Data presentation
Data presentation
Urinary Track Infections Student Name Institution Affiliation Date Introduction Urinary track infections are
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infections which results from the contamination of genitourinary by bacteria. UTI’s are more prevalent in women as compared to men of the same age. However, there is increased risk of UTI infection for adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus when compared with people without. There are other causes of UTI such as various impairments in the immune system and incomplete bladder emptying which results from autonomic neuropathy. Other factors that triggers UTI infections in diabetic adults includes age, cystopathy, long time complications, metabolic control among others. PICOT Question In adult type 2 diabetic women (P) does increasing fluid intake to two liters per day (I) prevent the occurrence of UTI’s (O) when compared with patients who have less than 1 liter of fluid intake daily (C) over a period of three months (T). Two diabetic women groups were studied with one group taking two litres of water per day while the other was supposed to be taking less than one litre of water per day Urine samples were supposed to be taken every two weeks from the two groups for a period of three months and the results to be compared afterwords. The results showed that the group that took two litres of water prevented athe occurrences of UTI in them. Recommendation The study was conducted to diabetic women because women have a higher chances of contracting UTI and therefore, there was likelyhood of getting more accurate results The main cause of UTI is poor circulation in diabetic patients thus limiting the ability of red blood cells to circulate and contain any infection effectively. This was the reason why water was used in the study because it would help in the circulation of red blood cells. It is therefore highly recommended for diabetic patients both male and females to increase the consumption of water that will increase red blood cells circulation in the body to contain any infection in the body. Conclusion Complicated UTIs are life threatening conditions to Adults with Diabetes and mostly Women. Water is an essential element for diabetic patients because it helps the occurrences of UTI. Methods of predicting the diseases such as early diagnoses, clinical and radiography assessment, and knowledge of predisposing factors should help fight the disease in its early stages. References Aswani, S.M., Chandrashekar, U.K., Shivashankara, K.N., & Pruthvi, B.C. (2014). Usually turn non-diabetics. Australasian Medical Journal, 7(1), 29-34. Foxman, B., & Buxton, M. (2013). Alternative approaches to conventional treatment of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women. Current Infectious Disease Reports, 15(2), 124-9. Pagano, M.J., Barbalat, Y., Theofanides, M.C., Edokpolo, L., James, M.B., & Cooper, K.L.(2017). Diagnostic yield of cystoscopy in the evaluation of recurrent urinary tract infection in women. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 36(3), 692-696. Urinary Track Infections Student Name Institution Affiliation Date Introduction Urinary track infections are infections which results from the contamination of genitourinary by bacteria. UTI’s are more prevalent in women as compared to men of the same age. However, there is increased risk of UTI infection for adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus when compared with people without. There are other causes of UTI such as various impairments in the immune system and incomplete bladder emptying which results from autonomic neuropathy. Other factors that triggers UTI infections in diabetic adults includes age, cystopathy, long time complications, metabolic control among others. Pathogenesis Presence of glycosuria, increased adherence of the bacteria to uroepithelial cells and neutrophil dysfunction are likely to cause increased frequency of UTI in diabetic patients. Organisms which ferment glucose and produce carbon dioxide leads to Emphysematous complications in the kidney or the bladder. xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) which is a complicated type of UTI is caused when renal tissues are destroyed and replaced hardened xanthogranulomatous materials which is yellow in color. The causes of XGP includes lymphatic obstruction, alterations in lipid metabolism, and renal ischemia among others. Asceding of infections from the bladder and Hematogenous spread causes renal abcess. Cont.… disruption of a corticomedullary renal abscess causes the occurrence of Perinephric abscess. Perinephric abscess may also be caused by the obstructing renal pelvic stone Marginal change in vascular supply causes Pathogenesis of renal papillary necrosis (RPN) which is another complicated type of urinary track infections which further leads to infarction and sloughing of papillae. RPN may also be caused by Diabetes, sickle cell disease, renal vein thrombosis, pyelonephritis, tuberculosis, analgesic abuse and obstructive uropathy. Diagnosis Lower UTI has the following symptoms: dysuria, frequency, urgency and suprapubic pain while the symptoms of upper UTI includes fever, chills, and costovertebral angle pain. Such symptoms are found mostly in women who are diabetic as compared to men with diabetic or non diabetic men and women. After diagnosis of UTI, an examination of midstream urine should be done to look for presence of leukocytes which causes pyuria that is mostly present in all cases of UTI Such examination also allows bacteria visualization in urine to look for presence of urinary nitrite. When pyuria is not detected in microscopic it suggests that it is not an infection but a colonization. Prior the treatment of UTI, the urine culture must always be obtained using a voided, clean-catch, midstream urine method. Treatment Adequate urinary drainage with correction, broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy and hyperglycemic control are among the methods that involved in the treatment of emphysematous pyelitis (EP), emphysematous cystitis (EC) type of complicated UTIs. On the other hand, patients with RPN should be treated through aggressive antibiotic therapy and relieve of obstruction too. Conclusion Complicated UTIs are life threatening conditions to Adults with Diabetis and mostly Women. Methods of predicting the diseases such as early diagnoses, clinical and radiography assessment, and knowledge of predisposing factors should help fight the disease in its early stages. References Aswani, S.M., Chandrashekar, U.K., Shivashankara, K.N., & Pruthvi, B.C. (2014). Usually turn non-diabetics. Australasian Medical Journal, 7(1), 29-34. Foxman, B., & Buxton, M. (2013). Alternative approaches to conventional treatment of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women. Current Infectious Disease Reports, 15(2), 124-9. Pagano, M.J., Barbalat, Y., Theofanides, M.C., Edokpolo, L., James, M.B., & Cooper, K.L.(2017). Diagnostic yield of cystoscopy in the evaluation of recurrent urinary tract infection in women. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 36(3), 692-696.
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