French Canadian and German Health Care Beliefs discussion

Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German American Culture Larry Purnell,

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PhD, RN, FAAN Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German American Overview/Heritage ▪ Over 50 million Americans are of Germans heritage. ▪ The first wave of German immigrants came to the USA for religious freedom. ▪ The second wave arrived between 1840 and 1860 and was fleeing political persecution, poverty, and starvation. ▪ Many worked as indentured servants. Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German American Overview/Heritage ▪ The 1930s and 1940s saw a third wave because of the rise of fascism in Germany. ▪ Germans receive a stronger education than Americans. ▪ The German undergraduate degree is equal to the American master’s degree, except for nursing which is at a lower level than that of the USA. Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Communication ▪ German is the official language of Germany. ▪ German is a low-contextual language, with a greater emphasis on verbal than nonverbal communication. ▪ A high degree of social approval is shown to people whose verbal skill in expressing ideas and feelings is precise, explicit, and straightforward. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Communication ▪ For traditional Germans, sharing one’s feelings with others often creates a sense of vulnerability or is looked on as evidence of weakness. ▪ Expressing fear, concern, happiness, or sorrow allows others a view of the personal and private self, creating a sense of discomfort and uneasiness. Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Communication ▪ “Being in control” includes harnessing one’s emotions and not revealing them to others. ▪ Newer generations are more demonstrative in sharing their thoughts, ideas, and feelings with others. ▪ In families where the father plays a dominant role, little touching occurs between the father and children. Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Communication ▪ Affection between a mother and her children is more evident. ▪ Germans generally are careful not to touch people who are not family or close friends. ▪ Most individuals place a high value on privacy. People may live side by side in a neighborhood and never develop a close friendship. Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Communication ▪ Germans would never consider dropping in on another German neighbor because this behavior is incongruent with their sense of order. Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Communication ▪ Even looking into a room from the outside is considered a visual intrusion. ▪ Eye contact is maintained during conversations, but staring at strangers is considered rude. ▪ A closed door requires a knock and an invitation to enter, regardless of whether the door is encountered in the home, business, or in-patient facility. Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Communication ▪ To focus on the present is to ensure the future. ▪ The past, however, is equally important, and Germans often begin their discussions with background information. ▪ There are rarely good excuses for tardiness, delays, or incompetence that disturbs the “schedule” of events. Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Communication ▪ Those in authority, older people, and subordinates are always addressed formally. ▪ Younger generations or the more acculturated may be less formal in their interactions. Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Family Roles and Organization ▪ Traditional families view the father as head of the household. ▪ In the USA, the husband and wife are more likely to make decisions mutually and share household duties. ▪ Older people are sought for their advice and counsel, although the advice may not always be followed. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Family Roles and Organization ▪ Helping parents or grandparents to remain in their own home is important to families. ▪ Prescriptive behaviors for children include using good table manners, being polite, doing what they are told, respecting their elders, sharing, paying attention in school, and doing their chores. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Family Roles and Organization ▪ Prescriptive behaviors for adolescents include staying away from bad influences, obeying the rules of the home, sitting like a lady, and wearing a robe over pajamas. ▪ Restrictive and taboo behaviors for children include talking back to adults, talking to strangers, touching another person’s possessions, and getting into trouble. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Family Roles and Organization ▪ Restrictive and taboo behaviors for adolescents include smoking, using drugs, chewing gum in public, having guests when parents are not at home, going without a slip (girls), and having run-ins with the law. ▪ One’s family reputation is considered part of a person’s identity and serves to preserve one’s social position. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Family Roles and Organization ▪ Because families are concerned about their reputations in the community, an unwed mother taints their reputation and may result in the family being ostracized by others. If marriage follows the pregnancy, less sanctioning occurs. ▪ The fact that pregnancy existed before marriage creates a stigma for the woman, and sometimes for the child, that may last the rest of their lives. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Family Roles and Organization ▪ Many older gays and lesbians may fear exposure because of the extreme discrimination homosexuals experienced in Nazi Germany. ▪ Younger generations of gays and lesbians are less likely to fear exposure of their sexuality. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Workforce Issues ▪ For Germans being on time is important. ▪ Business communication should remain formal: shaking hands daily, using the person’s title with the last name, and keeping niceties to a minimum. ▪ Employees are not addressed by their first names. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition ClickerCheck Common German cultural individualist is values include a. Timeliness and sharing emotions. b. Timeliness and direct communication. c. Smooth inexact communication and readily sharing emotions. d. Readily sharing emotions and present orientation. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Correct Answer Correct answer: B German and German Americans value direct communication and timeliness in work and in social engagements. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Biocultural Ecology ▪ Germans range from tall, blond, and blue-eyed to short, stocky, dark-haired, and brown-eyed. ▪ Common health conditions for German Americans include cardiovascular disease, stomach cancer, muscular dystrophy, hereditary hemochromatosis, sarcoidosis, Dupuytren’s disease, peyronie’s disease, cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and cholelithiasis. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German High-Risk Health Behaviors ▪ Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption remain high-risk behaviors for most Germans. ▪ Most individuals enjoy the outdoors, fresh air, and exercise. ▪ Sports are played for exercise and the pleasure of participating in group activities. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Nutrition ▪ Food is a symbol of celebration for Germans and is often equated with love. ▪ Children are rewarded for good behavior with food. ▪ Real cream and butter are used. ▪ Gravies, sauces, fried foods, rich pastries, and sausages are only a few of the culinary favorites that are high in fat content. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Nutrition ▪ Foods are also fried in butter, bacon fat, lard, or margarine. ▪ Traditional food preparation methods use highfat ingredients that add to nutritional risks. ▪ Garlic and onions are eaten daily to prevent heart disease. ▪ Those who are ill receive egg custards, ginger ale, or tomato soup (without cream) to settle their stomach. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Nutrition ▪ Ginger ale or 7-Up relieves indigestion and settles an upset stomach. ▪ After gastrointestinal illnesses, a recuperative diet is administered to the sick family member beginning with sips of ginger ale over ice. ▪ Coddled eggs, a variation of scrambled eggs prepared with margarine and a little milk, is used for recuperation. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices ▪ Heterologous artificial insemination, use of contraceptive pills, and unnatural contraception are forbidden among strict Catholic Germans. ▪ Therapeutic or direct abortion is forbidden as the unjust taking of innocent life. ▪ Prescriptive practices during pregnancy include getting plenty of exercise and increasing the quantity of food to provide for the fetus. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices ▪ Restrictive practices during pregnancy include not stretching and not raising the arms above the head to minimize the risk of the cord wrapping around the baby’s neck. ▪ Prescriptive practices for the postpartum period include getting plenty of exercise and fresh air for the baby. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Death Rituals ▪ Death is a transition to life with God. ▪ Because illness is sometimes perceived as a punishment, the duration and intensity of the dying process may be seen as a result of the quality of the life led by the person. ▪ Careful selection of the clothes to be worn by the deceased and the flowers that represent the immediate family is important. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Death Rituals ▪ The body of the deceased is prepared and “laid out” in the home where support from family and friends is readily available ▪ A short service is held in the home before the body is taken to the church, where family and friends can attend a funeral service. After the church services, the body is taken to the cemetery for burial. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Death Rituals ▪ After a short graveside service, the minister invites everyone at the graveside service to go to the home of the deceased for food. ▪ The viewing provides an opportunity for family, friends, and acquaintances to view the body. ▪ Crying in public is permissible among some families, but in others the display of grief is private. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Death Rituals ▪ A tradition of wearing black or dark clothing when attending a viewing or a funeral may be expected of both family and friends. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Spirituality ▪ Major religions among Germans include Roman Catholicism, Methodism, and Lutheranism. ▪ Other religions, such as Judaism, Islam, and Buddhism, have substantial membership. ▪ Prayers are often recited at the bedside with all who are present joining hands, bowing their heads, and receiving the blessing from the clergy. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Spirituality ▪ Family and other loved ones are also sources of support in difficult times. ▪ Home, family, friends, work, church, and education provide meaning in life for individuals of German heritage. ▪ Family loyalty, duty, and honor to the family are strong values. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Health-care Practices ▪ In traditional families, the mother usually ensures that children receive check-ups, get immunizations, and take vitamins. ▪ Women in the family often administer folk/home remedies and treatments. ▪ German Americans use a variety of over-thecounter drugs, believing that individuals are responsible for their own health. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Health-care Practices ▪ Common, natural folk medicines include roots, herbs, soups, poultices, and medicinal agents such as camphor, peppermint, and spirits of ammonia. ▪ Folk medicine includes “powwowing,” use of special words, and wearing charms. ▪ Many value being stoic when experiencing pain. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Health-care Practices ▪ Mental illness may be viewed as a flaw, resulting in this group being slow to seek help because of the lack of acceptance and the stigma attached to needing help. ▪ Physical disabilities caused by injury are more acceptable than those caused by genetic problems. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Health-Care Practices ▪ Blood transfusions, organ donation, and organ trans-plants are acceptable medical interventions unless a religious choice contradicts them. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition German Health-care Practitioners ▪ Health-care providers hold a relatively high status among Germans. ▪ This admiration stems from the love of education and respect for authority. ▪ Most individuals accept care from either gender. Some younger and older, more traditional women prefer intimate care from a same-sex health-care provider. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition French Canadian Culture Larry Purnell, PhD, RN, FAAN Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Overview/Heritage ▪ More than 2.2 million people of French Canadian descent reside in the United States. ▪ Nowadays, French speaking Canadians, unlike those of the 19th century living in the USA, may have been raised within the French culture but descended from a variety of ethnicities. ▪ The Multiculturalism Canada Act of 1988 provides guidelines for implementing policies regarding multicultural diversity. Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Overview/Heritage ▪ Before the latter half of the 18th century, most French immigrating to Canada were Catholics. ▪ French Protestants tended to come directly to the United States. ▪ After the French Revolution, more Catholics sought shelter in the US, most coming via Canada settled in the New England states and later dispersed throughout the United States. Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Overview/Heritage ▪ The Métis, descendants of Native Americans and Europeans, are mainly, though not entirely, Frenchspeaking. ▪ Another major portion of Canada’s French-speaking population are the Acadians who are the descendants of the early French colonists. ▪ Canadians whose first language is French are called Francophones. Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Overview/Heritage ▪ Canada has become an increasingly diverse society composed of various ethnocultural groups with more than 100 different languages as mother tongue. ▪ Much like that of the US, interethnic marriage patterns have dramatically changed from a multiethnic society to multiethnic individuals. Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Communication ▪ Canada has two official languages, French and English. ▪ In many homes in the US and in Canada English and French may be used equally. ▪ The French-speaking population may lack sufficient knowledge of the English language to access the workforce and other material. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Communication ▪ Among French Canadians, a conversation may be conducted with high voice crescendos, which do not necessarily mean anger or violence. ▪ Volume can increase with the importance and the emotional charge invested in the content of the message. ▪ French Canadians encourage sharing thoughts and feelings. Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Communication ▪ Using hand gestures for emphasis when speaking is common. ▪ Facial expressions for men and women of all ages are a part of communication, often replacing words. ▪ Spatial distancing for differs among family members, close friends, and the public. Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Communication ▪ When in the intimacy zone, people may touch frequently and converse in close physical space; however, they tend to avoid physical contact in public. ▪ When greeting another person, men usually shake hands. ▪ Close female friends and family members may greet each other with an embrace. Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Communication ▪ Maintaining eye contact is an important French Canadian value. ▪ Most French-speaking Canadians have a past, present, and future orientation in their worldview. ▪ More traditional people, and many from rural backgrounds, attach primary importance to living in the present. Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Communication ▪ Until the late 1970s, women and children took the father’s surname. ▪ Today, under Quebec law, a woman keeps her maiden name throughout her lifetime, although in other parts of Canada this practice is decided between the spouses. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Communication ▪ Québécois family of two spouses and two children may well include four different surname combinations: one child may have the father’s surname or the mother’s surname alone or a hyphenated or non-hyphenated surname composed of those of the father and mother. For a second child, the surnames are the same, but in reverse order. ▪ The decision for using surnames rests entirely with the parents. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition ClickerCheck The Métis in Canada are a. Mostly English Speaking. b. Mostly speak an indigenous dialect. c. Descendants of Native Americans and Europeans. d. Descendents of French and Arabic. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Correct Answer Correct answer: C a. Descendants of Native Americans and Europeans. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Family Roles and Organization ▪ Many older people with a strong religious background maintain a future worldview regarding life after death. ▪ Many of the younger generation reject past traditions and attempt to maintain a balance by enjoying the present, working, and planning for their future. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Family Roles and Organization ▪ Traditionally, in French-speaking Canadian families, the man was seen as the moral authority and responsible for material wellbeing, such as economic provider and purveyor of affection and security. ▪ The woman served as the family mediator and social director as well as being responsible for household activities, child care, and health care. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Family Roles and Organization ▪ With more women working, family roles are becoming more egalitarian. ▪ French Canadians have always attributed great value to family relationships and obligations. ▪ Research reports that Francophones are less committed than Anglophones to with respect to marriage, sexual activity, and non-married parenthood. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Family Roles and Organization ▪ The greatest source of pride for French Canadian families is to see their children well established with a good education. ▪ The French Canadian family is more nuclear and autonomous than its counterpart in France. ▪ French-speaking Canadian family is known for its closeness, and some families are a “closed” family system. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Family Roles and Organization ▪ Traditionally, the Catholic Church dictated the parameters of sexual behavior for French Canadians. ▪ There is a growing trend for couples to live together without marrying. ▪ Many young couples answer that they cannot financially afford to get married. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Family Roles and Organization ▪ In 1996, the Canadian government extended health, relocation, and other job benefits to same-sex partners of federal employees. ▪ The Ontario Court of Appeals ruled that samesex couples must be treated as common-law couples under the Family Leave Act. ▪ Canada is one of the few countries in the world where same-sex marriage is legalized. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Workforce Issues ▪ Opportunities for Francophone nurses to function successfully outside Quebec and in the US are limited if they have not mastered the English language. ▪ Because Francophone culture is more collevistic than individualistic, some may initially have difficulty adapting to an environment where autonomous decision-making is required. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Biocultural Ecology ▪ Canadians of French descent are white or Caucasian; however, Francophones, as a linguistic group, represent a mosaic of ethnocultural characteristics, including racial differences prompted by acculturation, adoption, and the children of mixed marriages. ▪ Assess individuals for biological risks according to their racial and cultural heritage. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Biocultural Ecology ▪ Higher incidences of prostate and breast and ovarian cancers have been seen among Francophones. ▪ A high rate of suicide and suicidal ideation, particularly among Francophone adolescents and young adult males, is seen in Canada. It is unknown if this extends in the US. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Biocultural Ecology ▪ Genetic and hereditary diseases include spastic ataxia Charlevoix-Saguenay type, cystic fibrosis, tyrosinaemia, cytochrome lipase deficiency, familial chylomicronemia resulting from the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency, hyperlipoproteinemia type I which has been traced to migrants from the Perche region of France. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Biocultural Ecology ▪ An increased incidence of cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy occurs among Frenchspeaking Canadians. ▪ Sickle cell anemia is also higher among Francophones than the general population. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition High-Risk Health Behaviors ▪ Misuse of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and psychotropic drugs are major health problems. ▪ Tobacco and alcohol use is highest among French-speaking males and is associated with masculine sex roles, higher self-esteem, and an external locus of control. ▪ The rate of individuals who do not exercise on a regular basis has increased over the last decade. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Nutrition ▪ For French Canadians, food is associated with hospitality and warmth. Food is part of all meetings and celebrations. ▪ Common vegetables enjoyed by French Canadians include potatoes, turnips, carrots, asparagus, cabbage, lettuce, cucumbers, and tomatoes. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Nutrition ▪ Meat choices are mainly beef, pork, and poultry. Lately, however, lamb has gained popularity. ▪ In Acadia, due to the proximity of the coastal areas, fresh fish and seafood are part of the diet. ▪ Common foods include fricot (stew made with a special spice called summer savory). ▪ French Canadians do not escape the overall trend toward being overweight. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices ▪ Until the middle of the 20th century, French Canadians maintained high fertility rates, which is uncommon for a population living in an industrialized country. ▪ This phenomenon, called the “revenge of the cradles,” has never been explained. ▪ The number of children per family has been declining since the mid-1960s. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices ▪ Effective contraception and family planning methods such as the pill, intrauterine devices, and tubal ligation have become available to all women. ▪ The pill remains the primary reversible method for birth control. ▪ On the basis of relative frequency, tubal ligation and vasectomy follow the pill as nonreversible methods of fertility control. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices ▪ Diaphragms, foams, and creams are not commonly used for birth control, partially because perceptions imply that women are not supposed to, or do not like to, touch their genitals. ▪ The beliefs that condoms reduce the level of sexual feeling during intercourse, or that contraception is not a man’s responsibility, are inversely proportionate to the age of men. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices ▪ Few French Canadians practice natural childbirth. ▪ Men are welcomed and encouraged to be in the delivery room with their wives. ▪ Breastfeeding has regained importance after years of bottle feeding. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices ▪ In Canada, maternity and paternity leaves are available with pay for a period ranging from 6 to 20 weeks. ▪ Although the movement used in washing a floor resembles that of an exercise aimed at strengthening the perineal muscles, this activity in the past was associated with the onset of labor and early or preterm deliveries. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices ▪ French Canadians do not differ from Canadians and others of European origins on issues related to death and death rituals. Expectations are closely related to Christian religious practices, in particular, those of the Roman Catholic Church. ▪ Whether one is an active church-goer or not, religious funerals are the norm. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Death Rituals ▪ Cremation is an acceptable practice. ▪ Supports for those who have lost a family member include openly acknowledging the family’s right to express grief, being physically present, making referrals to appropriate religious leaders, and encouraging interpersonal relationships. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Spirituality ▪ While most French Canadians identify themselves as Roman Catholic and are baptized at birth, they may or may not remain active church members. ▪ Older adults are more inclined to use prayers for finding strength and adapting to difficult physical, psychological, and social health problems. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Spirituality ▪ In times of illness and tragedy, French-speaking Canadians use prayer to help recovery. ▪ Many of the younger generation are not strongly influenced by religious values, beliefs, and faith practices. ▪ The younger generations turn towards spirituality rather than religion. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Health-care Practices ▪ Canada’s ensures free, universal health coverage at any point of entry into the system. ▪ Many people in the upper socioeconomic classes call on their family physicians instead of the local community service centers. ▪ Many lower socioeconomic individuals many do not seek health care until their health becomes a crisis situation. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Health-care Practices ▪ French-speaking Canadians have joined the current trend toward over-the-counter drug use. ▪ Language differences may be a barrier to accessing health care. ▪ French-speaking subjects rate acute pain as more intense than chronic pain, and more affectively laden than the English-speaking subjects. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition ClickerCheck ▪ On issues of death and dying, which religion most influences French Canadian’s decision making? ▪ Baptist ▪ Methodist ▪ Catholic ▪ Islamic Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Correct Answer Correct answer: C The Catholic religion has the most influence on decision making for death and dying issues for French Canadians. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Health-care Practices ▪ As a cultural group, French Canadians have no official proscriptions against receiving blood or blood products. ▪ The decision to donate or receive an organ is an individual decision without cultural influence for French Canadians. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Health-care Practitioners ▪ Health-care providers hold a favorable status in the eyes of French Canadians, especially among older people. ▪ The universal health insurance system in Canada makes the folk practitioners less appealing. ▪ Professionals throughout Canada are vigilant in trying to avoid exploitation by traditional and folk healers, who are viewed as practicing outside the law.
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