Topic 3 DQ 2.1

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Topic 3 DQ 2.1

Please respond with a paragraph to the following post, add citations and references:

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Intrinsic motivation is defined as doing something because it is inherently interesting or enjoyable to perform for personal satisfaction rather than for some consequence, a person who is intrinsically motivated acts for the fun of a challenge rather than external rewards (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Extrinsic motivation is when doing an activity because it leads to a separable outcome, a person who is extrinsically motivated acts in hopes of gaining an outside reward (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Intrinsically motivated people do things because they simply enjoy it or the challenge, an extrinsically motivated person perform an activity for its influential value whether it be obtaining a reward or evading punishment.

To motivate an intrinsically motivated person you need to appeal to their goals and ambitions, they enjoy accomplishing their goals and experiencing success, it motivates them. One suggestion is to nominate them for an award or certificate where their accomplishments are visible to others. When their success is in writing, they feel validated for all their hard work. If you attempt to motivate an extrinsically motivated person with a certificate or award, you may not have the same outcome. In order to motivate them you need to add a financial reward. By using both of these methods you will be appealing to both types of employees to complete the task, the intrinsic person with feelings of success and the extrinsic with a finical reward.

Characteristics of a performance driven team include a group of people who have solid and deep trust in each other and in their purpose. They feel free to express feelings and ideas and everyone is working together toward the same goals. Team members understand how to work together and how to accomplish tasks. Everyone understands team performance goals as well as individual performance goals and they know what is expected. Team members are able to diffuse tension and friction while maintaining a relaxed and informal atmosphere. The team can extensively discuss issues where everyone, and everyone contributes. Disagreements are viewed as a good thing and conflicts are well managed. Only constructive criticism is allowed and is used toward problem solving and removing problems. The team makes decisions when there is full agreement and when an agreement cannot be reached, a team leader will decide. Each team member contributes equally and respects the team processes and other members (Wiese & Ricci, 2016).

References

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000, January). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020

Wiese, C., & Ricci, R. (2016). 10 Characteristics of high-performing teams. Retrieved February 4, 2019, from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/carl-wiese/10-chara…

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Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation discussion

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Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation discussion

Please respond with a paragraph to the following post, add citations and references:

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Cherry (2018) states that the main different between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation is that extrinsic motivation arises from outside of the individual whereas intrinsic motivation arises from within the individual. Extrinsic motivation occurs when an individual is motivated to perform a behavior or engage in an activity to earn a reward or to avoid a punishment (Cherry, 2018). In other words, an individual with extrinsic motivation will engage in a particular behavior to get something in return, or to avoid something they do not want; they will not engage in a particular behavior because they enjoy it (Cherry, 2018). A person with intrinsic motivation engages in a certain behavior because they find it personally enjoyable or rewarding, not because they desire an external reward or something else (Cherry, 2018). Where I work, when a patient thinks a nurse has gone above and beyond, they can nominate the nurse for a daisy award. The nurse is then given a daisy pin to wear on their badge. To me, a nurse with extrinsic motivation would go above and beyond for their patients in order to obtain more daisy awards, where a nurse with intrinsic motivation would go above and beyond for their patients simply because they enjoy providing exceptional care. Or maybe the extrinsic nurse attends monthly meetings because he/she is afraid of getting a bad evaluation for not attending meetings, whereas the intrinsic nurse might go to meetings because they like to be up to date with unit news. Cherry (2018) states that to motivate an intrinsic individual, you should understand what they enjoy and what their goals are and provide them with a situation which allows them to meet their goals. To motivate an extrinsic individual, you should offer some kind of reward, or depending on the scenario, let the individual know what the consequences would be (Cherry, 2018).

Reference:

Cherry, K. (2018). Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation: What’s the Difference? Retrieved from

Appeal letter return to school after dismissal

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Appeal letter return to school after dismissal

To appeal your dismissal, you will want to write a professional letter of appeal detailing your mitigating circumstances that occurred during all failed class attempts and provide supporting documentation. This appeal must talk about (1) why it is important for you to return to class, (2) detail any hardships you had when you did receive the non-passing grades which could have contributed to you being unsuccessful in class, and also, (3) what would be different if you were able to return to ensure you are successful.

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Finding Evidence

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Finding Evidence

Evidence that supports a conclusion is part of the research process. Literature reviews often accompany research

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papers in the form of a summary and synthesis of the published information about the research topic. Although this week’s assignment is not a literature review, it is designed to familiarize you with the practice of finding appropriate sources and information on a topic.

 

Find three original research articles that apply to your research topic. The articles must be

peer reviewed,
recent (published within 3 years), and
statistically significant
Write a paper 300-word summary of each article in which you identify

participants
variable(s) – are there independent and dependent variables?,
methods, and
results.
Determine whether these articles are suitable for inclusion in a literature review for your research topic.

If they are not, explain why.
If they are, explain how the information can be used to inform practice.
Compile all summaries in one document and provide an APA citation for each article

Include a PDF of each article with your summary document.

Communicable Disease and Infectious Disease.

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Communicable Disease and Infectious Disease.

Chapter 25 Communicable Disease Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of

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Elsevier Inc. Principles of Infection and Infectious Disease Occurrence  Biological and epidemiological principles ➢ Multicausation ➢ Spectrum of Infection ➢ Stages of Infection ➢ Spectrum of disease occurrence Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 Multicausation Disease etiology is complex and multicausal. An infectious agent alone is not sufficient to cause disease; the agent must be transmitted within a conducive environment to a susceptible host. Host Environment Agent Epidemiological Triad Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 Spectrum of Infection  Not all contact with an infectious agent leads to infection, and not all infection leads to an infectious disease. ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ Subclinical infection: no overt symptomatic disease (unapparent or asymptomatic) Infections: entry and multiplication of infectious agent in host Infectious disease and communicable disease: pathophysiological responses of the host to the infectious agent, manifesting as an illness (considered a case) Carriers: people who continue to shed infectious agent without any symptoms of disease Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Stages of Infection  Latent period ➢ ➢  Communicable period ➢ ➢  Infectious agent has invaded a host and found conditions hospitable to replicate Replication before shedding Follows latency Begins with shedding of agent Incubation period ➢ ➢ Time from invasion to time when disease symptoms first appear May overlap with communicable period Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 Stages of Infection (Cont.) Figure 25-1 From Grimes DE: Infectious diseases, St Louis, 1991, Mosby. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 Spectrum of Disease Occurrence      Incidence—new cases in a population Endemic—diseases that occur at a consistent, expected level in a geographic area Outbreak—an unexpected occurrence of an infectious disease in a limited geographic area during a limited period of time Epidemic—an unexpected increase of an infectious disease in a geographic area over an extended period of time Pandemic—steady occurrence of a disease over a large geographic area or worldwide Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 Chain of Transmission     Infectious agents Reservoirs Portals of exit and entry Modes of transmission ➢ Direct ➢ Indirect • Fomites or vectors ➢ Fecal-oral, airborne  Host susceptibility Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8 Chain of Transmission (Cont.) Figure 25-2 Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9 Chain of Transmission: Part 1 Links of the Chain Definition Factors Infectious agent An organism (virus, rickettsia, bacteria, fungus, protozoan, helminth, or prion) capable of producing infection or infectious disease Properties of the agent: morphology, chemical composition, growth requirements, and viability. Interaction with the host: mode of action, infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence, toxigenicity, antigenicity, and ability to adapt to the host Reservoirs The environment in which a pathogen lives and multiplies Humans, animals, arthropods, plants, soil, or any other organic substance Portal of exit Means by which an infectious agent is transported from the host Respiratory secretions, vaginal secretions, semen, saliva, lesion exudates, blood, and feces Table 25-1 Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10 Chain of Transmission: Part 2 Links of the Chain Definition Factors Mode of transmission Method whereby the infectious agent is transmitted from one host (or reservoir) to another host Direct: person to person Indirect: implies a vehicle of transmission (biological or mechanical vector, common vehicles or fomite) Airborne droplets Portal of entry Means by which an infectious agent enters a new host Respiratory passages, mucous membranes, skin, percutaneous injection, ingestion, and through the placenta Host susceptibility The presence or lack of sufficient resistance to an infectious agent to avoid or prevent contracting an infection or acquiring an infectious disease Biological and personal characteristics (e.g., gender, age, genetics), general health status, personal behaviors, anatomical and physiological lines of defense, immunity Table 25-1 Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11 Breaking the Chain of Transmission    Controlling the agent Eradicating the nonhuman reservoir Controlling the human reservoir ➢  Controlling the portals of exit and entry ➢ ➢  Quarantine—during incubation period Isolation of sick persons Universal precautions Improving host resistance and immunity Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12 Types of Immunity   Natural immunity: an innate resistance to a specific antigen or toxin Acquired immunity: derived from actual exposure to specific infectious agent, toxin, or appropriate vaccine ➢ ➢   Active acquired: body produces its own antibodies Passive acquired: temporary resistance that has been donated to the host Primary vaccine failure: failure of vaccine to stimulate any immune response Secondary vaccine failure: waning of immunity following an initial immune response Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13 Types of Acquired Immunity Type Natural How Acquired Length of Resistance Active Natural contact and infection with the antigen May be temporary or permanent Passive Natural contact with antibody transplacentally or through colostrum and breast milk Temporary Active Inoculation of antigen May be temporary or permanent Passive Inoculation of antibody or antitoxin Temporary Artificial Table 25-2 Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14 Types of Immunity  Herd immunity: a state in which those not immune to an infectious agent will be protected if a certain proportion (generally considered to be 80%) of the population has been vaccinated or is otherwise immune Figure 25-3 Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 15 Public Health Control of Infectious Diseases  Control ➢  The reduction of incidence (new cases) or prevalence (existing cases) of a given disease to a locally acceptable level as a result of deliberate efforts Elimination ➢ Controlling a disease within a specified geographic area and reducing the prevalence and incidence to near zero ➢ The result of deliberate efforts, but continued intervention measures are required  Eradication ➢ Reducing the worldwide incidence of a disease to zero as a function of deliberate efforts (e.g., smallpox in 1977) ➢ No need for further control measures ➢ Only possible under certain conditions Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 16 Criteria for Disease Eradication           Human host only; no host in nature Easy diagnosis; obvious clinical manifestations Limited duration and intensity of infection Natural lifelong immunity after infection Highly seasonal transmission Availability of vaccine, curative treatment, or both Substantial global morbidity and mortality rates Cost effectiveness of campaign and eradication Integration of eradication with additional public health variables Eradication imperative over control measures – CDC (1993) Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 17 Notifiable Infectious Diseases in the United States    HCP MUST report to local or regional health departments → state health dept. →CDC Reported weekly in the MMWR Go to CDC website for latest listing of diseases: http://www.cdc.gov Note: State health departments have the responsibility for monitoring and controlling communicable diseases within their respective states; they determine which diseases will be reported within their jurisdiction. Those lists might be longer than the CDC’s list. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18 Vaccines and Infectious Disease Prevention  Immunization is a broad term used to describe a process by which active or passive immunity to an infectious disease is induced or amplified. ➢  Immunizing agents can include vaccines as well as immune globulins or antitoxins. Vaccination is a narrower term referring to the administration of a vaccine or toxoid to confer active immunity by stimulating the body to produce its own antibodies. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19 Recommended Immunization Schedules     Recommendations for international immunization practices determined by WHO In the United States, AAP and ACIP Current U.S. recommendations found on CDC website: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines Schedules, footnotes, and educational fact sheets provide guidelines for practice Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 20 Vaccines: Words of Caution   Information and recommendations on immunizations and vaccine usage change regularly Vaccine Information Statements (VISs) that explain the benefits and risks must be given out before vaccine is administered— a federal law!! (http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/index.html) Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 21 Available Vaccines by Type Live attenuated vaccines (See Textbook Table 25-3)  Viral: measles, mumps, rubella, oral polio, vaccinia, yellow fever, varicella  Bacterial: BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin)  Recombinant: oral typhoid Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22 Available Vaccines by Type (Cont.) Inactivated vaccines (See Textbook Table 25-3)  Viral: influenza, polio, rabies, and hepatitis A  Bacterial: typhoid, cholera, and plague  Subunit (fractional): influenza, acellular pertussis, typhoid Vi and Lyme disease  Toxoid: diphtheria and tetanus  Recombinant: hepatitis B  Conjugate polysaccharide: Haemophilus influenzae type B and pneumococcal 7-valent  Pure polysaccharide: Pneumococcal 23-valent, meningococcal, and Haemophilus influenzae type b Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 23 Recommended Vaccine Schedules (Textbook Box 25-6)        Children/adolescents ➢ http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/child-adolescent.html Adults ➢ http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/adult.html Travelers ➢ http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/list Pregnant women ➢ www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/preg-guide.htm Health care workers ➢ www.cdc.gov/vaccines/spec-grps/hcw.htm Specific health conditions ➢ www.cdc.gov/vaccines/spec-grps/conditions.htm Other special groups ➢ www.cdc.gov/vaccines/spec-grps/default.htm Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 24 Vaccine Storage, Transport, and Handling        Cold chain Routes of administration, dosage, and sites Proper timing and spacing Hypersensitivity and contraindications Documentation Vaccine safety and reporting of adverse events and vaccine-related injuries (VAERS) Vaccine needs for special groups Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 25 Prevention of Communicable Diseases  Primary prevention ➢  Secondary prevention ➢  To prevent transmission of an infectious agent and to prevent pathology in the person exposed to an infection Activities to detect early and effectively treat persons who are infected Tertiary prevention ➢ Caring for persons with an infectious disease to ensure that they are cured or that their quality of life is maintained Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 26
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The Different Types of Law

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The Different Types of Law

Answer the following questions:

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1. What are the different types of law?

2. Give 3 situations wherein a nurse could be indicted under criminal law.

3. How or in what way a nurse can prove his or her innocence if indicted for malpractice or negligence in carrying out his/ her nursing profession?

SEARCH IN THE INTERNET FOR THE ANSWERS

Tags: criminal law nurse nursing profession types of law

Health Information Patient Handout

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Health Information Patient Handout

One of the pivotal goals of consumer health literacy efforts is to design educational materials that attract as well as

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educate users. In this Assignment, you design a health information document on a topic that is of interest to you.

To prepare:

Select a health issue of interest to you.
Identify the audience or population that you seek to educate about this issue.
Search the Internet to find credible sites containing information about your selected topic.
Review the two health literacy websites listed in this week’s Learning Resources. Focus on strategies for presenting information.
To complete:

Design an educational handout on the health issue you selected.
Include a cover page.
Include an introduction that provides:
An explanation of your issue and why you selected it
A description of the audience you are addressing
In the handout itself:
Develop your handout in such a way that it attracts the attention of the intended audience.
Include a description of the health issue and additional content that will enhance your message (i.e., key terms and definitions, graphics, illustrations, etc.).
Recommend four or five sites that provide clear, valuable, and reliable information on the topic.
Note: Remember to keep the information in your health handout and its design at the appropriate level for the audience you are seeking to inform. Submit your Assignment as a Word document.

WRTG394 UMUC Advanced Business Writing & Analyzing Sample Research

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WRTG394 UMUC Advanced Business Writing & Analyzing Sample Research

Week 4

Topic

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Threads

Posts

Last Post

Discuss: analyzing a sample final report — “L’Amore USA”

Must post first.

Please peruse the sample research-based report, “L’Amore.” You can access it from Content for Week 4.

Then answer the following questions in your initial post to this forum (due Thursday, Feb. 7th):

The author of this paper connected writing assignment #1 to writing assignment #4. What evidence do you see that the author made this connection?
Analyze the graphic on page 5. Do you think it could be improved? How? If you don’t think it needs improvement, comment on why you think it is a strong graphic in its current form.
Which type of research—secondary research or primary research—helps this report more? Please pick one of these two choices. Then write a couple of sentences explaining your answer.
On page 5, the author writes, “After the survey was completed the facilitator met with the participants requesting their feedback on the format and clarity of each example.” Based on this sentence, some additional analysis could have been integrated into the paper. What additional analysis could have been integrated? And please explain how it might have strengthened the report.
No peer replies due to this forum; you are welcome to engage with peers as you like though!

You must start a thread before you can read and reply to other threads

Discuss: Preparing a Research Report Proposal (Memo, WA#3) & Research-Based Report (WA#4)

Must post first.

Your third assignment in WRTG 394 involves making a proposal (in the form of a Memo) about the topic for your research report. You should focus on the following as you prepare your report:

1) Being specific – your assignment directions (located in the assignment area of the classroom) give you good examples of ways in which you can make sure that you are proposing a solution to a specific problem. You must answer the question, “How will MY workplace or community (this should be narrowly defined as your neighborhood, apartment community, base housing community, etc.) be made better by the solution(s) I recommend?”

2) Identify a specific decision maker (or makers if, for example, you are proposing a solution to a workplace issue in your department that might require action by the HR director as well as your dept. head). Examples of such persons might be your apartment community manager, the director of base housing where you are stationed, your department head in your workplace, your commander for your military unit.

3) Use primary research (REQUIRED) – interviews with co-workers, surveys with coworkers, photographs showing a problem like the need for recycling or going to a paperless office, screen captures showing the large numbers of emails employees must deal with on a daily basis, and other primary research relevant to your problem in your workplace or community.

4) Use a visual of some kind (REQUIRED) – you could make a simple table, chart or graph (your own original creation, not simply copied from a secondary source such as a book or article or photographs).

This assignment can be invaluable to you in preparing for your research report. Note what the assignment directions say:

You will find that writing up the proposal will be invaluable in eventually putting together your final research-based report. You will be able to apply the scholarly research you conducted for writing assignment #2 to your specific proposal and evidence of the problem that you have gathered for writing assignment #3.

For this discussion post you should post the following, with your initial post to this forum due Thursday, Feb. 7th:

1) A paragraph in which you describe the problem you are presenting in your Memo (and report) and the solution you are proposing, as well as the audience (a specific decision maker(s)) mentioned above;

2) A sample of your visual (this can be revised and improved as you eventually compose the research report).

3) Describe your developed idea for your primary research (survey, interviews, etc.), who you need to ask permission from to do this in actuality, and what timeline will you need to complete this primary research in time to include it in your final report for this course?

*Note that the primary research is in part what you are asking for permission to conduct in your memo, along with generally asking permission to research and compose a full report on a problem and proposed solution to that problem.

4) Respond to at least one classmate’s post substantially by Sunday, Feb. 10th, 11:59pm.

NOTE: This is not your WA#3 assignment. To complete your assignment, review the Memo assignment directions under Week 4 Content, then complete and submit the final assignment in your assignment folder.

Please note that you will not be able to see other students’ responses to this discussion topic until you post your response.

You must start a thread before you can read and reply to other threads

Heart failure essay

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Heart failure essay

Please write a paragraph responding to the discussion bellow. Add citations and references in alphabetical order.

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Congestive heart failure is inability of the heart to keep up with the demands on it, with failure of the heart to pump blood with normal efficiency(Medicine Net, 2018). From the case scenario, Mrs. J. has history of hypertension, CHF and sleep apnea with subjective data of shortness of breath, anxiety and weakness. Objective data shows low blood pressure of 90/58, SPO 82%, HR 118 irregular and pulmonary crackles and atrial fibrillation.

Nursing intervention appropriate for Mrs. J at the time of admission are as follows;

Obtain patient vital signs, administer oxygen to increase oxygen saturation and blood supply to the body.
Listen to breath sounds and place patient in upright position to decrease pulmonary congestion and enhance breathing.
Restrict salt intake. (NRSNG) This is important because Sodium helps to retain fluid in the body there by increasing blood pressure. Retricting it will prevent fluid retension.
Maintain strict intake and out put.
Monitor heart rate rhythm with 12 lead ECG.
Educate patient on diet, fluid restriction and compliance.
Administer Lasix to help get rid of salt in the body
Assist with feeding and activity of ADLs.
B. Rationals for administrating the following medication to Mrs J.

1. I/V Lasix. Furosemide is loop diuretic, Mrs. J. has pulmonary crackles secondary to congestion as a result of heart failure. Lasix administer to her will prevent the absorption of salt in the body and blocks the absorption of sodium, chloride and water resulting to increase urine output(MedicineNet).

2. Enalapril. Enalapril is angiotensin converting enzymes. It blocks the substances in the body that makes blood vessels to tighten thus relaxing blood vessels and promote blood and oxygen supply to the heart.

3. Metoprolol is a beta blocker. It work by relaxing blood vessels. slow heart rate, promote blood flow and lower blood pressure.

4. I/V Morphine. This is a narcotic. It helps to relax patient and reduce work load of the heart.

C. Four Cardiovascular conditions that may lead to heart failure.

According to American Heart Association, four cardiovascular condition that can lead to heart failure are;

Coronary artery disease. ” when cholesterol and fatty deposits build up in the heart,s arteries, less blood can reach the the heart muscles(American Heart Association) The deposit of these fats overtime obstruct blood flow to the heart and the heart will be pumping hard that may result to heart failure. Nursing interventions includes includes health education to the public on smoking cessation, eating healthy diet and exercisers.
High blood pressure. When blood pressure is not control, it may result to heart failure. “when pressure in the vessels is too high, the heart must pump harder than normal to keep the blood circulating” (American Hearth Association) This overtime weakens the heart chamber resulting to heart failure.
Nursing interventions includes;

1. Check blood pressure

2. Ensure low salt intake, good exercise and physical activities and smoke cessation to prevent constriction of blood vessels.

3. Reduce stress as much as possible.

4. Health education should be given to client on advantages of compliance in taking prescribed medications.

Obesity. According to American Heart Association, can cause the heart to work harder resulting to heart failure.
Sleep Apnea. This is a life threating sleep disorder.” pause breathing can contribute to severe fatigue during the day, can result to hypertension, heart failure(American Heart Association). Nursing intervention include include using CPAP at bedtime and also conducting to determine if patient needs other interventions.
Interventions that can help to prevent problems caused by multiple drug interactions in older patients.

Health education should be given to patients on the use of 7-day pill boxes and daily pill boxes to enhance compliance and to keep accurate list of medication taken.

Furthermore, older patient should be encourage to disclose supplementary medications they are taken to their primary care physician so as to prevent drug interactions and complications. Older patients should be reminded not to share drugs or take medications not given to them by their doctor.

Finally, proper and accurate list of medication and limiting the number of providers will help to prevent problem with drug interaction in older patients.

References.

American Heart Association. Causes of heart failuree. Retrieved from.

Paragraph 6 Nursing interventions

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Paragraph 6 Nursing interventions

Please write a paragraph responding to the discussion bellow. Add citations and references in alphabetical order.

Nursing interventions:

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1.The immediate medical interventions for Mrs. J., is the concerns of her respiration airway and oxygenation saturation that need to be ensured and stabilized, and that she is receiving enough oxygen to the brain and all other parts of the body which is essentially. Given oxygen and nonrebreather mask help delivery of high quality and concentrated oxygen. Oxygenation via mask and Fowler’s position can be more helpful to deliver adequate oxygen to increase circulation and activate the respiratory system thereby decrease fluid overload on heart.

2. Connecting the patient to a continuous monitoring system ECG help to understand her vital parameters and getting ready with all emergency cart and equipment’s like Defibrillator and ventilator at bedside to tackle any Medical Emergency. Also, Collecting Blood samples for necessary investigations, such as ABG, Urinalysis blood culture as having pharyngitis to roll out pneumonia and securing of intravenous line is pertinent.

3. Emergency drugs as advised by the Doctor, since her heart rate was irregular, requires anti-arrhythmic and inotropic support to boost the blood pressure as she presented with lower B/P. Some sedatives to calm her down which can help in relaxation of muscles.

4. Urinary catheterization and strict intake and output is pertinent to monitor the output as she will require diuretics to drain out excess fluid and prevent further fluid overload. As well as to understand the reversal of heart failure or any further deterioration

5. Parenteral Nutrition in the form Intravenous or Rules tube feeding as there is nutritional deprivation depends on doctor’s assessment and evaluation. Also, Correct and update of documentation of each event of treatment is paramount and is necessary. Also to comfort the patient emotionally is one of the most important factors and form of holistic and spiritual care as patient is anxious and apprehension by asking whether she is going to die.

B: Rationale for medications administration:

1. IV FUROSEMIDE(LASIX)-Lasix diuretic medication that inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions at the proximal, distal loops as well as loop of Henle by interfering with chloride binding vital sport system. Thus, reduces the water build up in the body, since she has fluid overload as evidenced by peripheral edema (1+).

2. ENALAPRIL(VASOTEC)-Is class of Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE). ACE is an enzyme in the body which produces Angiotensin II which leads to narrowing of arteries resulting in increased blood pressure. ENALAPRIL acts on preventing the formation Angiotensin II, thus helps in controlling the blood pressure.

3. METOPROLOL (LOPTESSOR)-It is a beta1 selective (Cardio selective) adrenergic receptor blocker but acts on the beta 2 adrenergic receptors. Metoprolol is a beta-blocker that is given because it affects the heart and circulation. It reduces and stabilizes the irregular heart rate and variations in blood pressure and pulmonary functions, as already noted in Ms. J. With a ventricular rate of 132 and arterial fibrillation.

4. IV MORPHINE SULPHATE (MORPHINE)-It is an opioid pain medication. It is also known as narcotic drugs. Morphine appears to mimic endorphins which are naturally available sources in the human body for analgesia that is controlling pain. IV administration can help the client for relaxation and better absorption of oxygen towards heart and pulmonary system.(Davis Drug Guide. 2019).

C: Four cardiac conditions that may lead to congestive heart failure and Medical/Nursing interventions for the above mentioned four conditions are:Coronary Artery Disease, Hypertension, Myocarditis,Arrhythmias and even Obesity.

1.Coronary Artery Disease- (Ischemic heart disease) This is characterized by plaque building up along the inner walls of the arteries of the heart resulting in a narrowing of the arteries and a reduced blood supply to the cardiac muscle. It associated with chest pain stable, unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Monitoring of vital parameters like heart rate, rhythm, respiratory counts, oxygen saturation, ECG findings on a continuous monitoring system. To keep nitroglycerine for immediate use, monitor intake output and weight check on daily basis. Maintain sufficient nutrition by adequate food and water intake, cope with stress and control of emotionsand perform some physical activity are all basic medical and nursing intervention.(National Heart, Lung, and blood Institute, 2018).

2. Hypertension-Is elevation or high blood pressure whereby the arteries are persistently on pressure. To Monitor vital parameters, and taking regular anti-hypertensive drugs, reduce the intake of sodium and avoid foods high in salt content. Administering or taking regular anti-hypertensive drugs as recommended. Encourage the patient to consult a dietitian to help develop a plan for improving nutrient intake or for weight loss. Encourage restriction of sodium and fatand emphasize increase intake of fruits and vegetables. Implement regular physical activity and assume adequate rest, advise patient to limit alcohol consumption and avoidance of tobacco. Assist the patient to develop and adhere to an appropriate exercise regimen (Balleza. 2016).

3. Myocarditis- Myocarditis which is the inflammation of the heart muscles caused by virus infections such as sore throat and other infections and can lead to left-sided heart failure. Nursing education for compliance and effective treatment and taking of antibiotics is important and those that fall sick need to seek medical attention. Also monitor ECG, heart sounds and vital signs, oxygenation if needed via mask. administration of pain medications and balance nutritious and protein rich diet for easy digestion(A H A. 2019).

4. Arrhythmias- occurs when there change of the heart rates or rhythm of the heart and can be due to some beverages like caffeine and also drugs like cocaine, amphetamines and marijuana. Education to those who are prone or predisposed to those drugs is the nursing intervention and creating awareness and effects of those substances (Balleza. (2016).

D: Nursing interventions on prevention of problems caused by multiple drugs in older adults:

1. Teaching about medications- Indications, usage, dosage, frequency, potential adverse effects and drugs interaction will enhance knowledge to the patient and their family about the medications. Also, to ensure that the family is being taught to keep the list of medications ready with their prescribed time schedule(A H A. 2019).

2. Lifestyle changes – This can help in removing or reducing the dosage of drugs. These changes include modifying food habits, avoid intake of self-prescribed drugs, keeping oneself active and engaged in mild to moderate exercise depends on patient’s physical status and provider recommendation.

3. Non-pharmacological interventions such as modified behaviors through counselling, art, music, pet instead of loading older patients with numerous drugs.

4. Thorough monitoring on medications usage from the medicine cupboard, having organized medication cupboard with a separate lock and key to avoid unnecessary usage of drugs. Certain conditions where the patient forgets to take the drugs or over use the drugs (A H A. 2019).

Reference:

American Heart Association. (2019). Congestive Heart Failure. Retrieved from