1. The nurse is caring for a 55 year old male who presented to his primary physicians office for his yearly check up. Upon the physical assessment the provider noted enlarged lymph nodes in the groin and neck region. The provider questioned joe regarding the possible causes of the findings. Which of the following diagnosis are consistent with this finding?

Lymphoma

Sickle cell anemia

Leukemia

Polycythemia vera

  1. A nurse cares for a client who has a nasogastric tube attached to low suction because of a suspected bowel obstruction. Which of the following arterial blood gas results might be expected in this client?

pH 7.52 PCO2 54 mmHg

pH 7.42 PCO2 40 mmHg

pH &.25 PCO2 25 mm Hg

pH 7.38 PCO2 36 mm Hg

  1. Which of the following is a pharmacologic treatment option for a client with dilated cardiomyopathy? (SATA)

Diuretics

Sodium tablets

Digoxin

Phentermine

Anticholinergic

  1. The nurse is reviewing laboratory values for a client which of the following lab values should the nurse address immediately?

Creatinine 6.2mg/dl

Phosphorus 5.1mg/dl

Potassium 5.9mmo/L

Sodium 147 mEq/L

  1. The nurse is caring for a client with mitral regurgitation which of the following would you anticipate the client to develop if left untreated?

Myocardial ischemia

Left sided heart failure

Right sided heart failure

Renal failure

  1. A nurse is caring for four clients with leukemia after hand off report which client should the nurse see first?

Client who had two bloody diarrhea stools this morning

Client who has been premedicated for nausea prior to chemotherapy

Client with a respiratory rate change from 15 to 20 breaths /min

Client with an unchanged lesion to the lower right lateral malleolus

  1. The nurse is arriving at the beginning of her shift and has taken report on four clients on a medical surgical unit. Which client should the nurse see first?

A client with hypertension with blood pressure of 172/92mm Hg

A client with a history of asthma complaining of increased dyspnea

A client ready for discharge education after treatment of an acute kidney injury

A client with pain that is two days post operative from a prostatectomy

  1. A hospitalized client has a platelet count of 58, 00/mm3 (58*109/L) what action by the nurse is best?

Encourage high protein foods

Institute neutropenic precautions

Limit visitors to healthy adults

Apply ice to bruises or sites of injury

  1. Which of the following clients would not be a candidate for thrombolytic therapy?

Client with a blood pressure of 100. 60 mm Hg

Client with a pulse of 102 beats/minute

Client with a history of hemorrhage stroke one month ago

Client age 65

  1. Which of the following would predispose a client to mitral stenosis?

Obesity

Rheumatic fever

Diabetes

IV drug use

  1. Missing
  2. Which of the following is a priority nursing intervention for a client in atrial fibrillation with a rate of 180 beats per minute?

Apply compression stockings

Administer anticoagulants

Administer medication to slow that rate

Monitor urine output

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nursing homework help

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Nursing homework help

What is the Erikson Stage of Development for a client diagnose with staphylococcus aureus bacteremia? Give at least one example a time a client shows their development stage.  How does the stage of development impact the care given to a client?  Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia

 

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What are some cultural consideration you noticed with a client and family when dealing with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Healthcare systems elements (continued)                      ALLERGIES:
Medications: List all medications, dosages, classifications and the rational for the medications prescribed for this patient include major considerations for administration and the possible negative outcomes associated with this medication.

                                 DEFINE 1:  What the medications does to the body to the cellular level AND 2: Why the patient is taking the medication?

Medication/dose              Classification          Indication/ Rationale        SE’s/Nursing Considerations                 Client Education                    Text Reference
Triamcinolone acetonide ointment

 

          
Aspirin chewable table

 

          
Hydroxyzine oral syrup

 

          
Ibuprofen          
 

 

          
 

 

          
 

 

          
 

 

          
 

 

          
 

 

          
 

 

          
 

 

          
 

 

          
 

 

          

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CONCEPT MAP

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

               

Nursing Diagnosis

Problem statement: (NANDA)

 

Related to: (What is happening in the body to cause the issue?)

 

Manifested by: (Specific symptoms)

 

               

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

REMEMBER THAT THE EXPECTED OUTCOMES MUST BE MEASURABLE.  THE INTERVENTIONS ARE WHAT YOU DO TO ASSURE THE OUTCOME AND THE CLIENT’S RESPONSE IS SPECIFICALLY HER RESPONSE.  

                                                    PLAN OF CARE:                                                                                             Use your top two priorities

NANDA NURSING DIAGNOSIS use NANDA definition Expected outcomes of care (Goals)          Interventions       Patient response        Goal evaluation
NRS DX:

Problem Statement: 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

R/T: (What is the cause of the symptom)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Manifested by: (Specific symptoms)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Short term goal:  Create a SMART goal that relates to hospital stay/shift/day.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Long term goal:  Create a SMART goal that is appropriate for discharge.

 

 This is specific to the patient that you are caring for. A list of planned actions that will assist the patient to achieve the desired goal. (i.e. obtain foods that the patient can eat/ likes)

 

Interventions for short-term goal:

1.

2.

3.

 

 

 

 

Interventions for longterm goal:

1.

2.

3.

 

 

 Identify what the patients response or “outcome is to the goal or care that you have provided. i.e. patient ate 45% of lunch)

 

 

 

Reassess for short-term goal:

1.

2.

3.

 

 

 

 

 

Reassess for long-term goal:

1.

2.

3.

 

 Was it met or not met there is no partially met.
NANDA NURSING DIAGNOSIS use NANDA definition Expected outcomes of care (Goals)           Interventions        Patient response        Goal evaluation
NRS DX:

Problem Statement:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

R/T: (What is the cause of the symptom?)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Manifested by: (specific symptoms)

 

 

 

 

 

 Short term goal:  Create a SMART goal that relates to hospital stay.

Long term goal:  Create a SMART goal that is appropriate for discharge.

 

 This is specific to the patient that you are caring for. A list of planned actions that will assist the patient to achieve the desired goal. (i.e. obtain foods that the patient can eat/ likes)

 

 

 Identify what the patients response or “outcome is to the goal or care that you have provided. i.e. patient ate 45% of lunch) Was it met or not met there is no partially met.

 

Nursing homework help

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Nursing homework help

Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in the human body. It is defined by a malfunction in cellular mechanisms that control cell growth. Cells evade checkpoint controls and begin growing uncontrollably which resulting in an increase in abnormal cells, cancer cells. These cancer cells form a mass tissue known as a tumor. In the United States of America, cancer has been determined to be among the leading causes of mortality rates after cardiovascular conditions, where one in every four deaths is caused by cancer. The most common types of cancer include prostate cancer, lung cancer, and breast cancer. Risk factors for cancer include excess smoking, radiation exposure, genetics, and environmental pollution. Colon cancer, or colorectal cancer, affects the distal third of the large intestine, the colon, as well as the rectum, chamber in which feces is stored for elimination. Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of death in cancer-related issues in the United States in both males and females (Beadnell et al., 2018). This essay explores the physiology and pathophysiology of colon cancer. Nursing homework help

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Polyps are tissue growths that generally look like small, flat bumps and are generally less than half an inch wide. They are generally non-cancerous growths that can develop with age on the inner wall of the colon or rectum. There are several types of polyps, such as hyperplastic. They are common and have a low risk of turning cancerous. Hyperplastic polyps found in the colon will be removed and biopsied. Pseudo polyps also referred to as inflammatory polyps, usually occur in people suffering from inflammatory bowel disease and are unlike other polyps. This type of polyp occurs due to chronic inflammation as seen in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. However, a polyp cells which can turn out to be malignant. Villous adenoma or tubulovillous adenoma polyps carry a high risk of turning cancerous. They are sessile and develop flat on the tissue lining the organs. They might blend within the organ, making polyps not easily identifiable and difficult to locate for treatment. Adenomatous or tubular adenoma polyps have a high chance of being cancerous. When a polyp is found, it must be biopsied, and then will regular screenings and polyp removal will follow.

An adenocarcinoma is a cancer formed in a gland that lines an organ.  This cancer impacts the epithelial cells, which are spread throughout the human body. Adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum make up ninety-five percent of all colon cancers (Chang, 2020). Colon adenocarcinomas usually begin in the mucous lining the spread to different layers. Two subtypes of adenocarcinomas are mucinous adenocarcinoma and signet ring cells. Mucinous adenocarcinomas contain about sixty percent mucus which can cause cancer cells to spread faster and become more hostile than typical adenocarcinomas. Signet ring cell adenocarcinoma is responsible for less than one percent of all colon cancer. It is given this name because of how it appears under a microscope. These cells are aggressive and are more challenging to treat. The symptoms of colorectal adenocarcinoma are abdominal pain, blood in stool, constipation or diarrhea, and weight loss. The standard treatment for colorectal adenocarcinomas is chemotherapy, surgery, targeted therapy, and radiation.

Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors are another type of cancer that affects the rectum. These cells grow in nerve cells known as neuroendocrine cells which help in regulating hormonal production. Carcinoid tumor cells grow slowly and can also develop in the lungs and other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. They cause about one percent of all colon cancers and half of cancer found in the small intestines. Symptoms are different depending on the growth location of the tumor (Falanga et al., 2019). A tumor in the appendix usually has no symptoms unless it starts to obstruct the path from the appendix to the intestines, causing appendicitis symptoms such as fever, vomiting, and nausea. Carcinoid tumors sometimes make hormones that might lead to a variety of symptoms that are dependent on produced hormones. Patients suffering from these tumors can experience flushing in the face, wheezing, quick heartbeats, and diarrhea. Tumors in the colon can cause weight loss, tiredness, stomach cramps, and pain. Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor treatment options are similar to those of the aforementioned treatments.

Anorectal melanoma is a rare cancer that starts in the anus or rectum. This cancer can develop anywhere in the large intestines or rectum and spread aggressively. Melanomas are estimated to affect less than two percent of colon cancer. It rarely occurs; however, it is very aggressive and challenging to treat. This type of cancer can be easily missed during initial and follow-up diagnoses because it is rarely seen.

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) accounts for almost one percent of all cancers in the rectum or colon. FAP is an inherited disorder distinguished from colon cancer, but some people can develop the abnormal gene that leads to this condition. People having this syndrome can create a lot of polyps in the colon as early as their teenage age. The patient’s colon has to be removed to stop the polyps from becoming cancerous. People with familial adenomatous polyposis keep increasing as they age because hundreds or thousands of polyps can grow in the colon as they age (Freidman et al., 2020). Patients with it may not have any symptoms at the early stages of the disease until it is in the advanced settings. The symptoms of familial adenomatous polyposis are abdominal cramps, unexpected weight loss, cysts of the skin, and lamps on the bones of the legs, arms, skull, and jaw. Treatment for this cancer can be the removal of the colon to curb the spread of the polyps which can cause cancer.

 

 

 

 

Pathophysiology of Colorectal Cancer

Pathophysiology is the combination of pathology and physiology. The study of the disordered physiological process associated with an injury or disease. Pathophysiology aims to explain the functional differences occurring within a person because of being sick. Colorectal Cancer or CRC can be sporadic, hereditary, or inflammatory bowel disease.

Sporadic colorectal cancer develops from the colorectum without known contribution from germline causes. Different mutations occur, which lead to CRC. Sporadic CRC is a somatic cell mutation that is a natural developmental process in the immune system. A bodily genetic disease might be caused by the local colonic environment and a person’s background genetic makeup (Ju et al., 2019). Two-thirds of all colon cancers are this type and are primarily seen in clinical practice. In sporadic CRC, we have mutations such as microsatellite instability or mutator pathway dysfunction. Microsatellite instability or MSI is a hypermutable phenotype resulting from DNA mismatch repair activity loss. MSI is found in about fifteen percent of colon cancers. Twelve percent are associated with sporadic and the other three percent with Lynch syndrome. This instability is caused by germline mutations in mismatch repair or MMR genes. MMR system proofreads as DNA is formed when it identifies an abnormality in sequence repairs to the DNA are made. MMR gene dysfunction allows DNA to increase at high speed. These mutations confer a selective advantage on the cells, leading to the cancer spreading. CpG Island Methylator Phenotype or CIMP is another mutation that happens. CpG Island Methylator Phenotype is brought by DNA methyltransferases that support hypomethylation in promoter-associated CpG enough regions with tumor suppressor genes turned off. The switching off the CIMP pathway, abnormal cells can develop, and malignant cells develop, which leads to the spread of colon cancer in the body.

Hereditary is another war cancer is spread. It is an inherited disorder with a high chance of contracting some cancers. Changes or mutations bring about hereditary cancer symptoms in specific genes passed from parents to children. In this case, similar cancers might be seen in the same family members who are close such as a father, son, and brother having the same cancer and developing it from early stages. Hereditary cancer includes Lynch Syndrome or LS. LS is an inherited disorder that increases the chance of contracting particular colon cancer. Patients with Lynch syndrome have a high probability of having stomach, brain, and skin cancer. There is an attempt to repair defective cells in the body. They form mismatch repair genes as these genes continue to accumulate errors. As the abnormal cells increase, this can lead to abnormal growth of cells and possibly cancer. Familial Adenomatous Polyposis or FAP is also caused by Adenomatous Polyposis Coli or APC gene mutation. APC gene issues instructions for developing APC protein. These mutations cause the production of abnormally short non-function APC proteins. The fast APC protein cannot prevent the cellular overgrowth that causes the formation of polyps in the large intestines which can become cancerous. People who have inherited FAP have a lot of polyps in their colons, and all those with this genetic disorder will have colorectal cancer. The patients must undergo early examination because the number of polyps in their colons might increase, and they have a high chance of getting cancer.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease or IBD is a common term given to describe disorders that involve chronic inflammation of the digestive tract. Types of IDs include ulcerative colitis, inflammation, and sores or ulcers along the superficial lining of the large intestines. Crohn’s disease is identified by inflammation of the lining in the digestive tract, including the deeper layers of the digestive tract (Szekanecz et al., 2019). Chronic inflation is caused by cytokines and chemokines. These are secreted proteins with development and activation functions that control and decide the nature of immune response and control immune cell trafficking at the cellular arrangement of immune organs. Patients suffering from IDB have a high chance of contracting colon cancer if they have contracted an IBD liver complication known as primary sclerosing cholangitis. Before sclerosing cholangitis inflammation that causes scars within the bile ducts, the spots make the ducts hard and narrow, causing severe liver damage.

Providing Care to Patients in a Holistic Manner

The provision of care in a holistic manner means providing care to patients who are majored in a mutual understanding of their physical, psychological, emotional, and spiritual dimensions. Nursers are in charge of health promotion. Nurses working with colorectal cancer or CRC patients can promote health by mobilizing patients to take screening for colon cancer. Nurses should have a bond with patients, which will help them communicate about screening and its importance. The patients who connect with the nurses can also be taught ways to prevent them from getting CRC and symptoms of the disease. A nurse should be compassionate to patients, understand their problems, and be present. CRC can be contracted because of a patient’s background. You have to ask them about their background, what they eat, and their overall lifestyle (Verkhratsky & Nedergaard, 2018). CRCs can also be inherited through genes asking patients if any conditions exist in their families to help find if that is the problem. There are rapid changes in health care, allowing nurses to identify patients likely to have CRC. Advancements have shown that CRC appears when a person is aging. It will help nurses talk to patients encouraging them to take screening to check if they have CRC. A holistic manner can work well if a nurse creates a good rapport with the patients and communicates effectively.

Cancer is spreading and becoming a significant health issue in society. Awareness has to be raised on cancer and how it affects people, the patients, and those close to them. There are many causes of cancer, such as pollution or exposition to radiation. These issues have to be looked into to help in reducing the spread of cancer. Colon cancer can be inherited genetically to avoid further spread, screening has to be done, and those having it undergo treatment with their children. To ensure that someone can grow without being worried about contracting cancer. Screening of people over forty years old should be started as some of these colon cancers start turning into cancerous tumors. It will help control the number of people affected with cancer and help them to get treatment before their condition becomes worse. Nurses should also be able to communicate with patients with colon cancers and form a good rapport with them to help each other out. Nursers should also figure out a colon cancer patient’s background, diet, and activities to help diagnose the patient. Nurses play a vital role in helping patients who have colon cancer.

 

 

References

Alahmad, M. (2020). Strengths and Weaknesses of Cognitive Theory. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(3), 1584-1593.

Beadnell, T., Scheid, A., Vivian, C., & Welch, D. (2018). Roles of the mitochondrial genetics in cancer metastasis: not to be ignored any longer. Cancer And Metastasis Reviews, 37(4), 615-632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-018-9772-7

Chang, J. (2020). Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. New England Journal Of Medicine, 383(27), 2652-2664. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra2002697

Falanga, A., Schieppati, F., & Russo, L. (2019). Pathophysiology 1. Mechanisms of Thrombosis in Cancer Patients. Thrombosis And Hemostasis In Cancer, 11-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20315-3_2

Freidman, N., Chen, I., Wu, Q., Briot, C., Holst, J., & Font, J. et al. (2020). Amino Acid Transporters and Exchangers from the SLC1A Family: Structure, Mechanism, and Roles in Physiology and Cancer. Neurochemical Research, 45(6), 1268-1286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-019-02934-x

Ju, H., Zhao, Q., Wang, F., Lan, P., Wang, Z., & Zuo, Z. et al. (2019). A circRNA signature predicts postoperative recurrence in stage II/III colon cancer. EMBO Molecular Medicine, 11(10). https://doi.org/10.15252/emmm.201810168

Kaplan, D. E. (2018). Piagetian Theory in Online Teacher Education. Creative Education, 9(6), 831-837.

Moheghi, M., Ghorbanzadeh, M., & Abedi, J. (2020). The Investigation and Criticism Moral Development Ideas of Kohlberg, Piaget, and Gilligan. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 7(2), 362-374.

Szekanecz, Z., Raterman, H., Pethő, Z., & Lems, W. (2019). Common mechanisms and holistic care in atherosclerosis and osteoporosis. Arthritis Research &Amp; Therapy, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-018-1805-7

Verkhratsky, A., & Nedergaard, M. (2018). Physiology of Astroglia. Physiological Reviews, 98(1), 239-389. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00042.2016

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NR534A-NEED RESPONSES

Louann Robinson 

 

  • Health Insurance Portability and Accountability (HIPAA) Rules regulate the use and disclosure of personal health information (PHI). The national standards were created to protect our PHI from data theft. The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH Act), adopted in 2009, was established to improve health care quality, safety, and efficiency through the promotion of health IT and promote interoperability (CMS, 2021;OCR, 2021).

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  • Data sets help with healthcare analytics to evaluate collected data in a meaningful way. The University of Washington (2022) explains that clinical data collected can include “administrative and demographic information, diagnosis, treatment, prescription drugs, laboratory tests, physiologic monitoring data, hospitalization, patient insurance” (para. 4).
  • This information placed in the correct algorithm can look for trends that can guide nurse schedules and the correlation to medication errors and patient safety and outcomes, which relates to the Excel spreadsheet I created (see Appendix). In addition, this information could be used to negotiate nurse contracts between the union and the hospital in the future

References
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2021, December 1). Privacy and Security Information | CMS. CMS. Retrieved May 1, 2022, from https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Administrative-Simplification/HIPAA-ACA/PrivacyandSecurityInformation

Office for Civil Rights (OCR). (2021, June 28). HITECH Act Enforcement Interim Final Rule. HHS.Gov. https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/special-topics/hitech-act-enforcement-interim-final-rule/index.html#:%7E:text=The%20Health%20Information%20Technology%20for,use%20of%20health%20information%20technology.

University of Washington. (2022, April 19). Library Guides: Data Resources in the Health Sciences: Clinical Data. Retrieved May 1, 2022, from https://guides.lib.uw.edu/hsl/data/findclin

Carolyn Gaeckle 

One focus that I have had lately is that of patients being treated with a second-generation anti-psychotic. Many patients who take these medications experience weight gain, dyslipidemia, and elevated A1C levels, increasing their risk for obesity, cardiac disease, and diabetes (Lieberman, 2004). I think it would be of benefit to monitor patients who are prescribed an anti-psychotic for weight gain, as well monitoring their lipid profiles and A1C. The spreadsheet I have created in Excel can collect these various data points and in the end, can be used to determine things such as average increase in weight, total cholesterol, or A1C. This could be a helpful tool in monitoring patients for things such as metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, and diabetes, in which an educated decision could be made (or with the help of a CDSS) to prescribe the patient a statin to help regulate cholesterol or metformin to help lower A1C. Metformin has also been shown to be helpful in reducing weight gain associated with the use of anti-psychotics (de Silva et al., 2016).

de Silva, V.A., Suraweera, C., Ratnatunga, S.S. et al. (2016) Metformin in prevention and treatment of antipsychotic induced weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 16, 341. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1049-5

Lieberman J. A., 3rd (2004). Metabolic changes associated with antipsychotic use. Primary care companion to the Journal of clinical psychiatry, 6(Suppl 2), 8–13.

 

 

Euridice Nobre 

Week 9 Discussion

Clinical data is the information collected to enable the evolution of new knowledge

to guide the development of best practices and represents the resource most central to healthcare progress (Institute of Medicine, 2010).

I chose to create a spreadsheet in Excel because it is a great way to store, calculate, analyze data, and generate reports. In addition, Excel is relatively cheap and provides flexible data structures (variables can be added and removed as needed) (Bruland & Dugas, 2017). The spreadsheet attached is an example of how fall data related to psychotropic drugs may be stored and monitored to implement fall prevention protocol throughout my organization. Du et al. (2016) found that the use of psychotropic medications, in general, is significantly correlated with higher risks of falls, especially synthetic antidepressants, e.g., SSRIs. The spreadsheet can be used to organize, collected data to implement changes to decrease falls in hospitalized patients by systematically reviewing, tapering, reducing, or discontinuing psychotropic medications periodically.

 

References

Bruland, P., & Dugas, M. (2017). S2O – A software tool for integrating research data from general purpose statistic software into electronic data capture systems. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 17(1), 3-3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-016-0402-4

Du, Y., Wolf, I., & Knopf, H. (2016). Psychotropic drug use and alcohol consumption among older adults in Germany: Results of the German health interview and examination survey for adults 2008-2011. BMJ Open, 6(10), e012182-e012182. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012182

Institute of Medicine (US) Roundtable on Value & Science-Driven Health Care. (2010). Clinical Data as the Basic Staple of Health Learning: Creating and Protecting a Public Good: Workshop Summary. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). Summary. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54290/

 

Alicia Michonski 

The National Association of School Nurses (2022), Every Student Counts Initiative was established to create a national school health data set. The primary goal of the data initiative is to create robust health data that will influence local, state, and national student health policy. Additionally, the data initiative is to be leveraged to advocate for the needs of the students, increase evidence-based school nursing practice, and improve student health outcomes (NASN, 2022). Clinical data from my school can be collected and added to the national database to assist with these goals.

One identified data point within this initiative is chronic absenteeism. To develop clinically meaningful use, EHR content must be transformed into readily analyzed data. Keys to successful meaningful use include facilitating data collection at the point of care and generating adequate data sets (Abernathy et al, 2017). For this week’s assignment, I have created a spreadsheet that will help track the number of students who are chronically absent from school. The spreadsheet breaks the data down into reasons why the student has missed class and the duration. This also aligns with my health IT eval project as missed class time is one of my key measures.

Microsoft Excel was used to create the spreadsheet as it is one of the most commonly used software for data visualization and analysis, and it is compatible with the health center’s computer systems. Additionally, Excel has many capabilities to store, organize, and track data within a shared system. Lastly, Excel was most suitable as the health center staff are already familiar with Microsoft Excel and its shared functions. Please see the attached document for the spreadsheet.

References
Abernethy, A. P., Gippetti, J., Parulkar, R., & Revol, C. (2017). Use of electronic health record data for quality reporting. Journal of Oncology Practice, 13(8).

NASN. (2022). National School Health Data Set: Every Student Counts. National Association of School Nurses. Retrieved on May 2, 2022, from https://www.nasn.org/research/everystudentcounts

https://norwich0-my.sharepoint.com/:x:/g/personal/amichons_norwich_edu/EQNJvAESYAdErCh_DyDAlPsBMlOAPXZXQYRRIIIN3adbCg?e=sGmqtJ

 

 

 

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Answer:

  1. 1 1-What are Genes?

A unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring (proteins coded directly by genes). A distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome, the order of which determines the order of monomers in a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule which a cell or virus may synthesize.

 

      2 2-Describe what a chromosome is and how are present normally in human beings?

Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells. Each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule od deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Passed from parents to offspring, DNA contains the specific instructions that make each type of living creature unique.

 

3 3-Concepts for: Euploid cells, Diploid Cells, Aneuploid Cells? What is a Polyploidy?

Euploid cells: Is a chromosomal variation that involves the entire set of chromosomes in a cell or an organism. Euploidy is more tolerated in plants than in animals. There may be in a single set (monoploidy), two sets (diploidy), or multiple sets (polyploidy).

 

Diploids cells: Diploid is a term that refers to the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair. Humans are diploid, and most of the body ‘cells contain 23 chromosomes pairs.

 

Aneuploids Cells: Aneuploid cells have an abnormal number of chromosomes. Because each chromosome contains hundreds of genes, the addition or loss of even a single chromosome disrupts the existing equilibrium in cells. And in most cases, is not compatible with life.

 

 

  

 

       4-What is a Trisomy and an example of it?

The presence of an extra chromosome in some or all the body’s cells. This results in a total of three copies of that chromosome instead of the normal two copies. For examples, Down syndrome (trisomy 21) is caused by having three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two copies.

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  1. 5 5-What means Homozygous and heterozygous in Mendelian Heritance?

Through careful study of patterns of inheritance, Mendel recognized that a single trait could exist in different versions, or alleles, even within an individual plant or animal.

An organism with two of the same alleles for a particular gene is homozygous at that locus; an organism with two different alleles for a particular gene is heterozygous at that locus. An organism phenotype is an observable trait.

 

  1. 6 6-Which are special features of X Linked genetic diseases?

X-linked inheritance means that the gene causing the trait, or the disorder is located on the X-chromosome. A male carrying such a mutation will be affected because he carries only one X chromosome. A female carrying a mutation in one gene, with a normal gene on the other X chromosome, is generally unaffected.

Examples of X-linked recessive conditions include Red-green color blindness. Red, green color blindness simply means that a person cannot distinguish shades of red and green (usually blue-green). Their visual acuity is normal.

 

 

7     7-What is a risk factor?

A risk factor or determinant is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection. Due to a lack of harmonization across disciplines, determinant, in its more widely accepted scientific meaning, is often used as a synonym. Something that increase the chance of developing disease.

 

8     -8 Also, what is a congenital disease?

A congenital disorder is a condition that is present from birth. Congenital disorders can be inherited or caused by environmental factors. Congenital anomalies can be defined as structural or functional anomalies that occur during intrauterine life.

 

9     -9 Epigenetic and Mental Health.

Current mental health epigenetic research supports that adverse psychosocial experience are associated with mental disorders. Epigenetic has been linked to several disorders such as anxiety, stress, depression, schizophrenia, and addiction

Psychiatric disease is believed to result from a combination of genetic vulnerability and environmental influence. At the crux are epigenetic modifications, which mediate the influence of environment on the genome.

 

 

 

 

10  10-DNA Methylation: why is important?

DNA methylation is a biological process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule. Methylation can change the activity of a DNA segment without changing the sequence. When located in a gene promoter, DNA methylation typically acts to repress gene transcription.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Orencia Gonzalez

What are Genes?

Genes are items of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) inside each cell that inform the cell what to do and when to expand and divide. Each gene is composed of a particular DNA series which contains the code (the directions) to make a certain healthy protein, each of which has a details task or function in the body.

Describe what a chromosome is and how are present normally in human beings?

Chromosomes are thread-like frameworks located inside the nucleus of pet and also plant cells. Each chromosome is made from healthy protein as well as a single particle of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Passed from moms and dads to children, DNA consists of the specific guidelines that make each type of living creature one-of-a-kind. The distinct structure of chromosomes maintains DNA firmly twisted around spool-like healthy proteins, called histones (Park, et al., 2017). Without such product packaging, DNA particles would be as well lengthy to fit within cells. For a microorganism to grow and also work correctly, cells have to regularly separate to create brand-new cells to replace old, damaged cells. Throughout cellular division, it is necessary that DNA remains undamaged and uniformly distributed amongst cells. Chromosomes are a key part of the process that makes sure DNA is accurately duplicated as well as dispersed in the huge bulk of cellular division (Park, et al., 2017). Still, blunders do occur on unusual celebrations.

Concepts for: Euploid cells, Diploid Cells, Aneuploid Cells? What is a Polyploidy?

Euploldy is the presence of chromosome number which is the numerous of the basic chromosome set. An organism with the fundamental chromosome number 7, might have euploids with chromosome number 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42. Euploids are even more of different types– monoploids, diploids and also polyploids. Diploid cells have two collections of chromosomes (Park, et al., 2017). It is developed by the blend of two haploid cells. Most mammals are diploid, that is, they have two homologous duplicates of each chromosome in cells. They are generated by mitosis. Somatic cells in human beings are diploid cells. The aneuploidy refers to a condition in which you add or delete one or some chromosomes regular variety of chromosomes. Consequently, the number of chromosomes in aneuploidy might be better or less than the number of chromosomes in the wild type, a strain that is prevalent amongst people under natural conditions (Park, et al., 2017). Different kinds of aneuploidy can be recognized as nullisomy, monosomy, and also trisomy.

What is a Trisomy and an example of it?

A trisomy is a kind of polysomy in which there are three circumstances of a particular chromosome, instead of the regular two. A trisomy is a sort of aneuploidy (an unusual variety of chromosomes). Trisomies can occur with any kind of chromosome, yet frequently lead to miscarriage, instead of live birth. For instance, Trisomy 16 is one of the most usual trisomy in human pregnancies, happening in greater than 1% of pregnancies; just those pregnancies in which some typical cells occur in addition to the trisomic cells, or mosaic trisomy 16, survive (Iannello, & Belfiore, 2021).

What means Homozygous and heterozygous in Mendelian Heritance?

Homozygous (and its less usual kind homozygotic) indicates associating with a cell that has two the same alleles for a certain genetics at equivalent positions on homologous chromosomes. Heterozygous (and its less typical kind heterozygotic) indicates relating to a cell that has 2 various alleles for a certain genetics at corresponding positions on homologous chromosomes.

Which are special features of X Linked genetic diseases?

X-linked problems arise from mutated genetics on the X chromosome. Males, who have just one X chromosome (i.e., they are hemizygous), will totally express an X-linked problem. On the other hand, females, who have two X chromosomes, will certainly be carriers of the defect in the majority of cases, and so they are typically asymptomatic (Iannello, & Belfiore, 2021). Although women have two X chromosomes to the male’s one, products from this chromosome are quantitatively similar in both sexes since one of both X chromosomes in women is inactivated. X-linked problem with decreased variable VIII (hemophilia A), irregular element VIII with platelet dysfunction (von Willebrand’s illness), or aspect IX (hemophilia B– Christmas illness); characterized as mild, moderate, or extreme based upon quantity of variable existing.

What is a risk factor?

Risk variable is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection. Danger variables are correlational and also not necessarily causal, since connection does not verify causation. For instance, being young can not be said to cause measles, yet young people have a greater price of measles due to the fact that they are much less most likely to have created immunity throughout a previous epidemic (Iannello, & Belfiore, 2021).

Also, what is a congenital disease?

Congenital heart disease is one or more problems with the heart’s structure that exist given that birth. Hereditary ways that you’re born with the condition. Congenital heart disease in grownups and also children can alter the way blood flows with the heart (Tonelli, 2016). There are many different kinds of congenital heart flaws.

Epigenetics and Mental Health.

Most of us can remember a miserable or stressful incident in our childhood years, but that’s very various from experiencing persistent trauma as well as stress and anxiety. Injury and also PTSD are classified as either basic or complicated. Basic trauma is normally related to a certain, considerable event, such as all-natural disaster or an auto crash (Tonelli, 2016). Complex trauma is persistent and prevalent, and also it’s this type of ongoing tension that influences individuals both physically as well as emotionally for the remainder of their lives. When youngsters mature in an atmosphere where they are subjected on a regular basis to what they regard as a risk, their nerves is perennially in a state of fight-flight-or-freeze. Epigenetics, in its simplest meaning, describes the stable modifications in genetics expression without adjustment of the DNA sequence. In the context of depression, these modifications are usually triggered by severe stress, and they can result in a boosted vulnerability in the mind’s limbic areas (Tonelli, 2016).

DNA Methylation: why is important?

DNA methylation is essential for silencing retroviral aspects, controling tissue-specific genetics expression, genomic imprinting, and also X chromosome inactivation. Notably, DNA methylation in various genomic regions may put in different impacts on genetics tasks based on the hidden hereditary series.

Reference

Park, M. J., An, G. J., Jeong, J. S., Kim, H. S., Hong, H. S., & Choe, M. (2017). Educational need assessment of advanced practice nurses on the pathophysiology. Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science, 9(1), 85-102.

Iannello, S., & Belfiore, F. (2021). A review of pathophysiological, clinical and therapeutical aspects. Panminerva medica, 43(3), 177-209.

Tonelli, M. R. (2016). Integrating evidence into clinical practice: an alternative to evidence‐based approaches. Journal of evaluation in clinical practice, 12(3), 248-256.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Taymir Torres

Genes

Genes are the basic functional unit of heredity that act as guidelines to make proteins and are made up of DNA (Dueñas et.al, 2019).

Chromosome

A is a thread-like structure made of protein and a single molecule of DNA and is located in the nucleus of plant and animal cells. It is also passed to offspring from their parents and makes any living organism unique (Dueñas et.al, 2019).

Euploid cells, Diploid Cells, Aneuploid Cells and Polyploidy

Euploid cells are cells that possess a chromosomal variation where there is an additional set of chromosomes in a cell. The number of chromosomes in euploid cells is an exact multiple of chromosome number in normal cells. Diploid cells are cells with two sets of chromosomes. Aneuploid cells are cells with a variable number of chromosomes in a cell. This variation occurs when one or a few chromosomes are either deleted or added from the normal chromosome number (Dueñas et.al, 2019).

Trisomy

Trisomy is a genetic disorder where individuals have three sets of chromosomes instead of the normal two. The most common types of trisomy are triple X syndrome, Down syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome (Dueñas et.al, 2019).

Homozygous and heterozygous in Mendelian Heritance

Mendelian inheritance is a biological inheritance that follows particular patterns to indicate how traits can be passed to offspring (Mittelsten, 2022). In Mendelian inheritance, a trait is inherited when through a certain pattern with a controlled single locus. Through mutation, a single gene has the power to cause a disease that can be inherited.

Homozygous refers to inheritance where an offspring inherits the same version of the gene from each parent resulting in two matching genes. Heterozygous refers to inheritance where an offspring ends up with two versions of a gene, one from each parent (Mittelsten, 2022).

 

X Linked genetic diseases

In X-linked inheritance, a father is unable to pass X-linked traits to their male offspring leading to X-linked recessive disorders (Matsunari et al., 2018). The X gene in males can mutate leading to X-linked recessive inheritance. However, x-linked recessive inheritance does not affect female since one carrying a mutation in one gene while the other gene in normal remains unaffected by recessive disorders.

Risk factor

A risk factor is anything that increases the chance of conducting a disease. In gene inheritance, risk factors are inherited from parents to offspring through genetic difference that increases the risk of getting diseases.

Congenital disease

A congenital disease is a medical condition inherited from parents that occur before or at birth (Duena et al., 2019). Some examples of congenital diseases are congenital heart disease, cleft lip and cleft palate, haemophilia, cystic fibrois and Down syndrome. A congenital disease is popularly referred to as a birth defect and can be acquired in fetal stage of development or from genetic inheritance from parents. A congenital disease can also be caused by environmental (external) factors.

Epigenetics and Mental Health

Epigenetics and mental health are related as exposure to environmental stressors can lead to the development of mental health or vice versa (Mews et al., 2019). For instance, while traumatic life events can trigger mental health problems, exposure to a salutary environment has a positive impact on mental health.

Methylation

Methylation is a chemical reaction, which affects nucleic acids and proteins, where a small molecule is added to other molecules (Joyce et al., 2018). While methylation may contribute to health problems, it is crucial to the overall wellbeing of an individual since it regulates tissue-specific gene expressions, silences retroviral elements, and plays a crucial role in gene imprinting. Methylation helps the body detoxify and regulate hormones.it helps the body make neurotransmitters that contribute to brain health and mental wellbeing of a person by balancing their mood.

 

References

Dueñas, A., Expósito, A., Aranega, A., & Franco, D. (2019). The role of non-coding RNA in congenital heart diseases. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 6(2), 15.

Joyce, B. T., Zheng, Y., Zhang, Z., Liu, L., Kocherginsky, M., Murphy, R., … & Hou, L. (2018). miRNA-Processing gene methylation and cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers, 27(5), 550-557.

Matsunari, H., Watanabe, M., Nakano, K., Enosawa, S., Umeyama, K., Uchikura, A., … & Nagashima, H. (2018). Modeling lethal X-linked genetic disorders in pigs with ensured fertility. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(4), 708-713.

Mews, P., Calipari, E. S., Day, J., Lobo, M. K., Bredy, T., & Abel, T. (2021). From circuits to chromatin: the emerging role of epigenetics in mental health. Journal of Neuroscience, 41(5), 873-882.

Mittelsten Scheid, O. (2022). Mendelian and non-Mendelian genetics in model plants. The Plant Cell, koac070. https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koac070

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Clara Pena Espinosa

What are Genes?

A gene is the basic physical as well as functional device of heredity. Genetics are composed of DNA. Some genes act as directions to make molecules called proteins.

Describe what a chromosome is and how are present normally in human beings?

A chromosome is a lengthy DNA particle with component or every one of the hereditary material of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes consist of product packaging healthy proteins called histones which, assisted by chaperone healthy proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to keep its integrity (Tkacs, et al., 2020). These chromosomes display a complicated three-dimensional framework, which plays a substantial role in transcriptional regulation.

Concepts for: Euploid cells, Diploid Cells, Aneuploid Cells? What is a Polyploidy?

A regular diploid cell has a total amount of 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 sets. This is called a 2n cell. Diploid cells increase by mitotic cell division. Throughout reproduction, gametes such as sperms and also egg cells are generated by meiosis cellular division. Euploidy refers to the variation in the full set of chromosomes in a cell or microorganism. Euploidy is common in plants and also happens in high frequency than animals. Considering that chromosomal number in a cell affects the sex equilibrium of pets, euploidy in animal cells results in sterility (Tkacs, et al., 2020). Thus, euploidy is typically pertaining to plants greater than animals. Aneuploidy describes a variation in the total chromosome number in a cell or organism by addition or deletion of chromosomes. Unlike euploidy, it does not include a distinction of several full sets of chromosomes. As a matter of fact, aneuploidy does not alter the variety of chromosome sets, it just alters the regular total variety of chromosomes in a cell or microorganism.

What is a Trisomy and an example of it?

The term “trisomy” is made use of to describe the existence of an additional chromosome or three instead of the typical set. For instance, trisomy 21 or Down syndrome occurs when an infant is born with three # 21 chromosomes. In trisomy 18, there are 3 duplicates of chromosome # 18 in every cell of the body, as opposed to the normal pair (Collard, & Gelman, 2021). One of the most usual is Requirement Trisomy 21, in which the daddy’s sperm or the mom’s egg cell includes the extra chromosome. In Mosaic Down syndrome, the added chromosome automatically looks like the embryo creates.

What means Homozygous and heterozygous in Mendelian Heritance?

Homozygous has 2 same duplicates of the same allele coding for a specific attribute. Includes just one type of allele, either dominant or recessive. Self-fertilization leads to the repeating of the very same traits over generations. Only one kind of gamete is created. It can be either homozygous leading or homozygous recessive. Heterozygous has 2 different duplicates of alleles coding for a specific characteristic. Has various alleles for an attribute (Collard, & Gelman, 2021). Both leading and recessive. Self-fertilization leads to different mix of traits over the future generation. Two sorts of gametes are produced. Heterozygous alleles can reveal full dominance, codominance or insufficient supremacy.

Which are special features of X Linked genetic diseases?

X-linked recessive inheritance is a setting of inheritance in which a mutation in a genetics on the X chromosome triggers the phenotype to be always revealed in males (who are always homozygous for the gene anomaly due to the fact that they have one X and one Y chromosome) as well as in women that are homozygous for the gene anomaly. Ladies with one duplicate of the mutated genetics are service providers. X-linked inheritance means that the gene causing the quality or the condition is located on the X chromosome (Collard, & Gelman, 2021). Females have two X chromosomes while males have one X and also one Y chromosome. Carrier females that have only one copy of the anomaly do not typically express the phenotype, although distinctions in X-chromosome inactivation (called skewed X-inactivation) can cause varying levels of clinical expression in provider females, since some cells will share one X allele and also some will reveal the various other.

What is a risk factor?

Any kind of behavioral, hereditary, environmental, or other factor to consider which increases the probability of creating a condition or disorder, or becoming associated with hazardous circumstances.

Also, what is a congenital disease?

A congenital disorder is a condition that is present from birth. Congenital disorders can be acquired or caused by ecological aspects. Their impact on a child’s wellness as well as advancement isn’t always extreme, as well as often it can be fairly moderate. Nevertheless, a kid with a congenital disorder may experience a handicap or health problems throughout life. It’s natural to be concerned about congenital disorders if you’re pregnant or planning a maternity, specifically if your family has a background of a particular disorder (Laleman, et al., 2015). It’s feasible to examine for some, yet not all conditions while pregnant, and there are additionally points you can do to minimize the opportunities of your baby being born with a congenital disorder.

Epigenetics and Mental Health.

Epigenetics is a brand-new and also revolutionary concept in the field of psychology and psychological wellness. Epigenetics research is revealing that our genes can in fact switch on or turn off in action to what happens in our life and also how our atmosphere influences us. This understanding has actually lastly put to bed the olden debate relating to nature vs. support– in other words, whether who we are is established by our genetic make-up or by our life experiences (Laleman, et al., 2015). Epigenetics makes it clear that they work in tandem to influence both physical and also mental health and wellness.

DNA Methylation: why is important?

DNA methylation is the process of transferring 4 atoms into different materials in your body. Or, to break it down also further, methylation is the procedure your body uses to include methyl teams to the DNA particle, thus altering the task of a DNA sector without altering the sequence. DNA methylation manages gene expression by recruiting healthy proteins associated with genetics repression or by inhibiting the binding of transcription element( s) to DNA (Laleman, et al., 2015). The precise policy of DNA methylation is vital for normal cognitive function.

Reference

Tkacs, N., Herrmann, L., & Johnson, R. (Eds.). (2020). Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology: Essentials for Clinical Practice. Springer Publishing Company.

Collard, C. D., & Gelman, S. (2021). Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and prevention of Diseases. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, 94(6), 1133-1138.

Laleman, W., Van Landeghem, L., Wilmer, A., Fevery, J., & Nevens, F. (2015). Portal hypertension: from pathophysiology to clinical practice. Liver International, 25(6), 1079-1090.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nursing homework help

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Nursing homework help

First Name Last Name

Patricia France

English 150

5/21/21

In with the New

There is no doubt that America is having a mental health crisis. It is estimated that 46 million Americans today are suffering from some sort of mental health issue, ranging from anxiety to sever depression to paranoid schizophrenia. What is even more surprising is that despite the incredible amount of people who are suffering, less than 43 percent are actively seeking any sort of treatment for their mental health (Zhong). Whether it is the lack of available mental health treatment, the stigma that our culture has fabricated around mental health, or the fear of having expensive drugs with harmful side-effects pushed upon patients, it is more than apparent that our mental health as a nation is on the decline, and possibly beginning a spiral down. Luckily, our understanding of our mental health has come a long way from when we used to drill holes in people’s heads because we thought evil spirits were living there. We have broadened our understanding of our mental health and with that, an increased awareness of mental health, as well as new, innovative treatments have been developed to help those in need.

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Hippocrates, also known as the “Father of Medicine”, is thought to be the first physician to suggest a link between health and environment, diet, and lifestyle instead of the work of supernatural forces upon the human body. While many physicians are still struggling to convince people of this it would also be a long time until this approach to medicine would allow physicians around the world to make significant progress. We must remember that it is called “practicing medicine” and for good reason. I do not believe that there is a single doctor today that can tell you they completely understand the inner working of the human body, let alone the complexities of the human mind. Like the evolution of the treatment of our physical health, physicians would slowly and painstakingly peel back each layer of the human mind while meticulously putting the puzzle pieces together that make up the human psyche over the next two and a half millennia. Hippocrates had a total of eight mental health diagnoses which were, “Mania, Melancholy, Phrenitis, Insanity, Disobedience, Paranoia, Panic, Epilepsy and Hysteria” (Taylor). While some of these words are still used in modern medicine, the fact that physicians limited mental health diagnoses to only eight shows that we have already come a long way in broadening our understanding since Hippocrates’ time.

One of the biggest problems is the stigma that we have allowed our culture to create surrounding mental health. It has permeated our television shows, movies, and minds. One of America’s most popular shows, “The Sopranos” opens with the lead character Tony, in the office of his new therapist. He immediately denies having a panic attack and then goes on to question the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Later in the pilot, Tony wonders where “Guys like Clark Gable went, you know the strong, silent types?”. Growing up all my life as a boy, I was expected to keep my emotions on the inside and believed that showing any sign of an emotion like sadness or having any doubt in myself would be perceived as a weakness. Talking with my friends it was like this for all of us, and even with my closest of friends we found it difficult to talk about anything that we thought was wrong with us. Now though, we know not only are these emotions normal for us to have but healthy for us to express them in a positive and non-destructive manner. These ideas were presented on a show that was so popular at the time, people would have viewing parties with their friends to watch the newest episodes. Tony’s battle with his psyche is the central conflict for the remainder of the series, and it paints a terrific picture of how psychotherapy and our mental health is viewed in America today.

            Another major issue with America’s mental health is that we have been conditioned to seek happiness and relief inside of little orange bottles with white lids. Unfortunately, drugs are used as the first line of defense far too frequently in the treatment of our mental health. Some may argue that it is because so many people are suffering in America today, and that doctors simply cannot handle the staggering number of cases that they get. They take the easy way out and write a prescription for their patients in hopes of helping them and moving onto the next patient. It makes sense, if you could give someone a pill and cure what ails them, and move on to someone else, helping more and more people quickly and effectively, then why would doctors not want to do that? Prescriptions for antidepressants were so commonplace, I remember I had a close friend who was prescribed fluoxetine when we were in middle school because their therapist thought it would be the most effective treatment. Fluoxetine goes by a much more popular name, that most people are familiar with, Prozac. This is the root of the problem. The pharmaceutical industry has tenaciously pushed dangerous drugs on the American people while lining their own pockets.  Dr. Irving Kirsch is a retired psychologist who studied the effects of antidepressants, His book The Emperor’s New Drugs: Exploding the Antidepressant Myth investigates one of the most common mental health treatments in America and found the antidepressants he had studied were no more effective than the placebo effect on the patients involved. These drugs have very harmful side effects, such as weight gain, decreased libido, and, potentially, risk of suicide. So, if the drugs are not effective and they have the potential to be harmful, why has the U.S. seen such prolific use of drugs in the treatment of mental health? It may have something to do with the fact that of the 394 doctors who received over $100,000 from pharmaceutical companies in 2006, 116 of them were psychologists and that the pharmaceutical industry spent nearly a billion dollars on lobbying from 1998 to 2006 or that the pharmaceutical industries sales were around 289 billion in 2010 (Taylor). Anyone who has been unfortunate to have to go to the hospital has seen firsthand the capitalistic greed that has seeped into our healthcare industry. Where most other countries have some form of basic universal health care for their citizens, the U.S. healthcare industry is still mostly comprised of private companies that expect you to have insurance or to pay for treatments out of pocket. The costs and time investments of these treatments can discourage patients and makes drugs seem like a quick and easy fix. Physicians are encouraged to dole out drugs to get onto the next patient and make their hospital’s money or even worse get some form of kick back from the big pharmaceutical companies.

There needs to be another paradigm shift in the way that doctors are treating their mental patients. Electroconvulsive therapy, or electroshock therapy, used to be an incredibly commonplace treatment for a whole host of illnesses ranging from depression to extreme psychosis, just like doctors are handing drugs out left and right today. Doctors today know from their past mistakes that there are very extreme cases where electroconvulsive therapy can be useful when administered in an incredibly controlled environment, but they are far and few between (Taylor).  Why not take this same approach with the harmful drugs that have become so commonplace today? We have seen that they have negative side effects, just like electroconvulsive therapy when it is being used incorrectly, and sometimes they are not any more effective than the placebo effect. Instead of immediately reaching for a bottle Prozac, Wellbutrin, or Xanax, doctors should take a deeper assessment of their patients. If someone lost their job, their spouse left them, and their dog died all in the same week, I would imagine that they would feel terrible. Three devastating life changing events like that would almost be guaranteed too. But if that person then went to seek some professional help and were handed a prescription for antidepressants that could permanently alter their brain chemistry, would that benefit someone in that situation? Maybe continued psychotherapy during that person’s transition in life would be more beneficial without the risks that come from antidepressants or anti-anxiety medication. The important thing is not to immediately reach for the prescriptions and to see if something else might be able to help the patients instead. With that thought in mind, today doctors around the world are working together to try and figure out what they can do to improve our mental health in many different and innovative ways.

            One of the more recent changes in the approach to mental health is the understanding of the important link between physical and mental health. Today you can go online and find a group to hike with, jog with or even do yoga with all with the expressed intent of improving your mental health. The benefits of all these activities on our mental health have begun to be investigated by doctors. According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA), studies show that physical activity can reduce stress levels and fatigue while improving concentration and cognitive function. The ADAA also states that people who exercise regularly are 25 percent less likely to develop any kind of anxiety disorder or depression. Another interesting study from the Joslin Diabetes Center showed that our gut biome may be directly linked to our mental health. Poor, high-fat diets that are often associated with obesity and type II diabetes were shown to increase depressive behaviors in mice. Once the mice were given antibiotics to flush out the harmful gut flora in them, after their mood improved and returned to normal the mice maintained their normal behavior when they were put on a poor diet and antibiotics simultaneously to negate any production of harmful (Haridy). Michelle Obama, probably the most famous first lady since Jackie Kennedy, made it her mission while she was first lady to improve the health of our country. She saw that obesity and laziness had spread across the U.S. like an epidemic and sought to eradicate it where possible. She pushed to have the sugar companies put the daily value of sugar on the labels of food and beverages, something that large sugar companies had lobbied against for decades. She pushed against childhood obesity in her “Let’s Play” initiative, where she encouraged healthy eating and the importance of exercise. She did all of this because she saw how unhealthy we are as a nation. With nearly one third of Americans being obese perhaps the first thing to try is improving where you can physically and seeing what that does for you mentally (Sinha).

            While there is a currently a tremendous amount of people suffering from mental illnesses, the way that technology has been adapted to treat people has been truly innovative. Before the world stopped thanks to the Covid-19 pandemic, taking the time out of your day to go down to your therapist’s office for an hour-long session could be hard for people working multiple jobs, or have families to tend to. They might have to work during all their local therapists’ hours and cannot make it in when they are open, or perhaps the thought of going and sharing deep and intimate thoughts with a stranger in a foreign environment generates a lot of anxiety, especially in extreme cases like those suffering from agoraphobia. Luckily, there are things like Zoom for patients who would rather meet with their therapists from the comfort of their own home. Also, smartphone applications like BetterHelp have been developed and designed to allow people to seek out professional mental health for a whole host of illnesses such as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and even borderline personality disorder. They have patients fill out a profile to match them with a mental health professional that they feel would be appropriate to treat you based on a lot of factors such as how you want to meet such as over the phone or video calls, when you can meet, and what you are looking to have treated. With over a million downloads currently, apps like BetterHelp shows it is obvious that being able to seek out professional help in a remote setting is starting to catch on. The pandemic prompted doctors to study the effectiveness of remote telepsychiatry as people were no longer able to meet with their physician face-to-face anymore, and countries like China reported a significant rise in remote telepsychiatry being used to treat people during the pandemic. Some may thing that the lack of face-to-face interaction maybe too much of a disadvantage to make telepsychiatry an effective tool in treatment, but all the evidence points to the contrary. The Indian Journal of Psychiatry has an article titled ““Telepsychiatry” in the time of Covid-19: Overcoming the challenges” and it states that when it comes to matter of the effectiveness of telepsychiatry, that “the quality of doctor–patient interactions is the same as an in-person interview, while it also is seemingly cost-effective.”. Telepsychiatry is on the rise and could very well be the next big innovation in the treatment of mental health.

            The Center of Disease Control and Prevention says that today in the United States nearly 1 out of 10 children from the ages of 2-17 suffers from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). What is worse is that over 60 percent of these children also suffer from some other form of mental illness as well such as depression, anxiety, Autism spectrum disorder, Tourette syndrome or behavioral problems. While the average number of children with ADHD that are getting treatment is higher than the national average, all these children deserve effective treatment and should have it available to them. Unfortunately, the treatment that the lucky ones do receive come with drugs as only 15% of the children receiving treatment were not on some form of medication for their ADHD. These medications include things like Adderall which is known to cause loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, headache, and trouble sleeping just to name a few off the laundry list of side effects. The Food and Drug Administration approved the first ever video game that could be prescribed for treating ADHD in 2019, hopefully taking a step towards ending the drugs being pushed onto our children. EndeavorRx is a racing game designed to help relieve the symptoms brought on by ADHD, and half of the parents of the children involved in the study of the game said they saw “a clinically meaningful change in their children’s day-to-day impairments,” and that was just after a month of treatment with EndeavorRx. Another benefit of EndeavorRx is, that contrary to the mainstream media’s belief, children that were treated with EndeavorRx had “No serious adverse reactions with EndeavorRx in any study to date.”. Every child deserves every opportunity to grow up healthy both physically and mentally. Why not treat common ailments like ADHD with things that kids already enjoy like video games instead of drugs with detrimental side effects?  Maybe in the future instead of handing your child a bottle full of Ritalin, doctors will prescribe them a Nintendo or PC game instead.

Americans are suffering from mental illnesses at a staggering rate. We need to change the way that we approach our mental health and start doing something positive for it. Too many people are embarrassed to seek help, and the few that are trying to do something, are given a bottle of pills, and told that those will make everything better. We should take a step back and look at the other factors like diet, lack of exercise or alternative treatments like EndeavorRx as viable options instead of always reaching for the medicine cabinet. People can seek out help when and where they need it with the option of telepsychiatry and apps on their smart phones. While America might be suffering from poor mental health now, our future might be one where we better understand the human psyche and how to keep the mind healthy thanks to the innovations being made today.

Works Cited

“: Online Counseling & Therapy – Apps on Google Play.” Google, Google, play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com..

“Data and Statistics About ADHD.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 16 Nov. 2020, www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html.

“EndeavorRx.” Children’s Technology Review, vol. 28, no. 3, Sept. 2020, p. 9. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f6h&AN=145892778&site=eds-live.

Haridy, Rich. “Exciting Insight into Role Gut Bacteria Play in Obesity-Related Depression and Anxiety.” New Atlas, 18 June 2018, newatlas.com/gut-bacteria-obesity-depression-anxiety/55072/.

Kirsch, Irving. The Emperor’s New Drugs: Exploding the Antidepressant Myth. Basic Books, 2011.

Perera SR, Gambheera H, Williams SS. “Telepsychiatry” in the time of COVID-19: Overcoming the challenges. Indian J Psychiatry 2020; 62: S391-4.

Sinha, Ashish C., editor. OXFORD TEXTBOOK OF ANAESTHESIA FOR THE OBESE PATIENT. OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2021.

Taylor, Michael A. Hippocrates Cried: The Decline of American Psychiatry. Oxford Univ. Press, 2013.

Zhong Li, et al. “Telepsychiatry Adoption across Hospitals in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Study.” BMC Psychiatry, vol. 21, no. 1, Apr. 2021, pp. 1–12. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03180-8.

Nursing homework help

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Nursing homework help

Mayelin Ruiz

 

Atrophy

Atrophy is the decrease in the size of a tissue, cell, organ, or any body part. The term suggests that the part of the body that was atrophied was a normal size according to the individual’s age and circumstance before the decrement occurred.

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Physiologic atrophy

Physiologic atrophy is a type of atrophy where a body part decreases in size due to insufficient use of muscle. This type of atrophy is caused by physical inactiveness and therefore can be reversed through better and proper nutrition and sufficient exercise (Galluzi et al., 2018). (c)

Hypertrophy

Hypertrophy refers to the increase and growth of muscle cells through exercise. Physical exercise tones and improves muscles leading to an increase in size. People who often work out or exercise by lifting heavy weights contribute to their muscle increment.

Hyperplasia

Hyperplasia is the enlargement of body tissues or organs due to an increased amount of organic tissue. This increment in the amount of organic tissue is a result of cell proliferation.

Pathologic hyperplasia

Pathologic hyperplasia is the increment in cell production in a normal organ or tissue due to precancerous or abnormal changes such as an abnormal stressor. This condition can lead to several disorders due to high or abnormal levels of cell production.

Dysplasia

Dysplasia is a term that describes the presence of abnormal cells in a body organ or tissue. Although dysplasia is not a type of cancer it can become cancer if it is severe. 

Metaplasia

Metaplasia is the process of replacing one type of mature tissue with another tissue that is not indigenous to the part of the tissue. Metaplasia is caused by environmental factors such as inflammation and microorganisms.

Mechanisms of cell injury

There are four main mechanisms of cell injury. These mechanisms are acute-phase responses, ischemic (anoxic), heat shock, and oxidative responses.

Reversible Vs irreversible

Reversible cell injury is a type of cell injury caused by a short period of hypoxia or ischemia. Cells subjected to this kind of injury can revert to normal activities and conditions (Bielaszewska et at., 2017). On the other hand, irreversible cell injury is a type of cell injury that leads to the death of a cell or causes tissue damage. This type of cell injury includes hydrolysis of phospholipids and interruption of membrane integrity among others.

Necrosis Vs apoptosis

Necrosis is a kind of cell death that is caused by uncontrolled external factors. This kind of cell death is passive, untimely, and accidental as a result of external perturbations. It is characterized by the uncontrolled release of inflammatory cellular contents (Alisha et al., 2019). Meanwhile, apoptosis is described as a kind of cell death by predefined cell suicide by destroys itself by actively dismantling, therefore, leaving the body functioning smoothly by avoiding inflammation.

Nucleus

The nucleus is a crucial part of a cell that controls and regulates all the activities of the cell. It also carries genes and other hereditary information.

Nucleolus

The nucleolus is a part of a cell that facilitates the biogenesis of ribosomes. It achieves this function by processing, synthesizing, and arranging ribosomal RNA into preribosomal particles.

Mitochondrion

Mitochondrion generates energy to power the cell by breaking down sugar and fat through cellular respiration.

Ribosomes

Ribosomes are cell organelles that synthesize proteins.

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is a fluid in a cell that provides a medium for chemical reactions such as cell growth and cell organelle replication.

Cell membrane

The cell membrane protects the organelles inside of a cell from the outside environment. It also regulates materials being transported inside and outside of the cell.

Hyperkalemia and Hypocalemia

Hyperkalemia is a high level of potassium in the blood. There are various causes of hyperkalemia in the body. Two of these causes are kidney disease, which occurs if the kidney is not functioning properly, and a diet that has high potassium, especially in patients with advanced kidney disease. Hyperkalemia is characterized by shortness of breath, muscle weakness, heart palpations, chest pains, and nausea among other symptoms such as tingling and unusual feeling.

On the other hand, hypokalemia is an extremely low level of potassium in the body. There are several symptoms of hypokalemia such as muscle cramps, abnormal heart rhythms, fatigue, weakness, and constipation (Barrera et al., 2018). Hypokalemia is caused by kidney failure, folic acid deficiency, and some asthma medications.

Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia

Hypercalcemia is a condition where there are high levels of calcium in the body. Hypercalcemia is caused by cancer and overactivity in parathyroid glands. Hypercalcemia symptoms include bone pain, stomach pain, and increased urination and thirst.

Meanwhile, hypocalcemia is a condition where there is an extremely low level of calcium in the blood (Banerjee et al., 2020). It is caused by inadequate vitamin D, renal disease, and hypoparathyroidism. Symptoms of hypocalcemia include muscle spasms, depression, memory loss, confusion, hallucinations, and weak nails.

Hypercalcemia and Hyponatremia

Hypercalcemia is a high concentration of sodium in the blood, especially in individuals who do not drink sufficient water. Symptoms of hypernatremia include fatigue, thirst, and restlessness. Hypernatremia is caused by impaired thirst mechanisms and insufficient water in the body. Hyponatremia is a low concentration of sodium in the blood. It is caused by excess water in the body heart failure and inappropriate antidiuretic hormone production in the body.

Acidosis and Acidosis

Acidosis is a build-up of acid in the blood caused by the overproduction of acids in the body. In its severe form acidosis leads to labored breathing and poor lung function. Alkalosis is excess base in body fluids such as blood. Alkalosis can be due to decreased carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

(a) Mr. Epperson’s myocytes were initially injured by ischemia.

(b) Ischemia injures cells faster than hypoxia alone.

(c) Reversible myocyte swelling was caused by a lack of ATP to fuel ion pumps.

(d) Irreversible myocyte injury occurred when mitochondrial and plasma membranes were disrupted.

(e) Dissolving the blood clot rescued some myocytes by providing oxygen for generating ATP.

(f) Dissolving the blood clot damaged some myocytes by reperfusion injury.

 

 

References

Alishahi, M., Ghaedrahmati, F., Kolagar, T. A., Winlow, W., Nikkar, N., Farzaneh, M., & Khoshnam, S. E. (2019). Long non-coding RNAs and cell death following ischemic stroke. Metabolic Brain Disease, 34(5), 1243-1251.

Banerjee, R., Joshi, N., & Nagotu, S. (2020). Cell organelles and yeast longevity: an intertwined regulation. Current Genetics, 66(1), 15-41.

Barrera, K., Stanek, A., Okochi, K., Niewiadomska, Z., Mueller, C., Ou, P., … & Huan, C. (2018). Acinar cell injury induced by inadequate unfolded protein response in acute pancreatitis. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology, 9(2), 37.

Bielaszewska, M., Rüter, C., Bauwens, A., Greune, L., Jarosch, K. A., Steil, D., … & Karch, H. (2017). Host cell interactions of outer membrane vesicle-associated virulence factors of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: Intracellular delivery, trafficking, and mechanisms of cell injury. PLoS Pathogens, 13(2), e1006159.

Galluzzi, L., Vitale, I., Aaronson, S. A., Abrams, J. M., Adam, D., Agostinis, P., … & Turk, B. (2018). Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. Cell Death & Differentiation, 25(3), 486-541.

 

 

 

 

Clara Pena Espinosa

5 hours ago, at 2:59 PM

 

NEW

Top of Form

1-    Which are the concepts of?

Atrophy: the partial or full wasting away of a part of the body.

Physiologic atrophy: Physiological atrophy is a function of the growth modifications of an organism (atrophy of the thymus throughout puberty, atrophy of the sex glands, skin, and also bones in old people, and so forth). General pathological atrophy (emaciation, cachexia) shows up in cases of insufficient nourishment, persistent infection or intoxication, or problems of the endocrine glands or of the main nerves.

Hypertrophy: the augmentation of a body organ or cells from the increase in size of its cells

Hyperplasia: abnormal increase in quantity of a tissue or body organ triggered by the development and also growth of brand-new regular cells.

Pathologic hyperplasia: indication of unusual or precancerous adjustments. A typical reason for pathological hyperplasia is the unwanted of hormones. Estrogen stimulation in the endometrium can cause abnormal spreading, and androgens can provide a prostatic hyperplasia. This hyperplasia is thankfully in control as well as there is no anomaly in the cell division law genes. Also, if the hormone is eliminated, the hyperplasia will regress.

Dysplasia: is any of various sorts of irregular growth or advancement of cells (tiny scale) or organs (macroscopic scale), and also the irregular histology or physiological framework resulting from such development. Dysplasias on a mostly tiny scale include epithelial dysplasia and also coarse dysplasia of bone.

Metaplasia: is the conversion from one kind of regular adult cell to another kind of normal adult cell.

2-    What are the main four mechanism of Cell Injury?

– deficiency of ATP.

– lowered degrees of oxygen as well as boosted degrees of oxygen-derived complimentary radicals.

– increased concentration of intracellular calcium and also loss of calcium steady-state.

– problems in membrane layer leaks in the structure.

3-    Cell injury: reversible vs irreversible, differences between each…

The primary difference in between relatively easy to fix and permanent cell injury is that the relatively easy to fix cell injury can go back to the normal problems by modifying the homeostasis of the cell whereas the irreparable cell injury can not go back to the sensible problems as the cell has actually passed the climax. Relatively easy to fix and also permanent cell injury are 2 sorts of cell injury that can lead to cell death. Moreover, relatively easy to fix cell injury results in mobile swelling as well as fat build-up while irreversible cell injury causes death or apoptosis.

4-    Cell Death: concepts of necrosis and apoptosis.

In apoptosis, the afflicted cell proactively joins the cell death process, whereas in death the cell death takes place in action to unfavorable problems in the cell’s environment.

5-    Function of this cell organelles:

Nucleus: DNA Storage Space

Nucleolus: helps in healthy protein synthesis and also manufacturing of the ribosome in the cells.

Mitochondria: Power production

Ribosomes: Protein synthesis

Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm holds all the essential parts of a cell including cytosol, cell organelles, inclusions, etc. Cytoplasm is straight pertaining to cell expanding and also development. The cytoplasm is the centre of several metabolic activities in the cell. From glycolysis to cellular division processes all take place in cytoplasm (McCance, & Huethe, 2014). The cytoplasm secrets enzymes, responsible for various biochemical reactions. The cytoplasm relocates all the metabolic waste materials of the cell in the direction of their location and eliminates them from the cell. It likewise removes foreign particles from cell.

Cell Membrane Layer: Define the within and outside of a cell.

6-   Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia, causes and symptoms.

Hypokalemia as well as hyperkalemia are common electrolyte problems brought on by changes in potassium intake, transformed excretion, or transcellular shifts. Diuretic usage and also intestinal losses prevail root causes of hypokalemia, whereas kidney illness, hyperglycemia, and medicine use prevail causes of hyperkalemia. Digestion conditions like Crohn’s illness or colitis can enhance your risk of hypokalemia due to the fact that they can create chronic looseness of the bowels (McCance, & Huethe, 2014). You may likewise be at threat if you have a bad stomach bug that causes severe throwing up or looseness of the bowels. As well as you can lose potassium if you’re peing frequently or sweating greatly. Common neurologic symptoms of hyperkalemia can consist of: Reduced reflexes, Prickling, Numbness (unusual).

7-   Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia, causes and symptoms.

Hypercalcemia, or greater than typical degree of calcium in your blood, is a fairly usual searching for. Hypercalcemia can be caused by more than 25 separate diseases, numerous medicines and also dehydration. Primary hyperparathyroidism and numerous sort of cancers cells make up the greatest percentage of all individuals with hypercalcemia. In key hyperparathyroidism, one or more of the four parathyroid glands, situated behind the thyroid gland in your neck, generate too much parathyroid hormonal agent. Usually, the parathyroid glands deal with the kidneys, skeletal system and intestines to thoroughly manage the degree of blood calcium. However occasionally a parathyroid gland ends up being overactive, causing excess parathyroid hormone being released and an elevated blood calcium degree (McCance, & Huethe, 2014). Although having signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia is unusual, signs and symptoms can consist of: Even more regular urination and thirst, Tiredness, bone discomfort, headaches, Queasiness, vomiting, constipation, decline in cravings, Forgetfulness, Lethargy, depression, amnesia or irritation, Muscle pains, weak point, cramping and/or twitches.

Hypocalcemia describes reduced levels of calcium located on a blood test. It can trigger symptoms like tingling, muscle aches, and also heart rhythm issues that can vary from moderate to serious. Hypocalcemia may create symptoms such as the following: Sensations of pins and needles or prickling, Muscle mass aches, spasms, or weakness, Dry skin or other skin issues, Breakable nails, Difficulty swallowing, Lack of breath and also wheezing, Seizures, Heart rhythm troubles, Cardiomyopathy, Exhaustion, and Psychological disturbances such as anxiety and also complication. Many people recognize that calcium belongs of your bones (McCance, & Huethe, 2014). But calcium is likewise found in your blood as well as inside your body’s cells. Actually, calcium is associated with numerous vital organic processes. As an example, it plays roles in blood clotting and in assisting particular enzymes to function. It is likewise essential for appropriate signaling in your nerves as well as muscle mass, including your heart muscle. As a result of this, your body works to firmly control the amount of calcium existing in your blood. If it’s expensive, it tries to bring it down; if it’s as well reduced, it attempts to bring it up.

8-   Hypernatremia and Hyponatremia. causes and symptoms.

Hypernatremia refers to sodium degrees in the blood being too high. Sodium plays a crucial duty in features such as contraction, nerve impulse generation, and liquid balance. The main causes Resource of hypernatremia are inadequate liquid consumption or too much loss of fluids, causing not enough liquid in the blood. Several wellness factors can cause hypernatremia or enhance its possibility. These consist of: dehydration, Vomiting, kidney disease, unchecked diabetic issues, diabetes insipidus, severe looseness of the bowels, mental deterioration, high temperature, ecstasy (McCance, & Huethe, 2014). Having too much sodium in the blood may cause no signs and symptoms, as well as a person may be not aware of it. Nonetheless, it can cause symptoms and problems such as: extreme thirst, tiredness, confusion, adjustments in mood, muscle twitching, convulsions, seizures, coma.

Hyponatremia is a problem where sodium degrees in the blood are less than normal. Oftentimes, excessive water in the body weakens the salt, creating the condition. Chronic, extreme vomiting or diarrhea and other reasons for dehydration. This triggers your body to lose electrolytes, such as salt, as well as additionally enhances ADH degrees. Drinking excessive water. Consuming alcohol too much amounts of water can create low salt by overwhelming the kidneys’ capability to eliminate water (McCance, & Huethe, 2014). Since you lose sodium through sweat, alcohol consumption excessive water during endurance activities, such as marathons and also triathlons, can additionally weaken the salt web content of your blood. Hormonal changes. Adrenal gland insufficiency (Addison’s condition) affects your adrenal glands’ ability to produce hormones that aid maintain your body’s equilibrium of salt, potassium and water. Reduced levels of thyroid hormonal agent additionally can cause a reduced blood-sodium degree. The leisure drug Ecstasy. This amphetamine enhances the threat of serious as well as also deadly instances of hyponatremia. Hyponatremia creates neurologic signs varying from complication to seizures to coma. The extent of the symptoms depends on just how reduced the salt degrees remain in the blood stream and how swiftly they drop (McCance, & Huethe, 2014). In a lot of cases, blood sodium levels drop gradually, generating only moderate signs as the body has time to make changes. Symptoms are extra severe when blood salt levels fall promptly.

9-   What is acidosis and what is alkalosis?

Acidosis vs alkalosis might occur as a result of different underlying troubles, yet they have numerous similarities and can often be detected as well as treated similarly. Acidosis describes the problem of having an unwanted of acid in the blood. There are two sorts of acidosis: metabolic and breathing. Alkalosis is an excess in the concentration of alkaline materials or alkali in the blood and body fluids. A pH of 7 is a neutral focus of antacids. This problem is characterized by a high plasma pH (above 7.45), high bicarbonate focus, as well as low PCO2. The symptoms of acidosis are the following: feeling weary, having sore muscular tissues, troubles with breathing, as well as sensation woozy, confusion, modifications in heart rate or high blood pressure, lack of ability to urinate or sweat, as well as discomfort in the chest area (McCance, & Huethe, 2014). If you experience these signs and symptoms while additionally really feeling sick with a high temperature it is necessary to look for healthcare quickly. Symptoms of acidosis might consist of Confusion (can proceed to stupor or coma), Hand shake. Impaired thinking. Muscle twitching. Queasiness, vomiting. Tingling or tingling in the face, hands, or feet.

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents

10- Mr. Epperson was lifting a heavy piece of furniture when he experienced crushing pain in his chest, began sweating heavily, and was nauseated. His wife drove him to the hospital, where he was diagnosed with a myocardial infarction (heart attack) and given intravenous drugs to dissolve a clot that was obstructing a major coronary artery. After his hospitalization, Mr. Epperson’s doctor told him that some of his heart muscle had died. Match the questions with the correct answers regarding the cell injury in Mr. Epperson’s heart.

  1. Mr. Epperson’s myocytes were initially injured by ___ ischemia ____.
  2. Ischemia injures cells faster than ___ hypoxia ____ alone.
  3. Reversible myocyte swelling was caused by lack of ____ ATP ___ to fuel ion pumps.
  4. Irreversible myocyte injury occurred when mitochondrial and plasma ___ membranes ____ were disrupted.
  5. Dissolving the blood clot rescued some myocytes by providing ___ oxygen ____ for generating ATP.
  6. Dissolving the blood clot damaged some myocytes by ___ reperfusion ____ injury.
  7. hypoxia
  8. sodium
  9. oxygen
  10. ATP
  11. ischemia
  12. necrosis
  13. reperfusion
  14. membranes
  15. apoptosis

Reference

McCance, Kathryn L. & Huethe, Sue E. (2014). Pathophysiology: The Biology Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. 7th Edition. Evolve Elsevier. ISBN-13: 978-0323088541

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Nursing homework help

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Nursing homework help

 

Poster Title – USU Logo
Your name

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Significance/Background: Briefly describe the problem you have identified.  Include current statistics, relevant to the problem, peer reviewed articles supporting the problem. Explain if this problem has been occurring  at your clinical setting
 
PICO-t: Describe problem, population, intervention, comparison, and expected outcomes and time that you would like to measure the results post intervention. Expand on your answer using support from evidence.
 
Aims of the Study – What are you planning to achieve with your study, short term and long term goals.
 
Design/Methods: Your peer reviewed articles support the design and methodology of your project
 
Proposed Interventions
How would you determine the effectiveness of the proposed interventions/treatments with the identified capstone problem?

 
Expected Results/Outcomes
Specify the expected outcomes that will result from the interventions that you will implement to solve the problem. The results or outcomes should be supported with the evidence based information from the peer reviewed articles that you have read

 
Anticipated Conclusions
Include what you have learned in the implementation of this project and will your project benefit your clinical setting/population

 
Potential Implications to Practice
The effect of your capstone project to the nursing profession and practice and humanities
References and contact information
 
Acknowledgement(s)
 

 

 

 

Template below (page 2)

 

 

 

Template for Poster

 

Create your poster using either PowerPoint or Google Slides. Below is an example of how to format your poster. In week 8, you will be required to add your poster to your final oral presentation. You can create this slide, or use the template below:

 

To download the template for your own editing use, you can do the following (you must be logged into your USU email account when accessing this document):

 

Click here to open the Google slide template: Google Slide Poster Template

 

Using Google Slides

If you want to use Google Slides to create your poster, open the template above. Click on File on the top menu bar, then click “Make a Copy”. Rename your copy then click Ok. To submit your poster, download your slide as a PowerPoint, then upload to the assignment submission drop box.

 

To convert to PowerPoint for submission: Click on File, then click “Download As”, then click “Microsoft PowerPoint.” This will open the slide in PowerPoint.

 

 

 

 

 

Nursing homework help

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Nursing homework help

Document Format: Margins are 1 in. (2.54 cm) on all sides.

All text in the document should be double-spaced.

The font is 12-point Times New Roman. Other choices are 11-point Arial and 11-point Calibri.

The title page is page 1.

There is no running head for learner assignments. (See Academic Writer: Publication Manual §§ 2.1–2.24 for paper requirements.)

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Full Title of Your Paper

 

Learner’s Full Name (no credentials)

School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Capella University

Course Number: Course Name

Instructor’s Name

Month, Year 

 

 

Abstract

An abstract is useful in professional papers, but not always in learner assignments. In fact, unless you are instructed by your faculty or in the course syllabus, do not expect to use abstracts very often at Capella. If you are submitting for publication, remember to check with the journal or professional organization about their criteria for an abstract. The abstract tells your reader about the article, is brief, and stands alone, so no citations are included. The format for an abstract is a single paragraph (not indented on the first line) that follows the title page and is less than 250 words in length. A structured abstract will have a single paragraph without indentation but having labels (e.g., Objective, Method, Results, and Conclusions) on the same line as the text and bold. For published works, the publishing organization will give you guidance on these. However, for student papers, no abstract is needed unless the faculty request one or the assignment requires it. Remember, no citations.

Keywords: include keywords in the abstract—they should be labeled like this, with the words all in lowercase and separated by commas. Only the first line is indented, like a regular paragraph. No period at the end.

 

 

APA Style Seventh Edition Paper Template: A Resource for Academic Writing

American Psychological Association (APA) style is one of the most popular methods used to cite sources in the social sciences, but it is not the only one. When writing papers in the programs offered at Capella University, you will likely use APA style. This document serves as an APA style resource for the seventh edition guidelines, containing valuable information that you can use when writing academic papers. For more information on APA style, refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, also referred to as the APA manual (American Psychological Association, 2020b).

The first section of this paper shows how an introduction effectively introduces the reader to the topic of the paper. In APA style, an introduction never gets a heading. For example, this section did not begin with a heading titled “Introduction,” unlike the following section, which is titled “Writing an Effective Introduction.” The following section will explain in greater detail a model that can be used to effectively write an introduction in an academic paper. The remaining sections of the paper will continue to address APA style and effective writing concepts, including section headings, organizing information, the conclusion, and the reference list.

Writing an Effective Introduction

An effective introduction often consists of four main components, including (a) the position statement, thesis, or hypothesis, which describes the author’s main position; (b) the purpose, which outlines the objective of the paper; (c) the background, which is general information needed to understand the content of the paper; and (d) the approach, which is the process or methodology the author uses to achieve the purpose of the paper. This information will help readers understand what will be discussed in the paper. It can also serve as a tool to grab the reader’s attention. Authors may choose to briefly reference sources that will be identified later in the paper as in this example (American Psychological Association, 2020a; American Psychological Association, 2020b). The Writing Center has developed the acronym POETS to help describe the proper writing style for submissions. POETS is the acronym for purpose, organization, evidence, tone, and sentence structure (Capella Writing Center, n.d.). There will be more on this later.

In an introduction, the writer will often present something of interest to capture the reader’s attention and introduce the issue. Adding an obvious statement of purpose helps the reader know what to expect, while helping the writer to focus and stay on task. For example, this paper will address several components necessary to effectively write an academic paper, including how to write an introduction, how to write effective paragraphs, and how to effectively use APA style.

Level 1 Section Heading Is Centered, Bold, and Title Case

Using section headings can be an effective method of organizing an academic paper. Section headings are not required according to APA style; however, they can significantly improve the quality of a paper by helping both the reader and the author, as will soon be discussed.

Level 2 Section Heading Is Aligned Left, Bold, and Title Case

The heading style recommended by APA consists of five levels (APA, 2020b, pp. 47–48). This document contains multiple levels to demonstrate how headings are structured according to APA style. Immediately before the previous paragraph, a Level 1 section heading was used. That section heading describes how a Level 1 heading should be written, which is centered, bold, and using uppercase and lowercase letters (also referred to as title case). For another example, see the section heading “Writing an Effective Introduction” on page 3 of this document. The heading is centered and bold and uses uppercase and lowercase letters. If used properly, section headings can significantly contribute to the quality of a paper by helping the reader, who wants to understand the information in the document, and the author, who desires to effectively describe it.

Section Heading Purposes

Section Headings Help the Reader.  Section headings serve multiple purposes, including helping the reader understand what is being addressed in each section, maintain an interest in the paper, and choose what they want to read. For example, if the reader of this document wants to learn more about writing an effective introduction, the previous section heading clearly states that is where information can be found. When subtopics are needed to explain concepts in greater detail, different levels of headings are used according to APA style.

Section Headings Help the Author.  Section headings not only help the reader; they also help the author organize the document during the writing process. Section headings can be used to arrange topics in a logical order, and they can help an author manage the length of the paper. In addition to an effective introduction and the use of section headings, each paragraph of an academic paper can be written in a manner that helps the reader stay engaged.

Section Headings Can Demonstrate Fine Detail  Short papers and assignments may not require or need a Level 5 heading, but these will be indented, bold, italic, and title case and end with a period. Note the text starts on the line at the end of the heading following the period.

How to Write Effective Paragraphs

Capella University’s Writing Center (n.d.) has adopted a new set of writing standards to assist learners in their goals to improve their scholarly writing. It is based on five skills known by the mnemonic POETS. In other words, a well-developed Capella paper will demonstrate the following standards. The paper will have a clear purpose statement, be logically organized, utilize current and appropriate evidence that is properly cited, maintain a scholarly tone, and demonstrate proper grammar and writing mechanics in the sentence structure (Capella Writing Center, n.d.). Academic writing is sometimes considered dry and boring. A learning experience may need that formula to encourage learning in different ways as the learner moves from passive learner to active scholar. This growth, according to Gilmore et al. (2019), requires the writer to not only think but also to write differently.

Bias-Free Language

In the seventh edition of the APA manual, another focus is on eliminating bias in language in order to provide a more inclusive tone in scholarly writing. While long considered a grammar issue, it is acceptable in APA to utilize they as a singular pronoun (APA, 2020b). In fact, there is an entire chapter of the manual dedicated to ways to reduce bias in scholarly writing. It is important to use an appropriate level of specificity in descriptions and use sensitivity with the use of labels. Other sections include guidelines on age, disability, gender, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and participation in research. Be aware of intersectionality, a term used to describe a person based on their identified multiple identities, interconnectivity, social context, power relations, complexity, social justice, and inequalities that can result in oppression (Cole, 2019; Hopkins, 2017).

Considering Direct Quotations

Another important point to consider is the use of direct quotations in papers. While plagiarism is considered an academic integrity issue, many learners are concerned with issues such as self-plagiarism and unintentional plagiarism, and there are others who may go as far as purchasing papers for submission (Colella & Alahmadi, 2019). As a learner travels along their chosen academic pathway, their writing skills and mechanics are expected to improve. It is imperative that the learner transition from finding information and quoting the author word for word to using the information to support an idea, paraphrase, and then synthesize and express the findings in one’s own words. Having said that, there are situations in which quotations may be appropriate, so it is important to cite them properly. According to the seventh edition of the APA manual, “When quoting directly, always provide the author, year, and page number of the quotation in the in-text citation in either parenthetical or narrative format” (APA, 2020b, p. 270). If there are not page numbers, identify the location in another manner (such as a paragraph number).

Notice that the above quote contains fewer than 40 words. There is a different style for quotes containing 40 words or more. These longer quotes use a block quotation format:

Do not use quotation marks to enclose a block quotation. Start a block quotation on a new line and indent the whole block 0.5 in. from the left margin. If there are additional paragraphs within the quotation, indent the first line of each subsequent paragraph an additional 0.5 in. Double-space the entire block quotation; do not add extra space before or after it. Either (a) cite the source in parentheses after the quotation’s final punctuation or (b) cite the author and year in the narrative before the quotation and place only the page number in parentheses after the quotation’s final punctuation. Do not add a period after the closing parenthesis in either case. (APA, 2020b, p. 272)

Conclusion

A summary and conclusion section, which can also be the discussion section of an APA style paper, is the final opportunity for the author to make a lasting impression on the reader. The author can begin by restating opinions or positions and summarizing the most important points that have been presented in the paper. For example, this paper was written to demonstrate to readers how to effectively use APA style when writing academic papers. Various components of an APA style paper that were discussed or displayed in the form of examples include a title page, introduction section, levels of section headings and their use, the POETS format, bias-free language, in-text citations, a conclusion, and the reference list.

 

 

References

American Psychological Association. (2020a). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct (2002, amended effective June 1, 2010, and January 1, 2017). https://doi.org.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx

American Psychological Association. (2020b). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).

Capella University. (n.d.). Writing Center. https://campus.capella.edu/writing-center/home

Cole, N. L. (2019, October 13). Definition of intersectionality: On the intersecting nature of privileges and oppression. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/intersectionality-definition-3026353

Colella, J., & Alahmadi, H. (2019). Combating plagiarism from a transformation viewpoint. Journal of Transformative Learning, 6(1), 59–67. https://jotl.uco.edu/index.php/jotl/article/view/184

Gilmore, S., Harding, N., Helin, J., & Pullen, A. (2019). Writing differently. Management Learning, 50(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507618811027

Hopkins, P. (2017). Social geography I: Intersectionality. Progress in Human Geography, 43(5), 937–947. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132517743677

 

 

Appendix

Tips for the Reference List

  • Always begin a reference list on a new page. It should be placed before any appendices, figures, or tables and titled References.
  • Set a hanging indent that starts with the second line and is double-spaced. You can look in the Paragraph menu of Microsoft Word for formatting the hanging indent so that you will not have to tab the indent. It gives the text a smoother look that remains consistent, even if you make edits.
  • The reference list is in alphabetical order by the first author’s last name. A reference list only contains sources that are cited in the body of the paper, and all sources cited in the body of the paper must be included in the reference list. If you did not cite it, do not list it.
  • The reference list above contains an example of how to cite a source when two documents are written in the same year by the same author.
    • The lowercase letters are used after the date to differentiate the sources. The “a” reflects the alphabetical order in the reference list—not whether it appeared first in the text.
    • The year is also displayed using this method for the corresponding in-text citations, as in the following sentence: The author of the first citation (American Psychological Association, 2020b) is also the publisher; therefore, the word Author is no longer used in the seventh edition.
  • DOI is the digital object identifier.
    • It can be found on the first page of an article, on the copyright page of a book, in the database record of a work, or by searching Crossref.
    • Even if the book is in print, if there is a DOI, use it.
    • Always use the hyperlink format for a DOI—it will always start with https://doi.org/ and will be followed by a number. If the DOI is not in this format, convert it. Do not alter this format, and do not add a final period.
    • There is a short DOI service at http://shortdoi.org/.
  • URL is the uniform resource locator.
    • If there is no DOI, the URL should be used in the reference.
    • Copy and paste the URL directly into your list.
    • Do not add a period at the end.
    • Do use “Retrieved from” before a URL.
  • The Colella and Alahmadi reference is an example of how to cite a source using a URL. Please note that you will not use the Capella link that is often provided in the courseroom. If the URL contains a database title, such as EBSCO or ProQuest, or the name Capella, do not use that in your citation as it will only work for Capella learners and faculty.
  • For examples and further information on references go to:
    • Academic Writer: Sample References.
    • Academic Writer: Reference List.

 

APA Style: Sample Papers shows the title page for a student paper.

 

 

See Academic Writer: Publication Manual §§ 2.9–2.10 (p. 38 in the APA manual) for more information on abstracts.

 

New in APA seventh style—this heading is a regular Level 1 and should be bold.

 

Another important resource for Capella learners is Academic Writer.

 

See also Academic Writer: Introduction.

 

Level 1 section heading

 

This is the format for a complex list within a sentence. The items begin with lowercase letters and are separated by appropriate punctuation.

 

Related items can also be set off from the text and presented as numbered or bulleted lists. For more information on lists, see Academic Writer: Lists.

 

When you have two sources with the same author and date, use a lowercase a, b, c, after the year and alphabetize the sources in the reference list according to the title. For the same author but no date, use n.d.-a and n.d.-b as the date. See Academic Writer: Alphabetizing the Reference List for more information.

 

Something new in APA seventh style—all headings are double-spaced, bold, and written in title case. See Academic Writer: Heading Levels.

 

In POETS, this is the O for organization. See Writing Center: Organization.

 

This is a Level 3 heading. Notice it is aligned left, bold, italic, and title case. The paragraph begins on a new line. See Academic Writer: Heading Levels.

 

This is a Level 4 heading—it is indented, bold, and title case. The heading ends in a period, and the text begins on the same line as the heading.

 

Level 4 heading

 

Level 5 heading

 

The Writing at Capella multimedia presentation will help you understand the POETS model.

 

Notice the et al. here—this article has four authors. In APA seventh style, any source with three or more authors will use et al. for every citation, eliminating the need to remember when this appropriate. For more information, see Academic Writer: Citing References in Text.

 

See Academic Writer: Intersectionality for the guidelines.

 

Note the two citations—in a single set of parentheses and separated by a semicolon. The citations are listed alphabetically.

 

Notice the quotation marks around the quoted text and the placement of the punctuation after the parenthetical citation. See Academic Writer: Quotation Marks for more on the use of quotation marks.

 

Notice there is no period after this citation in a block quote—it looks odd, but it is APA style. See Academic Writer: Quotation Marks.

 

Remember all headings are bold.

 

This is something new in APA seventh style—you no longer need the location of the publisher for print books. Also note that if the author is the publisher, it is only listed as the author. This guideline is found on page 324 of the APA manual.

 

See Academic Writer: Publication Manual § 2.14 for more on appendices.