Nursing homework help

Post 1:

Individuals in the impacted community may experience a range of emotions in the aftermath of a disaster. When a crisis strikes, it’s natural for the community to be in a state of panic (Falkner, 2018). Following a calamity, there are a variety of psychological impacts. Some level of distress is normal; nonetheless, long-term depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can impact people for years after a disaster (Falkner, 2018). In locations where people are particularly susceptible, such as high-poverty areas, people’s capacity to manage and recover economically and psychosocially after a disaster may be severely hampered (Falkner, 2018). Nursing homework help

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Hurricanes, blizzards, mudslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, diseases, and fire are examples of natural catastrophes (Falkner, 2018). In many areas, licensed nurses are required to assist as first responders in emergencies. In Florida, for example, licensed medical practitioners who want to administer emergency first aid must do so for free and under the auspices of an organization like the American Red Cross (“Disaster Nursing & Emergency preparedness”, 2022).

In 2009-2010, a wide range of catastrophes happened around the world, including train disasters, mud or snow avalanches, earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, flooding, train, plane, and multi-vehicle crashes, as well as wartime disasters, terrorism, and multiple and random killings (Turale, 2010). The most recent disaster has been disastrous. On January 12, 2010, the Caribbean island of Haiti was struck by a magnitude-7 earthquake, the biggest in 200 years, which was followed by numerous aftershocks (Turale, 2010). Food and clean water supplies were severely delayed, particularly in Port-au-Prince, where clean drinking water was at a critical level even before the crisis (Turale, 2010).

Nurses, the largest group of healthcare professionals, are usually at the forefront of disasters (“Disaster Nursing & Emergency preparedness”, 2022). People are mentally and physically affected by disasters, depending on their scope, severity, and duration. During this difficult time, nurses must be compassionate with bereaved family members, putting their personal biases, cultural ideas, and belief systems aside. Nurses working with victims should advocate for patients’ spiritual needs by locating the chaplain whenever possible and facilitating the adoption of spiritual practices that do not jeopardize patient safety or treatment to bring relief (Falkner, 2018). The community health nurse should be sensitive to cultural differences and approach each victim with respect, letting them grieve, react, and behave in their way, as far as they are not self-injuring or harming others. Spiritual and emotional supports are paramount in helping victims of natural or man-made disasters to return to a state of normalcy.     

 

References

Disaster Nursing & Emergency preparedness. (2022, April 29). Retrieved May 3, 2022, from https://www.ucf.edu/online/healthcare/news/disaster-nursing-emergency-preparedness/

Falkner, A. (2018). Community and Public Health: The Future of Health Care. Disaster Management. Retrieved from https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs427vn/community-and-public-health-the-future-of-health-care/v1.1/#/chapter/5

Turale, S. (2010). Nurses: Are we ready for a disaster?. J Nurs Sci Vol, 28(1).

 

 

Post 2:

In a disaster situation, individuals are faced with the dangers of death or physical injury (Evi et al., 2022). Individuals might also lose their home, possessions, and community, such stressful situations put people at high risk for emotional and physical health problems (Evi et al., 2022). Certain spiritual needs can be considered for everyone who has been impacted with disaster, stress reactions after a disaster look very much like the common reactions seen after any type of trauma. Severe geo-physical or climatic events, such as volcanic eruptions, floods, cyclones and fires that are life threatening, threaten people’s property, are termed as natural disasters (Liu & Oluyomi, 2021). Man-made disasters are events that are caused by human activities for example industrial chemical accidents and oil spills (Evi et al., 2022). Natural disasters can have huge environmental impacts as well, even when human communities are relatively unaffected. How well the impact of a disaster event is absorbed has much to do with the intensity of the impact and the level of preparedness and resilience of the subject impacted (Rossello et al,. 2020). Nurses are educated to offer spiritual care to individuals who are facing or surrounded by situations such as disaster. Nursing is most important for nurses to respond immediately in disaster situations, deliver first aid care, meet pharmacological needs, assess the condition of victims, and monitor psychological health care needs without fear and anxiety. 

References

 

Evi Susanti Tasri, Kasman Karimi, & Irwan Muslim.(2022). The effect of economic variables on natural disasters and the impact of disasters on economic variables. Heliyon, 8(1). https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08678 

Liu, S., & Oluyomi, A. (2021). Natural Disasters, TheirHealth Effects, and the Significance of Disaster Epidemiology: A Review. Texas Public Health Journal, 73(1), 10–14.

Rosselló,J., Becken, S., & Santana-Gallego, M. (2020). The effects of natural disasters on international tourism: A global analysis. Tourism Management, 79.https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104080

 

Post 3:

A disaster is described as a “sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources,” (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Cresent Societies, n.d.). There are two types of disasters man-made and natural. Man-made disasters include terrorism, transportation accidents, food and water contamination and collapsed buildings. Natural disasters include hurricanes, blizzards, mudslides, earthquakes, epidemics, fires, and tsunamis. (Falkner, 2018) 

Any type of disaster can have short- or long-term effects on communities and the individuals involved. During these times spiritual care is vital. Nurses working with disaster victims can advocate for the spiritual needs of patients by locating a chaplain who is available. Some patients may experience comfort by adding spiritual practices into their care, this can be encouraged by the care team if the patient’s care and safety isn’t interfered with.  

Cultural consideration must be accounted for when taking care of survivors or preparing for disasters. Different cultures may respond differently to traumatic events. Public health nurses should be aware of cultural differences and care for each patient with sensitivity and respect. Resources that are needed by a community or patients should also be advocated for by the healthcare team.  

 

Offering patients spiritual care can help to provide positive outcomes. Spiritual wellbeing has many benefits including a greater tolerance to emotional and physical demands of an illness, decreasing pain and negative emotions, and lowers the risk of depression and suicide. Patients who receive adequate spiritual care are also reportedly more satisfied with their care and overall treatment (Harrad et al, 2019).  

 

Falkner, A. (2018). Disaster Management. Community & Public Health: The Future of Health Care https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs427vn/community-and-public-healththe-future-of-health-care/v1.1/#/chapter/5. 

 Harrad, R., Cosentino, C., Keasley, R., & Sulla, F. (2019). Spiritual care in nursing: an overview of the measures used to assess spiritual care provision and related factors amongst nurses. Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis, 90(4-S), 44–55. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v90i4-S.8300 

 International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (n.d.). What is a disaster? Retrieved from http://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/disaster-management/about-disasters/what-is-a-disaster/ 

 

 

Post 4:

Spirituality can be described as a person’s sense of purpose in life and how they relate to God, transcendence, or the supreme power that transcends religion. Every person on some level has a set of beliefs that guide them, regardless if they have any religious preference or beliefs. The spirituality of everyone is shaken by disaster, which is frequently abrupt and unexpected. Individuals and groups are the most impacted since there is immediate loss. The individual may experience feelings of remorse, despair, and hopelessness. It is not uncommon for people to see disasters as punishments or lack of protection, as well as even doubt God’s existence. The entire community may be shocked, questioning their ideas and religion, and feeling angry or numb. Spiritually healthy and grounded people, hopefully may be able to connect to a higher force and find purpose in their lives.

 Consider a tsunami; imagine a large number of individuals losing their loved ones, their homes, and all they had, even hope. Physical, psychological, and spiritual recovery from a natural disaster takes a long time. Spiritual care is assisting someone who is going through a spiritual crisis in order to help them discover purpose, hope, and strength in their situation. In disaster assistance, a community health nurse plays a critical role. She / he has the ability to offer spiritual care to individuals, the community, and coworkers, as well as to herself. She also has the ability to lead others well by thinking critically and has managerial skills to direct the needed efforts of volunteers until organizations can step in.

 Individual:

They can be dealing with loss and faith. Make plans to satisfy your physical requirements. Be understanding. Pay attention to what they’re saying. It’s enough if you simply show up. Encourage them to communicate. Empathize with others. Assist them in meeting and interacting with survivors. Assist them in finding a spiritual care provider if necessary. Assist them in finding strength and optimism in their situation.

 Community:

Determine and satisfy their physical requirements. Assist survivors in making connections. Determine their spiritual requirements, such as meeting locations, performing rituals, connecting with others, and so on, and make accommodations.

 Coworkers:

After witnessing the disaster’s impacts, employees may be weary and spiritually distressed. Assist them in debriefing. Assist them in keeping in touch with their relatives. Assist them in forming support groups, such as a prayer team. Assist them in performing their religious rites.

 To self:

Have a spiritually healthy individual to lean on. Let that individual know how you’re feeling. Pray with one another. Make contact with your family. Maintain your rituals, such as reading the Bible, praying, and conversing in a good manner.

Harrad, R., Cosentino, C., Keasley, R., & Sulla, F. (2019). Spiritual care in nursing: an overview of the measures used to assess spiritual care provision and related factors amongst nurses. Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis, 90(4-S), 44–55. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v90i4-S.8300

Josephine Attard, Mohd Arif Atarhim, Beata Dobrowolska, Julie Jomeen, Joanne Pike, Jacqueline Whelan, Competence 2: Interpersonal Spirituality, Enhancing Nurses’ and Midwives’ Competence in Providing Spiritual Care, 10.1007/978-3-030-65888-5, (95-109), (2021).Crossref

 

Nursing homework help

• Health Insurance Portability and Accountability (HIPAA) Rules regulate the use and disclosure of personal health information (PHI). The national standards were created to protect our PHI from data theft. The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH Act), adopted in 2009, was established to improve health care quality, safety, and efficiency through the promotion of health IT and promote interoperability (CMS, 2021;OCR, 2021).

• Data sets help with healthcare analytics to evaluate collected data in a meaningful way. The University of Washington (2022) explains that clinical data collected can include “administrative and demographic information, diagnosis, treatment, prescription drugs, laboratory tests, physiologic monitoring data, hospitalization, patient insurance” (para. 4).

• This information placed in the correct algorithm can look for trends that can guide nurse schedules and the correlation to medication errors and patient safety and outcomes, which relates to the Excel spreadsheet I created (see Appendix). In addition, this information could be used to negotiate nurse contracts between the union and the hospital in the future

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References
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2021, December 1). Privacy and Security Information | CMS. CMS. Retrieved May 1, 2022, from https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Administrative-Simplification/HIPAA-ACA/PrivacyandSecurityInformation

Office for Civil Rights (OCR). (2021, June 28). HITECH Act Enforcement Interim Final Rule. HHS.Gov. https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/special-topics/hitech-act-enforcement-interim-final-rule/index.html#:%7E:text=The%20Health%20Information%20Technology%20for,use%20of%20health%20information%20technology.

University of Washington. (2022, April 19). Library Guides: Data Resources in the Health Sciences: Clinical Data. Retrieved May 1, 2022, from https://guides.lib.uw.edu/hsl/data/findclin

Carolyn Gaeckle 

One focus that I have had lately is that of patients being treated with a second-generation anti-psychotic. Many patients who take these medications experience weight gain, dyslipidemia, and elevated A1C levels, increasing their risk for obesity, cardiac disease, and diabetes (Lieberman, 2004). I think it would be of benefit to monitor patients who are prescribed an anti-psychotic for weight gain, as well monitoring their lipid profiles and A1C. The spreadsheet I have created in Excel can collect these various data points and in the end, can be used to determine things such as average increase in weight, total cholesterol, or A1C. This could be a helpful tool in monitoring patients for things such as metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, and diabetes, in which an educated decision could be made (or with the help of a CDSS) to prescribe the patient a statin to help regulate cholesterol or metformin to help lower A1C. Metformin has also been shown to be helpful in reducing weight gain associated with the use of anti-psychotics (de Silva et al., 2016).

de Silva, V.A., Suraweera, C., Ratnatunga, S.S. et al. (2016) Metformin in prevention and treatment of antipsychotic induced weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 16, 341. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1049-5

Lieberman J. A., 3rd (2004). Metabolic changes associated with antipsychotic use. Primary care companion to the Journal of clinical psychiatry, 6(Suppl 2), 8–13.

 

 

Euridice Nobre 

Week 9 Discussion

Clinical data is the information collected to enable the evolution of new knowledge

to guide the development of best practices and represents the resource most central to healthcare progress (Institute of Medicine, 2010).

I chose to create a spreadsheet in Excel because it is a great way to store, calculate, analyze data, and generate reports. In addition, Excel is relatively cheap and provides flexible data structures (variables can be added and removed as needed) (Bruland & Dugas, 2017). The spreadsheet attached is an example of how fall data related to psychotropic drugs may be stored and monitored to implement fall prevention protocol throughout my organization. Du et al. (2016) found that the use of psychotropic medications, in general, is significantly correlated with higher risks of falls, especially synthetic antidepressants, e.g., SSRIs. The spreadsheet can be used to organize, collected data to implement changes to decrease falls in hospitalized patients by systematically reviewing, tapering, reducing, or discontinuing psychotropic medications periodically.

 

References

Bruland, P., & Dugas, M. (2017). S2O – A software tool for integrating research data from general purpose statistic software into electronic data capture systems. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 17(1), 3-3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-016-0402-4

Du, Y., Wolf, I., & Knopf, H. (2016). Psychotropic drug use and alcohol consumption among older adults in Germany: Results of the German health interview and examination survey for adults 2008-2011. BMJ Open, 6(10), e012182-e012182. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012182

Institute of Medicine (US) Roundtable on Value & Science-Driven Health Care. (2010). Clinical Data as the Basic Staple of Health Learning: Creating and Protecting a Public Good: Workshop Summary. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). Summary. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54290/

 

Alicia Michonski 

The National Association of School Nurses (2022), Every Student Counts Initiative was established to create a national school health data set. The primary goal of the data initiative is to create robust health data that will influence local, state, and national student health policy. Additionally, the data initiative is to be leveraged to advocate for the needs of the students, increase evidence-based school nursing practice, and improve student health outcomes (NASN, 2022). Clinical data from my school can be collected and added to the national database to assist with these goals.

One identified data point within this initiative is chronic absenteeism. To develop clinically meaningful use, EHR content must be transformed into readily analyzed data. Keys to successful meaningful use include facilitating data collection at the point of care and generating adequate data sets (Abernathy et al, 2017). For this week’s assignment, I have created a spreadsheet that will help track the number of students who are chronically absent from school. The spreadsheet breaks the data down into reasons why the student has missed class and the duration. This also aligns with my health IT eval project as missed class time is one of my key measures.

Microsoft Excel was used to create the spreadsheet as it is one of the most commonly used software for data visualization and analysis, and it is compatible with the health center’s computer systems. Additionally, Excel has many capabilities to store, organize, and track data within a shared system. Lastly, Excel was most suitable as the health center staff are already familiar with Microsoft Excel and its shared functions. Please see the attached document for the spreadsheet.

References
Abernethy, A. P., Gippetti, J., Parulkar, R., & Revol, C. (2017). Use of electronic health record data for quality reporting. Journal of Oncology Practice, 13(8).

NASN. (2022). National School Health Data Set: Every Student Counts. National Association of School Nurses. Retrieved on May 2, 2022, from https://www.nasn.org/research/everystudentcounts

https://norwich0-my.sharepoint.com/:x:/g/personal/amichons_norwich_edu/EQNJvAESYAdErCh_DyDAlPsBMlOAPXZXQYRRIIIN3adbCg?e=sGmqtJ

 

 

 

Nursing homework help

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Is this an Evidence-Based Article? Name of Journal and Year article was written?	Yes   Name of Journal: International Journal for Quality in Health Care   Year: 2018	.2 points
State the problem What was the goal of the project?   Does this project correlate with your problem? State how?   What are you trying to achieve? Does this article support this goal?	Problem: Delays in the ED compromise quality of care and patient safety while simultaneously increasing mortality and healthcare costs. Internal inefficiencies and poor resource utilization may contribute to delays in care and overcrowding.   Goal: The goal of this project was to achieve a target time of 160 minutes (total), per patient in the ED. ·         80 minutes of “added value” (i.e. specific amount of time with a nurse and doctor for assessment, treatment, and education) ·         60 minutes for lab results ·         20 minutes for treatment steps that could not be eliminated using the Lean process   The goal of our group project is to propose a plan to decrease wait times and improve flow to care areas. The study outlined in this article directly correlates with our group project in that its aim was to tackle the issue of increased wait times leading to delay of care and negative outcomes, including decreased patient satisfaction and the increased risk for mortality. The goal of our group project is to propose a plan to reduce wait times in order to improve patient outcomes, which is exactly what the article’s researchers set out to do by proposing the use of lean principles to eliminate the unnecessary steps/processes that add to wait times.	.2 points
Strengths (Internal) What’s was good about your article?	Staff Input: This project was heavily supported by the ED staff and administration. In fact, the ED staff were empowered to make the necessary changes by identifying steps (waste) that slowed flow and hindered the care process. They were also tasked with recognizing processes that could be standardized to improve efficiency in care. Leadership Style: Furthermore, the researchers encouraged a “bottom-up” approach (democratic leadership) to achieve a more enthusiastic acceptance and implementation of the plan. The ED executive team acted as consultants to help support and foster the new process to reduce internal resistance. Cost: The implementation of the entire project was inexpensive because it did not require third party support or additional supplies. Did this implantation take place on a unit or area like yours: Yes, this project was implemented in an ED unit.	.4 points
Weakness (Internal)	Staff Support: According to the researchers, the most difficult problem they faced was staff reluctance to abandon their old practices and proceed with implementing the new process of standardization (which required 3 weeks of constant surveillance). Size: This study was performed in a single ED unit that did not provide services to pediatric or obstetric patients, so it is unknown how well these results might carry over to other specialized ED units. Furthermore, to ensure proper control, the study was limited to a specific unit in the ED, MAT-3, which was the busiest unit in the ED and designated solely for urgent cases.	.4 points
Opportunities (External)	Patient Satisfaction: The results of this study showed that the ED staff was able to reduce wait times, overall care times, and improve patient flow using the lean process to eliminate wasteful steps. However, the researchers could have also measured patient satisfaction to determine if the lean process also improved the correlation between wait times and patient satisfaction. Staff Satisfaction: The authors recognized that additional research should be completed to analyze how the lean process affects staff members in terms of work satisfaction, turnover, and improved use of skills. Baseline Data: The researchers found no significant differences in the revisit rate, mortality rate, or leave without being seen rate (LWBS) after implementing the lean process. Suggestions for additional research meant to address these variables were not provided but should be explored, especially due to their relationship with patient safety.	.4 points
Threats – (External)	Validity: The researchers acknowledged that one of the greatest limitations of their study was its external validity since the study was performed in only one ED unit. Their methodology might not produce the same results in a more efficiently run ED unit. Time: The researchers also agreed that the cultural change needed to fully adapt to this new standardized process would be an ongoing endeavor that would require additional time after the conclusion of the study. The researchers discounted the first 6 months of data because they anticipated that the staff would be more willing to embrace the new process, resulting in a false-positive outcome. Their aim was to observe how time also impacted the lean process in the ED unit in the following months. Staff Buy In: Finally, the researchers also felt that the cultural/local interpretation of lean principles might differ depending upon location and/or unit. Previous studies concluded that the lean process did not provide clinically relevant results in ED units due to lack of staff buy in resulting from misinterpretation of lean principles. In other words, the staff must understand that the lean process is not a solution but a methodology.	.4 points

 Total Points = 2 points

Nursing homework help

DARLINE FRANCOIS

2 hours ago, at 5:50 PM

Top of Form

Answer:

1. 1 1-What are Genes?

A unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring (proteins coded directly by genes). A distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome, the order of which determines the order of monomers in a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule which a cell or virus may synthesize.

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      2 2-Describe what a chromosome is and how are present normally in human beings?

Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells. Each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule od deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Passed from parents to offspring, DNA contains the specific instructions that make each type of living creature unique.

 

3 3-Concepts for: Euploid cells, Diploid Cells, Aneuploid Cells? What is a Polyploidy?

Euploid cells: Is a chromosomal variation that involves the entire set of chromosomes in a cell or an organism. Euploidy is more tolerated in plants than in animals. There may be in a single set (monoploidy), two sets (diploidy), or multiple sets (polyploidy).

 

Diploids cells: Diploid is a term that refers to the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair. Humans are diploid, and most of the body ‘cells contain 23 chromosomes pairs.

 

Aneuploids Cells: Aneuploid cells have an abnormal number of chromosomes. Because each chromosome contains hundreds of genes, the addition or loss of even a single chromosome disrupts the existing equilibrium in cells. And in most cases, is not compatible with life.

 

 

 

 

4-What is a Trisomy and an example of it?

The presence of an extra chromosome in some or all the body’s cells. This results in a total of three copies of that chromosome instead of the normal two copies. For examples, Down syndrome (trisomy 21) is caused by having three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two copies.

 

1. 5 5-What means Homozygous and heterozygous in Mendelian Heritance?

Through careful study of patterns of inheritance, Mendel recognized that a single trait could exist in different versions, or alleles, even within an individual plant or animal.

An organism with two of the same alleles for a particular gene is homozygous at that locus; an organism with two different alleles for a particular gene is heterozygous at that locus. An organism phenotype is an observable trait.

 

1. 6 6-Which are special features of X Linked genetic diseases?

X-linked inheritance means that the gene causing the trait, or the disorder is located on the X-chromosome. A male carrying such a mutation will be affected because he carries only one X chromosome. A female carrying a mutation in one gene, with a normal gene on the other X chromosome, is generally unaffected.

Examples of X-linked recessive conditions include Red-green color blindness. Red, green color blindness simply means that a person cannot distinguish shades of red and green (usually blue-green). Their visual acuity is normal.

 

 

7     7-What is a risk factor?

A risk factor or determinant is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection. Due to a lack of harmonization across disciplines, determinant, in its more widely accepted scientific meaning, is often used as a synonym. Something that increase the chance of developing disease.

 

8     -8 Also, what is a congenital disease?

A congenital disorder is a condition that is present from birth. Congenital disorders can be inherited or caused by environmental factors. Congenital anomalies can be defined as structural or functional anomalies that occur during intrauterine life.

 

9     -9 Epigenetic and Mental Health.

Current mental health epigenetic research supports that adverse psychosocial experience are associated with mental disorders. Epigenetic has been linked to several disorders such as anxiety, stress, depression, schizophrenia, and addiction

Psychiatric disease is believed to result from a combination of genetic vulnerability and environmental influence. At the crux are epigenetic modifications, which mediate the influence of environment on the genome.

 

 

 

 

10  10-DNA Methylation: why is important?

DNA methylation is a biological process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule. Methylation can change the activity of a DNA segment without changing the sequence. When located in a gene promoter, DNA methylation typically acts to repress gene transcription.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Orencia Gonzalez

What are Genes?

Genes are items of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) inside each cell that inform the cell what to do and when to expand and divide. Each gene is composed of a particular DNA series which contains the code (the directions) to make a certain healthy protein, each of which has a details task or function in the body.

Describe what a chromosome is and how are present normally in human beings?

Chromosomes are thread-like frameworks located inside the nucleus of pet and also plant cells. Each chromosome is made from healthy protein as well as a single particle of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Passed from moms and dads to children, DNA consists of the specific guidelines that make each type of living creature one-of-a-kind. The distinct structure of chromosomes maintains DNA firmly twisted around spool-like healthy proteins, called histones (Park, et al., 2017). Without such product packaging, DNA particles would be as well lengthy to fit within cells. For a microorganism to grow and also work correctly, cells have to regularly separate to create brand-new cells to replace old, damaged cells. Throughout cellular division, it is necessary that DNA remains undamaged and uniformly distributed amongst cells. Chromosomes are a key part of the process that makes sure DNA is accurately duplicated as well as dispersed in the huge bulk of cellular division (Park, et al., 2017). Still, blunders do occur on unusual celebrations.

Concepts for: Euploid cells, Diploid Cells, Aneuploid Cells? What is a Polyploidy?

Euploldy is the presence of chromosome number which is the numerous of the basic chromosome set. An organism with the fundamental chromosome number 7, might have euploids with chromosome number 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42. Euploids are even more of different types– monoploids, diploids and also polyploids. Diploid cells have two collections of chromosomes (Park, et al., 2017). It is developed by the blend of two haploid cells. Most mammals are diploid, that is, they have two homologous duplicates of each chromosome in cells. They are generated by mitosis. Somatic cells in human beings are diploid cells. The aneuploidy refers to a condition in which you add or delete one or some chromosomes regular variety of chromosomes. Consequently, the number of chromosomes in aneuploidy might be better or less than the number of chromosomes in the wild type, a strain that is prevalent amongst people under natural conditions (Park, et al., 2017). Different kinds of aneuploidy can be recognized as nullisomy, monosomy, and also trisomy.

What is a Trisomy and an example of it?

A trisomy is a kind of polysomy in which there are three circumstances of a particular chromosome, instead of the regular two. A trisomy is a sort of aneuploidy (an unusual variety of chromosomes). Trisomies can occur with any kind of chromosome, yet frequently lead to miscarriage, instead of live birth. For instance, Trisomy 16 is one of the most usual trisomy in human pregnancies, happening in greater than 1% of pregnancies; just those pregnancies in which some typical cells occur in addition to the trisomic cells, or mosaic trisomy 16, survive (Iannello, & Belfiore, 2021).

What means Homozygous and heterozygous in Mendelian Heritance?

Homozygous (and its less usual kind homozygotic) indicates associating with a cell that has two the same alleles for a certain genetics at equivalent positions on homologous chromosomes. Heterozygous (and its less typical kind heterozygotic) indicates relating to a cell that has 2 various alleles for a certain genetics at corresponding positions on homologous chromosomes.

Which are special features of X Linked genetic diseases?

X-linked problems arise from mutated genetics on the X chromosome. Males, who have just one X chromosome (i.e., they are hemizygous), will totally express an X-linked problem. On the other hand, females, who have two X chromosomes, will certainly be carriers of the defect in the majority of cases, and so they are typically asymptomatic (Iannello, & Belfiore, 2021). Although women have two X chromosomes to the male’s one, products from this chromosome are quantitatively similar in both sexes since one of both X chromosomes in women is inactivated. X-linked problem with decreased variable VIII (hemophilia A), irregular element VIII with platelet dysfunction (von Willebrand’s illness), or aspect IX (hemophilia B– Christmas illness); characterized as mild, moderate, or extreme based upon quantity of variable existing.

What is a risk factor?

Risk variable is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection. Danger variables are correlational and also not necessarily causal, since connection does not verify causation. For instance, being young can not be said to cause measles, yet young people have a greater price of measles due to the fact that they are much less most likely to have created immunity throughout a previous epidemic (Iannello, & Belfiore, 2021).

Also, what is a congenital disease?

Congenital heart disease is one or more problems with the heart’s structure that exist given that birth. Hereditary ways that you’re born with the condition. Congenital heart disease in grownups and also children can alter the way blood flows with the heart (Tonelli, 2016). There are many different kinds of congenital heart flaws.

Epigenetics and Mental Health.

Most of us can remember a miserable or stressful incident in our childhood years, but that’s very various from experiencing persistent trauma as well as stress and anxiety. Injury and also PTSD are classified as either basic or complicated. Basic trauma is normally related to a certain, considerable event, such as all-natural disaster or an auto crash (Tonelli, 2016). Complex trauma is persistent and prevalent, and also it’s this type of ongoing tension that influences individuals both physically as well as emotionally for the remainder of their lives. When youngsters mature in an atmosphere where they are subjected on a regular basis to what they regard as a risk, their nerves is perennially in a state of fight-flight-or-freeze. Epigenetics, in its simplest meaning, describes the stable modifications in genetics expression without adjustment of the DNA sequence. In the context of depression, these modifications are usually triggered by severe stress, and they can result in a boosted vulnerability in the mind’s limbic areas (Tonelli, 2016).

DNA Methylation: why is important?

DNA methylation is essential for silencing retroviral aspects, controling tissue-specific genetics expression, genomic imprinting, and also X chromosome inactivation. Notably, DNA methylation in various genomic regions may put in different impacts on genetics tasks based on the hidden hereditary series.

Reference

Park, M. J., An, G. J., Jeong, J. S., Kim, H. S., Hong, H. S., & Choe, M. (2017). Educational need assessment of advanced practice nurses on the pathophysiology. Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science, 9(1), 85-102.

Iannello, S., & Belfiore, F. (2021). A review of pathophysiological, clinical and therapeutical aspects. Panminerva medica, 43(3), 177-209.

Tonelli, M. R. (2016). Integrating evidence into clinical practice: an alternative to evidence‐based approaches. Journal of evaluation in clinical practice, 12(3), 248-256.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Taymir Torres

Genes

Genes are the basic functional unit of heredity that act as guidelines to make proteins and are made up of DNA (Dueñas et.al, 2019).

Chromosome

A is a thread-like structure made of protein and a single molecule of DNA and is located in the nucleus of plant and animal cells. It is also passed to offspring from their parents and makes any living organism unique (Dueñas et.al, 2019).

Euploid cells, Diploid Cells, Aneuploid Cells and Polyploidy

Euploid cells are cells that possess a chromosomal variation where there is an additional set of chromosomes in a cell. The number of chromosomes in euploid cells is an exact multiple of chromosome number in normal cells. Diploid cells are cells with two sets of chromosomes. Aneuploid cells are cells with a variable number of chromosomes in a cell. This variation occurs when one or a few chromosomes are either deleted or added from the normal chromosome number (Dueñas et.al, 2019).

Trisomy

Trisomy is a genetic disorder where individuals have three sets of chromosomes instead of the normal two. The most common types of trisomy are triple X syndrome, Down syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome (Dueñas et.al, 2019).

Homozygous and heterozygous in Mendelian Heritance

Mendelian inheritance is a biological inheritance that follows particular patterns to indicate how traits can be passed to offspring (Mittelsten, 2022). In Mendelian inheritance, a trait is inherited when through a certain pattern with a controlled single locus. Through mutation, a single gene has the power to cause a disease that can be inherited.

Homozygous refers to inheritance where an offspring inherits the same version of the gene from each parent resulting in two matching genes. Heterozygous refers to inheritance where an offspring ends up with two versions of a gene, one from each parent (Mittelsten, 2022).

 

X Linked genetic diseases

In X-linked inheritance, a father is unable to pass X-linked traits to their male offspring leading to X-linked recessive disorders (Matsunari et al., 2018). The X gene in males can mutate leading to X-linked recessive inheritance. However, x-linked recessive inheritance does not affect female since one carrying a mutation in one gene while the other gene in normal remains unaffected by recessive disorders.

Risk factor

A risk factor is anything that increases the chance of conducting a disease. In gene inheritance, risk factors are inherited from parents to offspring through genetic difference that increases the risk of getting diseases.

Congenital disease

A congenital disease is a medical condition inherited from parents that occur before or at birth (Duena et al., 2019). Some examples of congenital diseases are congenital heart disease, cleft lip and cleft palate, haemophilia, cystic fibrois and Down syndrome. A congenital disease is popularly referred to as a birth defect and can be acquired in fetal stage of development or from genetic inheritance from parents. A congenital disease can also be caused by environmental (external) factors.

Epigenetics and Mental Health

Epigenetics and mental health are related as exposure to environmental stressors can lead to the development of mental health or vice versa (Mews et al., 2019). For instance, while traumatic life events can trigger mental health problems, exposure to a salutary environment has a positive impact on mental health.

Methylation

Methylation is a chemical reaction, which affects nucleic acids and proteins, where a small molecule is added to other molecules (Joyce et al., 2018). While methylation may contribute to health problems, it is crucial to the overall wellbeing of an individual since it regulates tissue-specific gene expressions, silences retroviral elements, and plays a crucial role in gene imprinting. Methylation helps the body detoxify and regulate hormones.it helps the body make neurotransmitters that contribute to brain health and mental wellbeing of a person by balancing their mood.

 

References

Dueñas, A., Expósito, A., Aranega, A., & Franco, D. (2019). The role of non-coding RNA in congenital heart diseases. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 6(2), 15.

Joyce, B. T., Zheng, Y., Zhang, Z., Liu, L., Kocherginsky, M., Murphy, R., … & Hou, L. (2018). miRNA-Processing gene methylation and cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers, 27(5), 550-557.

Matsunari, H., Watanabe, M., Nakano, K., Enosawa, S., Umeyama, K., Uchikura, A., … & Nagashima, H. (2018). Modeling lethal X-linked genetic disorders in pigs with ensured fertility. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(4), 708-713.

Mews, P., Calipari, E. S., Day, J., Lobo, M. K., Bredy, T., & Abel, T. (2021). From circuits to chromatin: the emerging role of epigenetics in mental health. Journal of Neuroscience, 41(5), 873-882.

Mittelsten Scheid, O. (2022). Mendelian and non-Mendelian genetics in model plants. The Plant Cell, koac070. https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koac070

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Clara Pena Espinosa

What are Genes?

A gene is the basic physical as well as functional device of heredity. Genetics are composed of DNA. Some genes act as directions to make molecules called proteins.

Describe what a chromosome is and how are present normally in human beings?

A chromosome is a lengthy DNA particle with component or every one of the hereditary material of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes consist of product packaging healthy proteins called histones which, assisted by chaperone healthy proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to keep its integrity (Tkacs, et al., 2020). These chromosomes display a complicated three-dimensional framework, which plays a substantial role in transcriptional regulation.

Concepts for: Euploid cells, Diploid Cells, Aneuploid Cells? What is a Polyploidy?

A regular diploid cell has a total amount of 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 sets. This is called a 2n cell. Diploid cells increase by mitotic cell division. Throughout reproduction, gametes such as sperms and also egg cells are generated by meiosis cellular division. Euploidy refers to the variation in the full set of chromosomes in a cell or microorganism. Euploidy is common in plants and also happens in high frequency than animals. Considering that chromosomal number in a cell affects the sex equilibrium of pets, euploidy in animal cells results in sterility (Tkacs, et al., 2020). Thus, euploidy is typically pertaining to plants greater than animals. Aneuploidy describes a variation in the total chromosome number in a cell or organism by addition or deletion of chromosomes. Unlike euploidy, it does not include a distinction of several full sets of chromosomes. As a matter of fact, aneuploidy does not alter the variety of chromosome sets, it just alters the regular total variety of chromosomes in a cell or microorganism.

What is a Trisomy and an example of it?

The term “trisomy” is made use of to describe the existence of an additional chromosome or three instead of the typical set. For instance, trisomy 21 or Down syndrome occurs when an infant is born with three # 21 chromosomes. In trisomy 18, there are 3 duplicates of chromosome # 18 in every cell of the body, as opposed to the normal pair (Collard, & Gelman, 2021). One of the most usual is Requirement Trisomy 21, in which the daddy’s sperm or the mom’s egg cell includes the extra chromosome. In Mosaic Down syndrome, the added chromosome automatically looks like the embryo creates.

What means Homozygous and heterozygous in Mendelian Heritance?

Homozygous has 2 same duplicates of the same allele coding for a specific attribute. Includes just one type of allele, either dominant or recessive. Self-fertilization leads to the repeating of the very same traits over generations. Only one kind of gamete is created. It can be either homozygous leading or homozygous recessive. Heterozygous has 2 different duplicates of alleles coding for a specific characteristic. Has various alleles for an attribute (Collard, & Gelman, 2021). Both leading and recessive. Self-fertilization leads to different mix of traits over the future generation. Two sorts of gametes are produced. Heterozygous alleles can reveal full dominance, codominance or insufficient supremacy.

Which are special features of X Linked genetic diseases?

X-linked recessive inheritance is a setting of inheritance in which a mutation in a genetics on the X chromosome triggers the phenotype to be always revealed in males (who are always homozygous for the gene anomaly due to the fact that they have one X and one Y chromosome) as well as in women that are homozygous for the gene anomaly. Ladies with one duplicate of the mutated genetics are service providers. X-linked inheritance means that the gene causing the quality or the condition is located on the X chromosome (Collard, & Gelman, 2021). Females have two X chromosomes while males have one X and also one Y chromosome. Carrier females that have only one copy of the anomaly do not typically express the phenotype, although distinctions in X-chromosome inactivation (called skewed X-inactivation) can cause varying levels of clinical expression in provider females, since some cells will share one X allele and also some will reveal the various other.

What is a risk factor?

Any kind of behavioral, hereditary, environmental, or other factor to consider which increases the probability of creating a condition or disorder, or becoming associated with hazardous circumstances.

Also, what is a congenital disease?

A congenital disorder is a condition that is present from birth. Congenital disorders can be acquired or caused by ecological aspects. Their impact on a child’s wellness as well as advancement isn’t always extreme, as well as often it can be fairly moderate. Nevertheless, a kid with a congenital disorder may experience a handicap or health problems throughout life. It’s natural to be concerned about congenital disorders if you’re pregnant or planning a maternity, specifically if your family has a background of a particular disorder (Laleman, et al., 2015). It’s feasible to examine for some, yet not all conditions while pregnant, and there are additionally points you can do to minimize the opportunities of your baby being born with a congenital disorder.

Epigenetics and Mental Health.

Epigenetics is a brand-new and also revolutionary concept in the field of psychology and psychological wellness. Epigenetics research is revealing that our genes can in fact switch on or turn off in action to what happens in our life and also how our atmosphere influences us. This understanding has actually lastly put to bed the olden debate relating to nature vs. support– in other words, whether who we are is established by our genetic make-up or by our life experiences (Laleman, et al., 2015). Epigenetics makes it clear that they work in tandem to influence both physical and also mental health and wellness.

DNA Methylation: why is important?

DNA methylation is the process of transferring 4 atoms into different materials in your body. Or, to break it down also further, methylation is the procedure your body uses to include methyl teams to the DNA particle, thus altering the task of a DNA sector without altering the sequence. DNA methylation manages gene expression by recruiting healthy proteins associated with genetics repression or by inhibiting the binding of transcription element( s) to DNA (Laleman, et al., 2015). The precise policy of DNA methylation is vital for normal cognitive function.

Reference

Tkacs, N., Herrmann, L., & Johnson, R. (Eds.). (2020). Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology: Essentials for Clinical Practice. Springer Publishing Company.

Collard, C. D., & Gelman, S. (2021). Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and prevention of Diseases. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, 94(6), 1133-1138.

Laleman, W., Van Landeghem, L., Wilmer, A., Fevery, J., & Nevens, F. (2015). Portal hypertension: from pathophysiology to clinical practice. Liver International, 25(6), 1079-1090.