DNP810 Case Report

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DNP810 Case Report

Course Code DNP-810 Class Code DNP-810-IO1240 Criteria Content Percentage 70.0% Discussion of the Guidelines and Reasons Behind the FDA Regulations for Introducing New Pharmaceutical Agents (Policy) 10.0% Discussion of the Role That Money and Grants Play In Scientific Advances the Economics of Health Care (Capitalism) 10.0% Discussion of the Role and Involvement Family Plays in Health Care Decisions 10.0% Description of the Disease, Its Prevalence, and Its Incidence 20.0% Discussion of the Possible Laboratory Testing 20.0% Organization and Effectiveness 20.0% Thesis Development and Purpose 7.0% Argument Logic and Construction 8.0% Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use) 5.0% Format 10.0% Paper Format (Use of

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appropriate style for the major and assignment) 5.0% Research Citations (In-text citations for paraphrasing and direct quotes, and reference page listing and formatting, as appropriate to assignment and style) 5.0% Total Weightage 100% Case Report: Part 1 Unsatisfactory (0.00%) Discussion of the guidelines and reasons behind the FDA regulations for introducing new pharmaceutical agents (policy) is not present. Discussion of the role that money and grants play in scientific advances; the economics of health care (capitalism) is not present. Discussion of the role and involvement family plays in health care decisions is not presented. The disease, its prevalence, and its incidence are not described. Discussion of the possible laboratory testing is not present. Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim. Statement of purpose is not justified by the conclusion. The conclusion does not support the claim made. Argument is incoherent and uses noncredible sources. Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice and/or sentence construction are used. Template is not used appropriately or documentation format is rarely followed correctly. No reference page is included. No citations are used. 50.0 Less Than Satisfactory (74.00%) Discussion of the guidelines and reasons behind the FDA regulations for introducing new pharmaceutical agents (policy) is present but incomplete. Discussion of the role that money and grants play in scientific advances; the economics of health care (capitalism) is present but incomplete. Discussion of the role and involvement family plays in health care decisions is presented but incomplete. The disease, its prevalence, and its incidence are described. Discussion is incomplete. Discussion of the possible laboratory testing is present but incomplete. Thesis and/or main claim are insufficiently developed and/or vague; purpose is not clear. Sufficient justification of claims is lacking. Argument lacks consistent unity. There are obvious flaws in the logic. Some sources have questionable credibility. Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register), sentence structure, and/or word choice are present. Appropriate template is used, but some elements are missing or mistaken. A lack of control with formatting is apparent. Reference page is present. Citations are inconsistently used. Satisfactory (79.00%) Discussion of the guidelines and reasons behind the FDA regulations for introducing new pharmaceutical agents (policy) is present but done at a perfunctory level. Discussion of the role that money and grants play in scientific advances; the economics of health care (capitalism) is present but done at a perfunctory level. Discussion of the role and involvement family plays in health care decisions is presented but done at a perfunctory level. The disease, its prevalence, and its incidence are described. Discussion is done at a perfunctory level. Discussion of the possible laboratory testing is present but done at a perfunctory level. Thesis and/or main claim are apparent and appropriate to purpose. Argument is orderly, but may have a few inconsistencies. The argument presents minimal justification of claims. Argument logically, but not thoroughly, supports the purpose. Sources used are credible. Introduction and conclusion bracket the thesis. Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are used. Appropriate template is used. Formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present. Reference page is included and lists sources used in the paper. Sources are appropriately documented, although some errors may be present. Good (87.00%) Discussion of the guidelines and reasons behind the FDA regulations for introducing new pharmaceutical agents (policy) is clearly present and convincing. Information presented is from scholarly though dated sources. Discussion of the role that money and grants play in scientific advances; the economics of health care (capitalism) is clearly present and convincing. Information presented is from scholarly though dated sources. Discussion of the role and involvement family plays in health care decisions is clearly presented and convincing. Information presented is from mostly current scholarly but some outdated sources are used. The disease, its prevalence, and its incidence are clearly described. Discussion is convincing. Information presented is from mostly current scholarly but some outdated sources are used. Discussion of the possible laboratory testing is clearly present and convincing. Information presented is from mostly current scholarly but some outdated sources are used. Thesis and/or main claim are clear and forecast the development of the paper. It is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose. Argument shows logical progressions. Techniques of argumentation are evident. There is a smooth progression of claims from introduction to conclusion. Most sources are authoritative. Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. A variety of sentence structures and effective figures of speech are used. Appropriate template is fully used. There are virtually no errors in formatting style. Reference page is present and fully inclusive of all cited sources. Documentation is appropriate and citation style is usually correct. Excellent (100.00%) Discussion of the guidelines and reasons behind the FDA regulations for introducing new pharmaceutical agents (policy) is clearly present and insightful. Information presented is from current scholarly sources. Discussion of the role that money and grants play in scientific advances; the economics of health care (capitalism) is clearly present and insightful. Information presented is from current scholarly sources. Discussion of the role and involvement family plays in health care decisions is clearly presented, insightful and detailed. Information presented is from current scholarly sources. The disease, its prevalence, and its incidence are clearly described. Discussion is insightful and detailed. Information presented is from current scholarly sources. Discussion of the possible laboratory testing is clearly present and insightful. Information presented is from current scholarly sources. Thesis and/or main claim are comprehensive. The essence of the paper is contained within the thesis. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear. Comments Clear and convincing argument that presents a persuasive claim in a distinctive and compelling manner. All sources are authoritative. Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English. All format elements are correct. In-text citations and a reference page are complete and correct. The documentation of cited sources is free of error. Points Earned
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Discussion Describe the roles and scope of practice of the professional nurse

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Discussion Describe the roles and scope of practice of the professional nurse

Learning Objective 3. Describe the roles and scope of practice of the professional nurse (PO1, PO5, PO6, PO7, PO9)

Learning Objective 5. Apply legal parameters and ethical principles related to the professional nursing role in the provision of safe, patient-centered care

As a registered nurse within your professional practice setting, it is important to understand that the Nurse Practice Act differs regionally depending on the state you live in. As a visiting nurse, you are seeing a 72-year-old patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The patient has been discharged home, and this is your first post-hospital visit. Upon arrival you ask the patient for his discharge medications and notice that his medication list has changed from his pre-admission stay.

  1. Review the Nurse Practice Act within your state and describe the provision that discusses safe medication administration.
  2. What safeguards are in place that would prevent harm for this patient?
  3. How do you as a nurse foster and enforce a set of professional values that are essential to upholding ethical principles?
  4. What are the scope and standards of practice?
  5. How are scope and standards of practice different from the nursing scope of practice?
  6. What is the role, objective and function of the board of nursing?

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Help in 500-750 words paper

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Help in 500-750 words paper

Course Code NUR-699 Class Code NUR-699-O500 Criteria Change Model Percentage 100.0% Apply a change model to the implementation plan. Carry the implementation plan through each of the stages, phases, and/or steps

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identified in the chosen model. 100.0% Total Weightage 100% Evidence-Based Practice Proposal – Section E: Change Model Unsatisfactory (0.00%) Implementation plan is loosely connected to a change model. Inaccurate comprehension of material is revealed, as is the lack of ability to apply information. Subject matter is absent, inappropriate, and/or irrelevant. Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice and/or sentence construction are 60.0 Less than Satisfactory (80.00%) Implementation plan is loosely connected to the chosen change model. Identification, interpretation, and evaluation of the change model are not presented comprehensively and/or may be ambiguous at times. A lack of comprehension is displayed, but there is an attempt to apply information. There is weak, marginal coverage of subject matter with large Satisfactory (88.00%) Interpretation and evaluation of the change model are not presented comprehensively and may be ambiguous at times. A basic description of the implementation plan through the stages, phases, and/or steps identified in the chosen model is provided. Comprehension of the material is exhibited and there is clearly an attempt to integrate and apply Good (92.00%) Analysis and evaluation draw warranted use of the specified change model, and rationale is appropriately supported. A detailed outline of the implementation plan through each of the stages, phases, and/or steps identified in the chosen model is provided. An individual interpretation on the effectiveness of the model in relation to the implementation Excellent (100.00%) Comments Analysis and evaluation draw warranted use of the specified change model, and rationale is appropriately supported. A detailed descriptive narrative of the implementation plan through each of the stages, phases, and/or steps is provided, as is a solid interpretation of the change model in relation to the implementation plan. Appropriate evaluation of the Points Earned
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NUR 4636 FNU Appalachian and Arab Heritage

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NUR 4636 FNU Appalachian and Arab Heritage

Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Appalachians Larry Purnell, PhD, RN, FAAN

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Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Overview ▪ Heritage from England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, France, and Germany ▪ Came to the United States for religious freedom and better economic opportunities ▪ Purposely isolated themselves in the mountains to live and practice their religions as they chose Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Overview Continued ▪ Appalachia includes 410 counties in 13 states and extends from southern New York to northern Mississippi. ▪ Continuous migration from the country to the city and vice versa ▪ High proportion of aging in Appalachia ▪ Farming, mining, textiles, service industries, etc. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Overview Continued ▪ High poverty and unemployment rates ▪ Originally most educated group in America, now some of the least educated due to isolation ▪ Area still lacks infrastructure Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Communications ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Carry over from Elizabethan English Spellin for spelling Warsh for wash Badder for bad Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Ethic of Neutrality ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Avoid aggression and assertiveness Do not interfere with others’ lives Avoid dominance over others Avoid arguments and seek agreement Accept without judging—use few adjectives and adverbs, resulting in less precise description of emotions and thoughts Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Communications ▪ Sensitive about direct questions and personal issues ▪ Sensitive to hints of criticism. A suggestion may be seen as criticism. ▪ Cordiality precedes information sharing so “sit a spell” and chat before doing business, which is necessary for developing trust Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Communication Continued ▪ A few may avoid direct eye contact because it can be perceived as aggression, hostility, or impoliteness ▪ More being than doing oriented, more relaxed culture and being in tune with body rhythms ▪ Be formal with name format until told to do otherwise. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Communication Continued ▪ Healthcare provider must be flexible and adaptable ▪ Come early or late for an appointment and still expect to be seen ▪ Family lineage is important ▪ Formality with respect—Miz Florence or Mr. John Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Family ▪ Varied decision-making patterns but the more traditional Appalachian family is still primarily patriarchal ▪ Women make decisions about health care and usually carry out the herbal treatments and folk remedies ▪ Women marry at a young age and have larger families than the other white ethnic groups Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Family Continued ▪ Children are accepted regardless of what they do ▪ Hands-on physical punishment is common ▪ Motherhood increases the status of the woman in the eyes of the community ▪ Take great pride in being independent and doing things for oneself Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Family Continued ▪ Family rather than the individual is the treatment unit ▪ Having a job is more important than having a prestigious position ▪ Consistent with the ethic of neutrality, alternative lifestyles are accepted, they are just not talked about ▪ Extended family is the norm Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Biocultural Ecology ▪ High incidence of respiratory conditions due to occupations ▪ Increase of parasitic infections due to lack of modern utilities in some areas ▪ High incidence of cancer, otitis media, anemia, obesity, cardiovascular disease, suicide, accidents, SIDS, and mental illness Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition High-Risk Behaviors ▪ Tobacco is a main farming crop in some areas of Appalachia ▪ Smoke at a young age ▪ Alcohol use at a young age—binge drinking ▪ Believe in the mind, body, spirit connection Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Ten Steps in Seeking Health Care ▪ Use self-care practices learned from mother or grandmother ▪ Call mother or grandmother if available ▪ Then trusted female family member, neighbor, or a nurse ▪ Then go to OTCs they saw on TV ▪ Then use a neighbor’s prescription medicine Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Ten Steps in Seeking Health Care Continued ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Pharmacist or nurse for advice Physician or Advanced Practice Nurse Then to a specialist Then to the closest tertiary medical center DO NOT BE JUDGMENTAL, if you want to keep them in the system Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Nutrition ▪ Food may be synonymous with wealth ▪ Wide variety of meats, do not trim the fat—low-fat wild game is also eaten ▪ Organ meats are common ▪ Bones and bone marrow used for making sauces ▪ Preserve with salt Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Nutrition Continued ▪ Lots of frying (using lard or bacon grease) and pickling ▪ Anytime is the time to celebrate with food, especially in the rural areas ▪ Many teens have particularly poor health ▪ Status symbol to have instant coffee and snack foods for some Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Nutrition Continued ▪ Early introduction of solid foods ▪ May feed babies teaspoons of grease to make them healthy and strong ▪ Diet is frequently deficient in Vitamin A, iron, and calcium Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Childbearing Family ▪ Must eat well to have a healthy baby ▪ Do not reach over your head when pregnant to prevent the cord from wrapping around the neck of the fetus ▪ Being frightened by a snake or eating strawberries or citrus can cause the baby to be marked ▪ Use bands around the belly and asafetida bags Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Death Rituals ▪ Must stay with the dying person ▪ Family should not be left alone ▪ Funerals with personal objects at the viewing and buried in their best clothes ▪ May take the deceased for viewing at home ▪ After the funeral there is more food and singing and for some a “wake” to celebrate life Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Death Rituals Continued ▪ Flowers are more important than donations to charity ▪ Particularly good at working through the grieving process ▪ Funeral directors are commonly used for bereavement ▪ Cremation is acceptable and ashes may be saved or dispersed on the “land” Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Spirituality ▪ Baptist, Pentecostal, Episcopalian, Jehovah’s Witness, Methodist, Presbyterian ▪ Each church adapts to the community ▪ Most are highly religious even though they do not attend church ▪ Common to attend Sunday and other days ▪ Preacher has a calling to “preach” ▪ Ministers are trained Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Spirituality Continued ▪ Meaning in life comes from the family and “living right with God,” which varies by the specific religious sect ▪ Nature is in control—fatalism ▪ Religion and faith is important in a hostile environment ▪ I will be there if the “creek does not rise” or if “God is willing”—fatalism Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Healthcare Practices Good health is due to God’s Will Self-reliance fosters self-care practices Family important for health care May be very ill before a decision is made to see a professional resulting in a more compromised health condition ▪ Direct approaches are frowned upon ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Healthcare Practices Continued ▪ Herbal medicines, poultices, and teas are common ▪ See Table 8–1 in the textbook; these practices are still alive and well ▪ Folk medicines used in conjunction with biomedical treatments Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Barriers ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Fatalism Self-reliance Lack of infrastructure Health profession shortages Culture of “being” Poverty and unemployment Care not acceptable from outsiders Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Responses to Health and Illness ▪ Take care of our own and accept the person as whole individual ▪ Not mentally ill, the person has “bad nerves” or are “odd turned” ▪ Having a disability with aging is natural and inevitable—if you live long enough ▪ Must establish rapport and trust Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Responses to Health and Illness Continued ▪ Pain is something that is to be endured ▪ Some may be stoical ▪ Pain legitimizes not working or fulfilling one’s responsibilities ▪ Withdraw into self when ill ▪ Culture of being works against rehabilitation Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Healthcare Practitioners ▪ Lay and trained nurses and midwives still provide much of the care in some parts of Appalachia ▪ Breckenridge Frontier Nursing Service ▪ Prefer people known to the family and community —the insider versus outsider concept Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Healthcare Practitioners Continued ▪ Culture of “being” says the healthcare provider should not give the perception of being rushed ▪ Physicians may not be trusted due to outsidedness, not to being foreign ▪ Must ask the clients what they think is wrong Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab American Culture Larry Purnell, PhD, RN, FAAN Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Overview/Heritage ▪ Arabs, coming from 22 countries, are united by a common language, Arabic. ▪ No U.S. census category for Arabs; they are absorbed into the White category. ▪ Most earlier Arab immigrants in the late 1880s to 1913 were Christians, educated, and settled in the Northeastern United States Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Overview/Heritage ▪ Post-1965, Arabs in the US were Muslims, highly educated and professional or immigrated for higher education. ▪ Arabism, Muslim, and Islam are intricately interwoven and share basic traditions and beliefs. Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Communication ▪ Arabic is the official language of the Arab world. ▪ English is a common second language among Arabs throughout the world. ▪ Communication is highly contextual. ▪ Conversants stand close and maintain rather intense eye contact. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Communication ▪ For traditional Arabs, touch is only accepted between members of the same sex. ▪ Speech is generally loud and expressive with repetition and gesturing. ▪ Privacy is valued so sharing outside the immediately family is not common. ▪ Etiquette requires handshaking upon arrival and departure but only between same sex individuals. Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Communication ▪ Titles are important and are used in combination with the person’s first name as in Mr. Ali. ▪ Punctuality is not always valued except in cases of professional or business meetings. ▪ Explain the importance of timeliness in healthcare appointments. Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Family Roles and Organization ▪ Traditional Arab families are highly patrilineal. ▪ In public, a wife’s interactions with her husband is formal and respectful. At home, the woman may have tremendous influence in matters pertaining to the home and children. ▪ Gender roles are clearly defined: men are decision-makers, protectors, and breadwinners. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Family Roles and Organization ▪ The authority structure and division of labor within Arab families are often misinterpreted, fueling common stereotypes of the overtly dominant male and the passive and oppressed woman. ▪ Children are dearly loved, indulged, and included in all family activities. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Family Roles and Organization ▪ Children are dearly loved, indulged, and included in all family activities. ▪ Children are raised not to question elders and to be obedient to older brothers and sisters. Discipline may include physical punishment and shaming. ▪ Adolescents are pressed to succeed academically. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Family Roles and Organization ▪ • Adolescents are pressed to succeed academically. ▪ Academic failure, sexual activity, illicit drug use, and juvenile delinquency bring shame to the family. For girls in particular, chastity and decency are required. ▪ Family members live nearby and sometimes intermarry with first cousins. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Family Roles and Organization ▪ Devout Muslim women value modesty. ▪ Many Muslim women view the hijab, “covering the body except for one’s face and hands,” as offering them protection in situations in which the sexes mix. It is a recognized symbol of Muslim identity and good moral character. ▪ Many Americans associate the hijab with oppression rather than protection. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Family Roles and Organization ▪ Sons are held responsible for supporting elderly parents. ▪ Elderly parents are almost always cared for within the home. ▪ Homosexuality is usually highly stigmatized. In some Arab countries, it is considered a crime, and participants may be killed. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Workforce Issues ▪ Discrimination such as intimidation, being treated suspiciously, and negative comments about their religious practices have been reported as a major source of stress among Arab Americans. ▪ Muslim Arabs who wish to attend Friday prayer services and observe religious holidays may encounter job-related conflicts. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Workforce Issues ▪ Impassioned communication may incorrectly be assumed that Arabs are argumentative, confrontational, or aggressive. ▪ Criticism is often taken personally as an affront to dignity and family honor. ▪ Whereas such direct praise may be somewhat embarrassing for Americans, Arabs expect and want praise when they feel they have earned it. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Biocultural Ecology ▪ Most Arabs have dark or olive-colored skin, but some have blonde or auburn hair, blue eyes, and fair complexions. ▪ Infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, trachoma, typhus, hepatitis, typhoid fever, dysentery, and parasitic infestations are common with newer immigrants. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Biocultural Ecology ▪ Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, sickle cell anemia, and the thalassemias are extremely common in the eastern Mediterranean. ▪ High consanguinity rates (roughly 30 percent of marriages in Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia) occur between first cousins and contribute to the prevalence of genetically determined disorders in Arab countries. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Biocultural Ecology ▪ Some Arabs have difficulty metabolizing debrisoquine, antiarrhythmics, antidepressants, beta blockers, neuroleptics, and opioid agents. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab High-Risk Health Behaviors ▪ Smoking and nonuse of seat belts and helmets are major issues among Arabs in the US. ▪ Some Arab women may be at high risk for domestic violence, especially new immigrants, because of the high rates of stress, poverty, poor spiritual and social support, and isolation from family members. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab High-Risk Health Behaviors ▪ Sedentary lifestyle and high fat intake among Arab Americans place them at higher risk for cardiovascular diseases. ▪ The rates of breast cancer screening, mammography, and cervical Pap smears among Arab Americans are low because of modesty. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Nutrition ▪ Spices and herbs include cinnamon, allspice, cloves, ginger, cumin, mint, parsley, bay leaves, garlic, and onions. ▪ Skewer cooking and slow simmering are typical modes of preparation. All countries have rice and wheat dishes, stuffed vegetables, nut-filled pastries, and fritters soaked in syrup. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Nutrition ▪ Consumption of blood is forbidden; Muslims are required to cook meats and poultry until well done. Some Muslims refuse to eat meat that is not halal (slaughtered in an Islamic manner). ▪ Muslims are prohibited from eating pork and pork products which includes ingredients mouthwashes, toothpastes, alcohol-based syrups and elixirs, and gelatin coated capsules. However, if no substitutes are available, Muslims are permitted to use these preparations. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Nutrition ▪ Grains and legumes are often substituted for meats; fresh fruit and juices are especially popular, and olive oil is widely used. ▪ Food is eaten with the right hand because it is regarded as clean. ▪ Eating and drinking at the same time is viewed as unhealthy. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Nutrition ▪ During Ramadan, the Muslim month of fasting, abstinence from eating, drinking (including water), smoking, and marital intercourse during daylight hours is required. ▪ Although the sick are not required to fast, many pious Muslims insist on fasting while hospitalized. ▪ Lactose intolerance is common among Arab Americans. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices ▪ Fertility practices are influenced by traditional Bedouin values, which support tribal dominance and beliefs that “God decides family size.” ▪ Procreation is regarded as the purpose of marriage; high fertility rates are favored. ▪ Sterility in a woman can lead to rejection and divorce. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices ▪ Many reversible forms of birth control are undesirable but not forbidden. They should be used when there is a threat to the mother’s life, too frequent childbearing, risk of transmitting a genetic disease, or financial hardship. ▪ Irreversible forms of birth control such as vasectomy and tubal ligation are “absolutely unlawful” as is abortion, except when the mother’s health is compromised by a pregnancy-induced disease or her life is threatened. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices ▪ Unwanted pregnancies are dealt with by hoping for a miscarriage, “by an act of God”, or by covertly arranging for an abortion. ▪ The pregnant woman is indulged and her cravings satisfied, lest she develop a birthmark in the shape of the particular food she craves. ▪ Although pregnant women are excused from fasting during Ramadan, some Muslim women may be determined to fast. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices ▪ Labor and delivery are women’s affairs. ▪ During labor, women openly express pain through facial expressions, verbalizations, and body movements. ▪ Care for the infant includes wrapping the stomach at birth, or as soon as possible thereafter, to prevent cold or wind from entering the baby’s body. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices ▪ The call to prayer is recited in the Muslim newborn’s ear. ▪ Male offspring are preferred. ▪ Male circumcision is almost a universal practice, and for Muslims it is a religious requirement. ▪ Mothers may be reluctant to bathe postpartum because of beliefs that air gets into the mother and causes illness. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices ▪ Many believe washing the breasts “thins the milk.” Breast-feeding is often delayed until the second or third day after birth because of beliefs that the mother requires rest, that nursing at birth causes “colic” pain for the mother, and that “colostrum makes the baby dumb.” ▪ Postpartum care foods, such as lentil soup, are offered to increase milk production. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Death Rituals ▪ Death is accepted as God’s will. Muslim death rituals include turning the patient’s bed to face the holy city of Mecca and reading from the Qur’an, particularly verses stressing hope and acceptance. ▪ After death, the deceased is washed three times by a Muslim of the same sex. The body is then wrapped, preferably in white material, and buried as soon as possible in a brick or cement-lined grave facing Mecca. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Death Rituals ▪ Prayers for the deceased are recited at home, at the mosque, or at the cemetery. ▪ Women do not ordinarily attend the burial unless the deceased is a close relative or husband. Instead, they gather at the deceased’s home and read the Qur’an. ▪ For women, wearing black is considered appropriate for the entire period of mourning. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Death Rituals ▪ Cremation is not practiced. ▪ Autopsy is generally not approved because of respect for the dead and feelings that the body should not be mutilated. ▪ Islam does allow forensic autopsies and autopsies medical research and instruction. ▪ Organ donation and transplantation as well as administration of blood and blood products are acceptable. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Spirituality ▪ Islam is the official religion of most Arab countries, and in Islam there is no separation of church and state; a certain amount of religious participation is obligatory. ▪ Islam has no priesthood. Islamic scholars or religious sheikhs, the most learned individuals in an Islamic community, assume the role of imam, or “leader of the prayer.” The imam acts as a spiritual counselor. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Spirituality The 5 major pillars or duties of Islam are ▪ Faith, shown by the proclamation of the Unity of God by saying “There is no God but Allah; Mohammed is the Messenger of Allah.” ▪ • Prayer, facing Mecca, is performed at dawn, noon, midafternoon, sunset, and nightfall. ▪ • Almsgiving to assist the poor and to support religious organizations. ▪ • Fasting fulfills religious obligations, wipes out previous sins, and demonstrates appreciate the hunger of the poor. ▪ • A pilgrimage to Mecca (hadj) once in a lifetime is encouraged if the means are available. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Spirituality ▪ School and work schedules revolve around Islamic holidays and weekly prayer. Because Muslims gather for communal prayer on Friday afternoons, the work week runs from Saturday through Thursday. ▪ Devout patients may request that their chair or bed be turned to face Mecca and that a basin of water be provided for ritual washing or ablution before praying. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Spirituality ▪ Providing for cleanliness is particularly important because the Muslim’s prayer is not acceptable unless the body, clothing, and place of prayer are clean. ▪ Sometimes illness is considered punishment for one’s sins. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Health-care Practices ▪ Good health is considered the ability to fulfill one’s roles. ▪ Diseases are attributed to an inadequate diet, shifts of hot and cold, exposure of one’s stomach during sleep, emotional or spiritual distress, and envy or the “evil eye.” ▪ Informed consent, self-care, advance directives, and preventive care are valued. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Health-care Practices ▪ Women are often reluctant to seek care because of cultural emphasis placed on modesty. ▪ Many fear that a diagnosed illness, such as cancer or psychiatric illness, may bring shame and influence their marriageability. ▪ Family members indulge the individual and assume the ill person’s responsibilities. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Health-care Practices ▪ Communicating a grave diagnosis is often viewed as cruel and tactless because it deprives clients of hope. ▪ Most expect physicians to select treatments. The client’s role is to cooperate. ▪ Beautiful women, healthy-looking babies, and the rich are believed to be particularly susceptible to the evil eye. Thus, expressions of congratulations may be interpreted as envy. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Health-care Practices ▪ Protection from the evil eye is afforded by wearing amulets, such as blue beads, or figures involving the number five; reciting the Qur’an; or invoking the name of Allah. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Health-care Practices ▪ Mental or emotional illnesses may be attributed to possession by evil jinn. ▪ Islamic medicine is based on the theory of four humors and the spiritual and physical remedies prescribed by the Prophet. Because illness is viewed as an imbalance between the humors—black bile, blood, phlegm, and yellow bile—and the primary attributes of dryness, heat, cold, and moisture, therapy involves treating with the disease’s opposite: thus, a hot disease requires a cold remedy. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Health-care Practices ▪ Although methods such as cupping, cautery, and phlebotomy may be used, treatment with special prayers or simple foods such as dates, honey, salt, and olive oil is preferred. ▪ Preoperative instructions are thought to cause needless anxiety, hypochondriasis, and complications. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Health-care Practices ▪ The tendency of Arabs to be more expressive with their family and more restrained in the presence of health professionals may lead to conflicting perceptions regarding the adequacy of pain relief. ▪ Mental illness is a major social stigma. Psychiatric symptoms may be denied or attributed to “bad nerves” or evil spirits. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Health-care Practices ▪ When individuals suffering from mental distress seek medical care, they are likely to present with a variety of vague complaints, such as abdominal pain, lassitude, anorexia, and shortness of breath. ▪ Patients often expect and may insist on somatic treatment, at least “vitamins and tonics.” ▪ When mental illness is accepted as a diagnosis, treatment with medications, rather than counseling, is preferred. ▪ Hospitalization is resisted because such placement is viewed as abandonment. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Health-care Practices ▪ Because of social stigma, the disabled are often kept from public view. ▪ Medical treatments that require surgery, removal of causative agents, or eradication by intravenous treatments are valued more than therapies aimed at health promotion or disease prevention. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Health-care Practitioners ▪ Many Arabs find interacting with a health-care professional of the opposite sex quite embarrassing and stressful. ▪ Discomfort may be expressed by refusal to discuss personal information and by a reluctance to disrobe for physical assessments and hygiene. ▪ Women may refuse to be seen by male health care providers. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Health-care Practitioners ▪ Knowledge held by a doctor is thought to convey authority and power. ▪ Most clients who lack English communication skills prefer an Arabic-speaking physician. ▪ The authority of physicians is seldom challenged or questioned. When treatment is successful, the physician’s skill is recognized; adverse outcomes are attributed to God’s will.
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Case Study: Shock/SIRS/MODS

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Case Study: Shock/SIRS/MODS

Case Study: Shock/SIRS/MODS Adam Smith, 77 years of age, is a male client who was admitted from a nursing home to the intensive care unit with septic shock secondary to urosepsis. The client has a Foley catheter in place from the nursing home with cloudy greenish, yellow colored urine with sediments. The nurse removes the catheter after obtaining a urine culture and replaces it with a condom catheter attached to a drainage bag since the client has a history of urinary and bowel incontinence. The client is confused, afebrile, and hypotensive with a blood pressure of 82/44 mm Hg. His respiratory rate is 28 breaths/min and the pulse oximeter reading is at 88% room air, so the physician ordered 2 to 4 L of oxygen per nasal cannula titrated to keep SaO 2greater than 90%. The client responded to 2 L of oxygen per nasal cannula with a SaO 2 of 92%. The client has diarrhea. His blood glucose level is elevated at 160 mg/dL. The white blood count is 15,000 and the C-reactive protein, a marker for inflammation, is elevated. The client is being treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and norepinephrine (Levophed) beginning at 2 mcg/min and titrated to keep systolic blood pressure greater than 100 mm Hg. A subclavian triple lumen catheter was inserted and verified by chest x-ray for correct placement. An arterial line was placed in the right radial artery to closely monitor the client’s blood pressure during the usage of the vasopressor therapy. 1.) What predisposed the client to develop septic shock? 2.) What potential findings would suggest that the client’s septic shock is worsening from the point of admission? 3.) Explain why the effectiveness of a vasoactive medication decreases as the septic shock worsens. What treatment should the nurse anticipate to be obtained to help the client? What nursing implications are related to the usage of a vasoactive medication? 4.) Explain the importance for nutritional support for this client and which type of nutritional support should be provided?
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Gordons Functional Health Patterns Questionnaire

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Gordons Functional Health Patterns Questionnaire

Understanding family structure and style is essential to patient and family care. Conducting a family interview and needs assessment gathers information to identify strengths, as well as potential barriers to health. This information ultimately helps develop family-centered strategies for support and guidance.

This family health assessment is a two-part assignment. The information you gather in this initial assignment will be utilized for the second assignment in Topic 3.

Develop an interview questionnaire to be used in a family-focused functional assessment. The questionnaire must include three open-ended, family-focused questions to assess functional health patterns for each of the following:

  1. Values/Health Perception
  2. Nutrition
  3. Sleep/Rest
  4. Elimination
  5. Activity/Exercise
  6. Cognitive
  7. Sensory-Perception
  8. Self-Perception
  9. Role Relationship
  10. Sexuality
  11. Coping

Select a family, other than your own, and seek permission from the family to conduct an interview. Utilize the interview questions complied in your interview questionnaire to conduct a family-focused functional assessment. Document the responses as you conduct the interview.

Upon completion of the interview, write a 750-1,000-word paper. Analyze your assessment findings. Submit your questionnaire as an appendix with your assignment.

Include the following in your paper:

  1. Describe the family structure. Include individuals and any relevant attributes defining the family composition, race/ethnicity, social class, spirituality, and environment.
  2. Summarize the overall health behaviors of the family. Describe the current health of the family.
  3. Based on your findings, describe at least two of the functional health pattern strengths noted in the findings. Discuss three areas in which health problems or barriers to health were identified.
  4. Describe how family systems theory can be applied to solicit changes in family members that, in turn, initiate positive changes to the overall family functions over time.

Cite at least three peer-reviewed or scholarly sources to complete this assignment. Sources should be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

 

Attachment preview 

Appendix

Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns Assessment

Values/Health Perception

1. Explore attitudes and beliefs about the healthcare system

2. Follow medical advice when given it?

3. Acceptance of blood products or vaccinations due to religious views

Nutrition

1. Typical daily food intake? (Describe.) Supplements (vitamins, type of snacks)?

2. Weight loss or gain? (Amount/BMI) Height loss or gain? (Amount)

3. Skin problems: Lesions? Dryness?

Sleep/Rest

1. Generally rested and ready for daily activities after sleep?

2. Sleep problems? Aids? Dreams (nightmares)? Early awakening?

3. Rest-relaxation periods?

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Miami FL USA ?Windshield Survey Analysis

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Miami FL USA ?Windshield Survey Analysis

Windshield Survey

 

Assignment Guidelines

Base on the City Miami FL. United States!!!!!

A. Windshield Survey

The Windshield Survey is comprised of general qualitative observations that give you a snapshot of the community of Miami Florida that you can capture as you drive/walk through the community. The demographic data can be obtained online, through the public library, county or township administration buildings. Please address the following in a narrative format following APA guidelines:

1. Geographical description

 

 Boundaries, geographical, political, or economic, how is it seen.

 Housing a zoning

 Sign of decay

2. Health Resources

a. Type of services available: health department, private MD, dentist, hospital clinic,

b. pharmacy, health promotion, mental health

c. School and occupational health services

d. Official and voluntary services

e. Self help and support groups

f. Service organizations, faith-based programs

g. Stores (grocery, retail, drug, dry cleaning, etc.

h. Transportation

3. Citizen safety and protective services

a. Police and fire

b. Shelters for victims of abuse

c. Others: neighborhood watch etc.

4. Services provided by senior citizens senior centers, meals on wheels, transportation, day care, long term care.

a. Parks and recreational areas

5. Community welfare services beyond city/state aid as provisions for emergency food, shelter, and clothing.

 

 

 

Below please see the rubric that will be used to grade your survey and due date instructions.

The assignment must be presented in an essay style using APA format in the required Arial 12 font with a minimum of 1100 words. Minimum of 5 references and will be Turnitin to verify originality.

PLEASE FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS!!!!

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American Cancer Society

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American Cancer Society

Please write a paragraph responding to the discussion bellow. Add citations and references in alphabetical order.

The website for the American Cancer Society (ACS) provides many resources to cancer patients and family members or caregivers. There is a link called “understanding your diagnosis” that can provide education on all of the tests required for cancer patients, the different stages of cancer, the treatments available for different types of cancer including clinical trials, and the side effects of these treatments. In addition to information on cancer, the ACS provides resources on coping with cancer, paying for treatment, and end of life care. This website is a great resource for someone who has a loved one and wants to learn more about what they are going through and why. I would recommend the services provided by ACS such as the caregiver resource guide, insurance and payment resources, the support programs based on cancer types, and the clinical trial websites provided.

Although increased cancer risks can be inherited from your genes, there are many controllable risk factors that the ACS identifies. According to research, tobacco use is among the leading cause of cancer deaths and also leads to many other chronic diseases (ACS, 2019). New programs are constantly emerging to help people quit such as prescription medicine and counseling. Besides tobacco, drinking alcohol and being overweight or obese, and nutrition are the other three main controllable risk factors that the ACS discusses (ACS, 2019). The ACS states that women should have no more than 1 alcoholic drink per day and men should have no more than 2 alcoholic drinks per day. Increasing the price and taxes on alcohol and tobacco may help decrease the amount of consumption in the U.S.. Increasing public awareness of the risk may also help decrease consumption. Being overweight or obese puts a person at risk for developing 13 different types of cancers (ACS, 2019). The current initiatives in America to prevent childhood obesity are beneficial to reducing risks for cancers because good habits will carry on into adulthood. Awareness has recently increased in the dangers of being inactive or sitting all day long. ACS also mentions eating more vegetables and less processed and red meats can lower your chances for getting certain types of cancers. Community initiatives and current health care policy changes have been working to try to increase access to healthy and affordable food (ACS, 2019).

On reviewing the research program, I found the programs that study cancer disparities to be very interesting. One program in particular develops a predictive tool for prostate cancer to reduce outcome disparity for African American men. The statistics state that African American men are two times as likely to get prostate cancer and 3 times more likely to die from it than European American men (ACS, 2019). Why is that? Kosj Yamoah, MD, PhD and his research team in Tampa, Florida, are working to make it easier for doctors to find prostate cancer by studying genetics found in prostate tumors. The end goal for this program is the hopes of gaining access to earlier treatment options and reducing health disparities among African-American men with prostate cancer (ACS, 2019).

American Cancer Society. (2019). Cancer Health Disparities Research. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.org/research/currently-funded-cancer-research/cancer-health-disparities-research.html

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The American Cancer Society essay

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The American Cancer Society essay

Please write a paragraph responding to the discussion bellow. Add citations and references in alphabetical order.

The American Cancer Society has a variety of resources on their website that will help individuals and families suffering from cancer find the education and support they need. If I had a friend recently diagnosed with cancer, I would explain that the American Cancer Society has a website where they can go to find answers regarding cancer, including what causes cancer, its signs and symptoms, how cancer is treated, and support resources (American Cancer Society [ACS], 2019). The ACS services I would especially recommend would be under the “Treatment and Services” tab. From there, I would navigate them to the section called “Facing a Diagnosis”. This is an important service because ACS provides a guide for patients and families after they have received their diagnosis of cancer. This guide provides information to help understand your diagnosis, treatment options, how to cope and what to expect moving forward (ACS, 2019). Having the answers to the basic questions about cancer can help someone feel more in control, know what questions to ask and be able to cope better with their diagnosis (ACS, 2019).

According the ACS, causes of the increasing incidence of several forms of cancer are unclear, but is believed to be from changes in risk factors and detection systems for cancer (American Cancer Society [ACS], 2019). There are several risk factors contributing to the yearly incidence and mortality rates of various cancers in Americans. The CDC reports “the number of cancer deaths is expected to increase from about 575,000 per year in 2010 to 630,000 per year in 2020. However, the rate of people who die from cancer is expected to decrease from about 171 per 100,000 people in 2010 to 151 per 100,000 people in 2020” (CDC, 2015).Research shows that due to the rise in Americans being overweight and obese, over the next decade there will be an increase in breast, colorectal, esophageal, uterine, pancreas, and kidney cancers (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). Due to this data, weight related cancers should increase from 30% to 40% by 2020 (CDC, 2015). Additionally, cancers from infectious disease are believed to increase by 50%. The CDC reports that liver cancers due to number of hepatitis infections in those who were born from 1945-1965 will be the result of this increase (CDC, 2015). Furthermore, oral cancers are expected to increase by 30% in males due to HPV infections (CDC, 2015).

The reason for an increase in cancer related deaths among white and black Americans from 1975-2009 was due to the aging population of Caucasians and growing population of African Americans (CDC, 2015). Overall the death rates have been dropping since the 90’s and the rates of cancer related deaths per 100,000 is projected to decline in the US (CDC, 2015). The types of cancer that will have a decrease in mortality overtime include, prostate, colorectal, lung, breast, cervical and melanoma (CDC, 2015).

Changes in policy and practice that are most likely to affect these figures overtime include; preventative care. The CDC states the importance of early detection, from regular screenings, staying current with vaccinations, and making healthier choices in life, involving maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding tobacco and limiting or not consuming alcohol (CDC, 2015). In addition, there are several programs funded by the CDC and ACS that gather data of cancer cases every year in each state allowing them to track cancer trends, enhance prevention strategies, reducing cancer related disparities (CDC, 2015).

Clinical Cancer Research, Nutrition, and Immunology is a program funded by ACS that focus is on therapies for cancer (American Cancer Society [ACS], 2019). “The scope of the program includes basic, preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological investigations of immunotherapy, inflammatory responses, immunosurvellience, and innate and adaptive immune responses” (ACS, 2019). This program places an emphasis on developing and applying new imaging and techniques on how physical activity, nutrition and environment impact the ways cancer can be prevented, treated and the progression (ACS, 2019). These prevention studies help ACS save lives by allowing researchers to identify cancer risk factors by studying large groups of people over a long period of time (ACS, 2019). Key findings from this research include: The evidence basis for the Society’s Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention (ACS, 2019). Data showed that a diet involving, consumption of red and processed meat, alcohol, and minimal exercise all increase the risks of cancer and mortality. Overall, these findings allowed researchers to develop the Society’s Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention (ACS, 2019).

References:

American Cancer Society. (2019). Cancer Facts & Figures 2012. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-stati…

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American Cancer Society ACS Discussion

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American Cancer Society ACS Discussion

Please write a paragraph responding to the discussion bellow. Add citations and references in alphabetical order.

.How the American Cancer Society might provide education and support. What ACS services would you recommend and why?

The American Cancer Society offers a toll-free help line where specialists are available to answer questions related to cancer and connects people with community resources 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The Society also provides a “patient navigator” to talk to patients about their particular situation and needs. The organization also prepares and provides several reference guides for prevention and early detection of cancer and organizes community health awareness events that educates people on ways to prevent cancer and on management of various cancers. I would recommend that my friend take advantage of all these services to assist in the management of my friend’s cancer.

What factors contribute to the yearly incidence and mortality rates of various cancers in Americans? What changes in policy and practice are most likely to affect these figures over time?

A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease such as cancer. Different cancers have different risk factors (American Cancer Society, n.d.). A person’s lifestyle can increase their risk for cancer, for example, use of tobacco, chronic use of alcohol, poor diets, physical inactivity. Exposures to things in the environment, such as radon, air pollution, chemicals in the workplace, or radiation during medical tests or procedures, also play a role in some adult cancers. Inherited genes can sometimes lead to cancer earlier in life than would normally be expected. Examples include BRCA gene mutations, which increase the risk of breast and some other cancers, and APC gene mutations, which increase the risk of colorectal cancer (American Cancer Society, n.d.).Formulating more stringent policies to protect employees of various chemical industries against exposure to chemical/environmental carcinogens can improve incidence of these types of cancers. Lack of preventive strategies in place affect these figures. Inadequate screening facilities for early detection and education on preventive measures against cancer. Screening programs can effectively reduce the burden of cancer. One fundamental barrier to cancer screening imposed by the structure of the U.S. health care system is that a large proportion of the eligible population lacks access to health care. People without insurance coverage have worse access to care than people who are insured. One in five uninsured adults in 2017 went without needed medical care due to cost. Studies repeatedly demonstrate that the uninsured are less likely than those with insurance to receive preventive care and services for major health conditions and chronic diseases (Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation, 2018). Obama care has covered health care access and screening to large portion of population without insurance coverage at this time. Also, expansion of Medicare and Medicaid coverage for mammography beginning age 40 years, pap smear and pelvic examination, prostate cancer screening, colorectal cancer screening has helped in early diagnosis and treatment of cancer (healthcare.gov, n.d.).

Select a research program from among those funded by the American Cancer Society. Describe the program and discuss what impact the research will have on the prevention or treatment of cancer.

The American Cancer Society’s epidemiology research program conducts large scale research studies to advance the understanding of cancer etiology, survival and long-term survivorship and inform cancer prevention and control programs, policies and guidelines (American Cancer Society, n.d.). According to the organization, the research program has a major role in cancer prevention in both national and international efforts. More than 750 scientific articles by American Cancer Society epidemiologists have been published from these studies. Findings from these studies have contributed significantly to tobacco-related research, and to the understanding of obesity, diet, physical activity, hormone use, air pollution, and various other exposures in relation to cancer and other diseases (American Cancer Society, n.d.).

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American Cancer Society | Information and Resources about for Cancer: Breast, Colon, Lung, Prostate, Skin. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cancer.org/