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People of Egyptian & Filipino Heritage Running head: PEOPLE OF EGYPT & FILIPINO HERITAGE Discussion # 6 Elsa

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Sosa Florida National University 1 People of Egyptian & Filipino Heritage 2 Abstract The definition of health according to the “World Health Organization” is a “state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease. Health care in Egypt live in a central place both in peoples’ concerns and in state priorities. There is a big network of public hospitals in major towns and cities all over the country. In the Filipino culture they believe the definition of health is considered to be in a state of balance. People of Egyptian and Filipine Heritage People of Egyptian & Filipino Heritage 3 Egyptian Heritage The most common of the medical service is variable; however, people find themselves having to get treatment in private hospitals and clinics. In Egyptian communities there is a health unit offering basic medical services in practically every village. Egyptians tend to mix modern health systems with traditional practices. In villages, the midwife, for example, plays a key role in not just during childbirth and the related ceremonial activities, but also in providing general medical advice to women. There are other traditional health care practitioners such a seers and spiritual healers (Younis, 2013). The Zar ceremony marks a form of spirit possession cult that establishes a relationship between afflicted person and the spirits afflicting him or her. This relationship must be periodically reaffirmed, with the help of specialties. The ancient Egyptians experienced the same wide array of disease that people do in the present day, but unlike most people in modern era, they attributed the experience to supernatural causes. The common cold, for example, was prevalent, but one’s symptoms would not have been treated with medicine and bed rest, or not these alone, but with magical spells and incantations. The longest and most complete medical text extant, clearly expresses the Egyptian view of medical treatment: “Magic is effective together with medicine. Medicine is effective together with magic”. The magic referred to took the form of spells, incantations, and rituals, which called on higher supernatural powers to cure the patient or treat the symptoms. The most common reason for disease were thought to be sin, evil spirits, an angry ghost, or the will of the gods to teach someone and important lesson. Doctors were People of Egyptian & Filipino Heritage 4 aware that the heart was a pump and that veins and arteries supplied the body with blood, but they did not know how. They were aware of liver disease but not the function of the liver. The brain was considered a useless organ; all thought, feeling, one’s character, was believed to come from the heart. A woman’s uterus was believed to be a free-floating organ which could affect every other part of the body. Still, although their understanding of physiology was limited, Egyptian physicians seem to have been quite successful in treating their patients and were highly regarded by other cultures. The gods were present in every aspect of the ancient Egyptians’ lives. When it came to determining the root cause of disease, therefore, they looked to the same source and implemented spells and rituals to call upon gods for health and well-being with the same confidence people in the present day submit to any treatment prescribed by the modern medicine professional. Filipino Heritage According to the Filipino population, illness is also defined as the body being out of balance which usually pertains to a rapid change of hot and cold. Factors that play a role in balance include hot and cold factors, food, and diet. Illness on the other hand is when the body, mind, and spirit are out of balance or when the person and the environment are in sense of disharmony (Spector, 2013). People of Egyptian & Filipino Heritage 5 Balance is a key concept in the Filipino culture. It is also referred to as Timbang and relates to hot and cold shifts and diet. When there are too many hot and cold shifts, then the person may become ill. Balance is disrupted when a person becomes ill. Another factor that can affect the balance of someone is sudden changes in weather patterns. Along with this, the body is very vulnerable when it is overheated, but optimal health is best maintained in warm environment. There are many beliefs regarding hot and cold shifts and how to maintain this sense of balance to avoid falling ill. For example, in the morning cold drinks and food is avoided. Also, in order to maintain body warmth and protect energy, a layer of fat is often preferred on people. There are many methods that can be sued to restore balance. Prayers and rituals are often used here as well as herbal plants, massage of bones and body tissue. Taboos of the Filipino population evolve around three theories of illness. These include mystical, personalistic, and naturalistic. Mystical theory is that if there are unfulfilled obligations from ancestors then this could result in mystical experiences and behaviors. It also goes as far as to say that during sleep the soul can be lost or if you are having nightmares then they are often the result of consuming a heavy meal and it could eventually lead to death. The personalistic theory is that evil spirits or witches seeking retribution or social punishment can cause illness. This theory can be protected by wearing religious objects or by using holy oils (McBride, n. d.). The last theory is naturalistic. This theory states that stress, infection, food and drugs, and natural events such as thunder, lightning, and drafts are all causes of illness. These are the main taboos and practices that can be found about the Filipino population. People of Egyptian & Filipino Heritage 6 Filipino older adults tend to cope with illness with the help of family and friends, and by faith in God. Complete cure or even the slightest improvement in a malady or illness is viewed as a miracle. Filipino families greatly influence patients’ decisions about health care. Patients subjugate personal needs and tend to go along with the demands of a more authoritative family figure in order to maintain group harmony. Before seeking professional help, Filipino older adults tend to manage their illness by self-monitoring of symptoms, ascertaining possible causes, determining the severity and threat to functional capacity and considering the financial and emotional burden to the family. They may discuss their concerns with a trusted family member, friend, spiritual counselor or healer. Seeking medical advice from family members or friends who are health professionals is also a common practice among Filipino older adults and their family members, especially if severe symptoms arise. References Lehner, M., & Cayce, E. (1984). The Egyptian heritage: Based on the Edgar Cayce readings. VA Beach, VA: A.R.E. Press. Root, M. P. (n.d.). Contemporary Mixed-Heritage Filipino Americans: Fighting Colonized Identities. Filipino Americans: Transformation and Identity Filipino Americans. Smith, S. (1932). An Egyptian in Babylonia. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology,18(1), 28-32. doi:10.1177/030751333201800104
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Running Head: PURNELL MODEL FOR CULTURAL COMPETENCE Dilsy Ricardo Florida National University Nursing Department BSN Program NUR 4636 1/16/2019 Prof. Cassandre Milien 1 PURNELL MODEL FOR CULTURAL

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COMPETENCE 2 Purnell Model Multicultural diversity has been an issue for healthcare professionals as well as the caregiving institutions. Due to many encounters with individuals from different cultures the healthcare institutions have initiated some standards, initiatives as well as statements encouraging its members to be sensitive in terms of cultural competence. Due to this, the American Academy of Nursing Expert Panel was able to develop in terms of sensitizing the cultural competence issue where later the Purnell model was developed Purnell model is a model that helps in putting across the cultural competence of society and health care. Assumptions The model has some assumptions, for instance, it states that all healthcare professions need to have similar information concerning cultural diversity as well as sharing the metaparadigm concepts of the society at large, that is, the global society, community, family, and health. Also, according to the model, all cultures are the same meaning that no culture should be termed as better than the other, but they are just different. (Purnell, 2018). All cultures share similarities as well as differences and therefore every individual must be respected in relation to all differences in their cultures. Having in mind that all cultures change over time gradually or slowly the change should be appreciated and respected. In this case, caregivers and health professionals are highly affected by the individual interpretations of different cultures who respond to healthcare (Shen, 2015). For PURNELL MODEL FOR CULTURAL COMPETENCE 3 instance, if those individuals decide in participating on issues related to health to achieve the goals, to succeed in its plan and the results will be of high quality. From the model, it is assumed that the process of learning the culture is always on a process and since one encounters with different individuals from a different culture. After learning about other cultures and understanding them, the cultural bias will be limited hence appreciating everyone. Finally, the model assumes that for effective healthcare services, the health care itself should focus on understanding values of different people of different cultures as well as their beliefs, attitudes, their way of life and the way the world views them. How the Model Helps With the model having such assumptions it helps in providing cultural competences on the basis of health care where it is used. The model shows the cultural competence of the patients who belong to different cultural beliefs (Stennis et al, 2015). Since the cultural competence of any healthcare organization recognizes as appreciating the cultural competence of other immigrants who are moving into America. The model fulfills this in the following ways: first, it helps in creating the framework for healthcare enabling them to understand critical concepts of different cultures. With this, the healthcare providers are able to handle and deal with individuals of different cultures. For instance, there are those female individuals who according to their culture it is difficult for them to face a male health officer. In this case, a health officer will understand the situation and make the patient comfortable by explaining the situation or bringing in a female healthcare giver. The Purnell model is essential since it helps in identifying individuals, their families as well as their group ethnocultural environment which is essential healthcare practices. With a different background of personnel, the health care will appreciate every culture competence PURNELL MODEL FOR CULTURAL COMPETENCE 4 and acknowledge their practices they will understand how to handle them, in the process of administering health services. In every health care center, there are workers who are from different cultural backgrounds which include families. For the workers to get along, the knowledge and understanding of cultural competence is essential. This will improve the respect among each other at the workplace as well as that of their clients. Therefore, cultural competence is essential in healthcare since, in every society, there are individuals of different cultures who should be understood, respected and appreciated. The Purnell model assumptions seem to match the expectations of many and help in creating awareness of the necessary individuals. The Purnell mode plays a great role in the enhancement of cultural competence in health care and therefore very recommendable to follow. PURNELL MODEL FOR CULTURAL COMPETENCE 5 References Purnell, L. (2018). Update: The Purnell Theory and Model for Culturally Competent Health Care. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 1043659618817587. Shen, Z. (2015). Cultural competence models and cultural competence assessment instruments in nursing: a literature review. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 26(3), 308-321. Stennis, K. B., Fischle, H., Bent-Goodley, T., Purnell, K., & Williams, H. (2015). The Development of a Culturally Competent Intimate Partner Violence InterventionSTART©: Implications for Competency-Based Social Work Practice. Social Work and Christianity, 42(1), 96. Running head: The Purnell Model 1 Discussion # 2 Elsa Sosa Florida National University Culture in Nursing Prof. Cassandre Milian. MSN Running head: The Purnell Model 2 The demographics of the United States is changing at such a rapid speed that in 2030 there will be a minority-majority nation. This means that there will be no predominant racial group. (Jen,2016, p. 85). Regarding this point, the nurse must use their cultural competence level. The Purnell Model for Cultural Competence, its framework, acceptance and practical application is treat in this paper. The Purnell Model for Cultural Competence helps nurses to united many cultural attributes permitting to get notions of the patient about the health state objectively and proposing the culturally change treatment plan. According to Jen (2016), there are twelve domains under the Purnell Model for Cultural Competence. They include nutrition, communication, heritage, family impact, biocultural ecology, high-risk factors, spiritually, childbearing, death, workforce issues. Besides, it covers heathcare practices and healthcare practitioners. The value of this model is that it is inclusive and discussed many diversity feature in the processs of each of the domains. This model also plays high attention to the interactions of the person with the external environment, family, and community, and global society. The mentioned elements combine with the level of healthcare practitioner’s cultural competence form the circle of cultural domains marks that the real relationships between the nurse and the patient begin from the communication patters. It includes eye contact, facial expresions, greetings, spatial distance, voice tone and volume. The nurse must be informed of the differences in many cultures to demonstrate the respect to the patient’s background from the early start of the interaction. Time, names, temporality, contextual use and language use are also critical to establish the first contact. In order to perform the skills in cultural understanding, it is basic for the nurse to evaluate the level of his/her cultural competence. According to the Purnell Model for Cultural Running head: The Purnell Model 3 Competence, there are four states: unconsciously incompetent, unconsciously competent, consciously competent and consciously incompetent. The purpose of cultural competence improvement is to be a consciously competent nurse, then to learn about the patient’s culture, to verify if generalization about the patient’s culture is real and modify them to prepare culturally specific interventions. The culturally competent nurse according to the Purnell Model for Cultural Competence should be tuned in of different cultural peculiarity. They imply age, nationality, generation, gender, race, color and religion. These peculiarities also have socioeconomic status, educational level, occupation, residence, political beliefs, and military status. A nurse must known the marital and parental status, physical characteristics and sexual orientation, the cause for migration. This model helps in determination of the cultural differences of the many ethnic groups. The Purnell Model for Cultural Competence helps the nurse to be aware of the differences in he cultural understanding about all elements of patient’s life cycle stage. For example, a attention in the Purnell Model for Cultural Competence is drained for pregnancy, childbearing and postpartum care differentiate in the ethnic groups. In order to improve the best health outcomes, a nurse must be alert of the rituals in different cultures and make a good decision how to know the need for safety with the need to add the cultural preferences of the patient. Running head: The Purnell Model 4 In conclusion , The Purnell Cultural Competency Model provides a basis for nurses to improve understanding and knowledge about the twelve domains that are critical to the reason for differences and the impact of cultures on their discrepancies and also on the perception of health condition and the corresponding treatment. Regarding this point, the nurse must use their level of cultural competence. The Purnell Cultural Competency Model helps nurses unite many cultural attributes that allow them to obtain the patient’s notions of health status objectively and propose a treatment plan for cultural change Running head: The Purnell Model 5 References Arellano, D. (2014). Cultural competence: The voice of the practitioner. Potter, P. A. (2014). Basic nursing. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. Running head: The Purnell Model 6 Running head: The Purnell Model 7 Running head: The Purnell Model 8 Running head: The Purnell Model 9
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Prof. Cassandre Milien, MSN 01/15/2019 THE PURNELL MODEL 2 The Purnell Model Due to the increasing diversity

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in many parts of the world, providers now face an unprecedented number of challenges when responding to matters of healthcare. It is almost impossible to deliver high quality care without taking into consideration the need for cultural competence. Cultural competence serves as a means to effectively deliver healthcare services to meet the social and cultural needs of the patients. The Purnell model is an organizing framework in the nursing profession, aimed at guiding the cultural competences the multidisciplinary members of the nursing teams (Doğu, 2016). The model developed by Larry Purnell outlines various elements and ideas about cultures and persons and healthcare professionals and how they can be used to extend cultural competence in the healthcare sector. The Framework of The Purnell Model The Purnell model contains twelve domains of organizing frameworks which describe the characteristics of culture and other variations such as beliefs, values and own cultural heritage. The domains of organizing frameworks include the culture and heritage domain; which evaluates the influence of country of derivation and the influence of the present home. i.e. education, and political affairs (Doğu, 2016). Also, the other domain includes the means of communication, including language differences. Family organization and family roles also form part of the framework domains. The other framework domains under the Purnell model concerning cultural competencies include; bio-cultural ecology, i.e. ethnic and racial origins; high-risk behaviors; nutrition; pregnancy; spirituality; death rituals, and the perception of traditional healthcare practices. THE PURNELL MODEL 3 To achieve cultural competence, healthcare practitioners need to follow competency processes. The processes are developed from the unconscious competence to conscious competence. The cultural competences include religion, race, gender, and nationality (Doğu, 2016). The model social domains are interrelated; thus, the healthcare providers are supposed to adapt to the various cultural needs of individuals ensuring effective healthcare provision. Assumptions of The Purnell Model According to (Shen, 2015), the Purnell model is based on various assumptions for instance; the model assumes that there are core similarities shared by all cultures. However, there also are differences within, between and among the cultures that may affect the provision of healthcare. Similarly, the model assumes that there are changes in culture over time and that culture can have influence in an individual’s interpretation and response to healthcare. Thus, it is essential that the healthcare provides adapt to the possible changes in culture as well as understand the possible influences of various cultures to healthcare response to ensure efficiency. Also, the Purnell model is based on the assumptions that patients are participants in the healthcare goals, and their plans may lead to improved outcomes. Also, different variations to cultural characteristics determine the degree to which individuals vary from their beliefs and values (Shen, 2015). Understanding individual healthcare goals based on variant cultural characteristics thus forms the basis for improved healthcare provision. The Effectiveness of The Purnell Model in Providing Cultural Competence in Healthcare The Purnell model domains have effectively improved the provision of healthcare in various healthcare interventions. For instance, the communication domain is and part in nursing interventions where individuals are unable to express their feeling due to psychological THE PURNELL MODEL obstacles, as well as inability to express thoughts in mother tongue (Hendson, 2015). Nursing interventions in these cases use communication through translators and encouragement to share feeling leading to better healthcare provision. Also, different cultures have different death rituals and how they perceive death. Often individuals with terminal illnesses find it hard to come to terms with their death. The Purnell model addresses this issue through nursing interventions aimed at sharing the feelings of death with the patients (Hendson, 2015). Nurses encourage the patients to tell stories and reminisce about their lives as well as remember all the losses they have had to go through their lives. The patient thus is encouraged to think about their death as well as restructuring the view of the world without them. These intervention techniques are used in every Purnell model domain to achieve improved healthcare provision. In conclusion, the healthcare providers play an essential role in providing healthcare solutions to different patients with different cultures, beliefs, and values. There are different variations in the perception of healthcare from different cultures. The Purnell model, therefore, aims at improving the healthcare provision among the nursing community by adopting the various components of cultural competence. 4 THE PURNELL MODEL 5 References Doğu, Ö. C. (2016). Purnell Model for Cultural Competence: Nursing Care of an Afghan Patient. IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS), PP 44-48. Hendson, L. R. (2015). Health care providers’ perspectives of providing culturally competent care in the NICU. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 44(1), 17-27. Shen, Z. (2015). Cultural competence models and cultural competence assessment instruments in nursing: a literature review. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 26(3), 308-321. Running head: The Purnell Model 1 Discussion # 2 Elsa Sosa Florida National University Culture in Nursing Prof. Cassandre Milian. MSN Running head: The Purnell Model 2 The demographics of the United States is changing at such a rapid speed that in 2030 there will be a minority-majority nation. This means that there will be no predominant racial group. (Jen,2016, p. 85). Regarding this point, the nurse must use their cultural competence level. The Purnell Model for Cultural Competence, its framework, acceptance and practical application is treat in this paper. The Purnell Model for Cultural Competence helps nurses to united many cultural attributes permitting to get notions of the patient about the health state objectively and proposing the culturally change treatment plan. According to Jen (2016), there are twelve domains under the Purnell Model for Cultural Competence. They include nutrition, communication, heritage, family impact, biocultural ecology, high-risk factors, spiritually, childbearing, death, workforce issues. Besides, it covers heathcare practices and healthcare practitioners. The value of this model is that it is inclusive and discussed many diversity feature in the processs of each of the domains. This model also plays high attention to the interactions of the person with the external environment, family, and community, and global society. The mentioned elements combine with the level of healthcare practitioner’s cultural competence form the circle of cultural domains marks that the real relationships between the nurse and the patient begin from the communication patters. It includes eye contact, facial expresions, greetings, spatial distance, voice tone and volume. The nurse must be informed of the differences in many cultures to demonstrate the respect to the patient’s background from the early start of the interaction. Time, names, temporality, contextual use and language use are also critical to establish the first contact. In order to perform the skills in cultural understanding, it is basic for the nurse to evaluate the level of his/her cultural competence. According to the Purnell Model for Cultural Running head: The Purnell Model 3 Competence, there are four states: unconsciously incompetent, unconsciously competent, consciously competent and consciously incompetent. The purpose of cultural competence improvement is to be a consciously competent nurse, then to learn about the patient’s culture, to verify if generalization about the patient’s culture is real and modify them to prepare culturally specific interventions. The culturally competent nurse according to the Purnell Model for Cultural Competence should be tuned in of different cultural peculiarity. They imply age, nationality, generation, gender, race, color and religion. These peculiarities also have socioeconomic status, educational level, occupation, residence, political beliefs, and military status. A nurse must known the marital and parental status, physical characteristics and sexual orientation, the cause for migration. This model helps in determination of the cultural differences of the many ethnic groups. The Purnell Model for Cultural Competence helps the nurse to be aware of the differences in he cultural understanding about all elements of patient’s life cycle stage. For example, a attention in the Purnell Model for Cultural Competence is drained for pregnancy, childbearing and postpartum care differentiate in the ethnic groups. In order to improve the best health outcomes, a nurse must be alert of the rituals in different cultures and make a good decision how to know the need for safety with the need to add the cultural preferences of the patient. Running head: The Purnell Model 4 In conclusion , The Purnell Cultural Competency Model provides a basis for nurses to improve understanding and knowledge about the twelve domains that are critical to the reason for differences and the impact of cultures on their discrepancies and also on the perception of health condition and the corresponding treatment. Regarding this point, the nurse must use their level of cultural competence. The Purnell Cultural Competency Model helps nurses unite many cultural attributes that allow them to obtain the patient’s notions of health status objectively and propose a treatment plan for cultural change Running head: The Purnell Model 5 References Arellano, D. (2014). Cultural competence: The voice of the practitioner. Potter, P. A. (2014). Basic nursing. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. Running head: The Purnell Model 6 Running head: The Purnell Model 7 Running head: The Purnell Model 8 Running head: The Purnell Model 9
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Running head: AFRICAN AMERICAN AND AMISH HERITAGE IN THE U. S. Discussion # 3 Melvys Barrios Florida National University Culture In Nursing Prof. Cassandre Milian, MSN 1 Running head: AFRICAN AMERICAN AND AMISH HERITAGE IN THE U. S. 2 Ohio, Indiana and Pennsylvania nest religious and cultural groups in large and smaller communities , also in other states including Wisconsin. These communities with this type of religion and culture are called Amish. The Amish population grows every day because they are large families with enough members. Studying the Amish culture is very important to be able to offer health care correctly. The knowledge that a nurse can acquire in terms of beliefs and understanding of this religion will make it easier for health professionals to provide the best possible care as well as gain confidence from these Amish patients. At another point, AfricanAmericans have generally adopted the cultures of the general population of the United States, but they will still also assume certain customs and cultures, such as; in an African-American family it could be matriarchal, although the father or mother can acquire the role of the decision. African-American women tend to be single longer than men and have done more university than men. African-Americans are increasingly aware in the field of health and research treatments and examinations for their health although sometimes the knowledge or education about health in this population tends to vary according to their generations. Those who are older tend to be suspicious of health professionals because of what has been rumored about the Tuskeege experiments on African-Americans, which makes them more untrustworthy until they realize that health care providers are friendly and can be counted with them in a positive way letting them know that they are truly interested in them and their health. It is clear that AfroAmericans depend on a relationship of trust, patient vs health care provider since it is crucial for them. The African-Americans are very religious people mainly affiliated to the Baptist religion as well as the church of God in Christ but in spite of this many follow the Islam. Running head: AFRICAN AMERICAN AND AMISH HERITAGE IN THE U. S. 3 Many times they maintain good health corresponds with a very good religious practice. Also many of their churches or parishes maintain a health ministry through which nurses provide their health support , like with flu vaccines, blood pressure control, and health education in general. The rich population on the other hand tend to move away from these communities and become less traditional, while the poor choose to practice traditional cultures and religions. the elderly particularly practice and experience many home and natural remedies. It is more part of the African-American culture, going through an herbalist to reach remedies because this is part of the African-American culture since the era of slavery. In general, it is very difficult for African-Americans to divide the use of medicinal herbs from their African religions, including Igbo, Yoruba and others. As we all know medical treatments during slavery were rejected for Africans so they had no choice but to resort to home remedies and natural since then continue to affect their cultural communities and religions. Most African-Americans today have tried home remedies before seeking professional help in health or a treatment from a doctor. In 1700 a group of Anabaptists emigrated from Europe to the United States called the Amish. These groups called Amish are extremely religious and hard-working people who believe in their beliefs that worldliness prevents humans from being closer to God. These communities choose to have a simple life by evading all technological use or even modern comforts by supporting their conservative thinking. The Amish are governed by their personal code of conduct called Ordnung which shows their way of dressing, their behavior and their way of expressing themselves or talking in order a link of relationships and rules to follow correspond to the Amish faith. There are many differences between the Amish and the non-Amis. For example, Running head: AFRICAN AMERICAN AND AMISH HERITAGE IN THE U. S. 4 the Amish do not believe in birth censorship. Therefore, their level of infant mortality is low, which leads to overpopulation in a rapid increase. The Amish Loaf and its beliefs are unique, in their style and practice in difference to the English. Healthcare providers benefit in many ways by applying the power of cultural competence, since by gaining knowledge they can select clues that lead to positive diagnoses where the patient appreciates the care of cultural support by establishing a familiarity or trust between the patient and the patient’s health care professional. The Amish also expose themselves to try remedies before asking for medical help. Maybe these remedies could mask the problem a bit in the first place. The Amish for example do not receive immunizations so in this way it is obvious that diseases that are not common to English, will be more common in the Amish. Also taking into account that the Amish tend to prefer natural treatments instead of prescriptions as a cause in consideration of the cost. The Amish ‘s patient will accept a treatment at a lower cost since their does not have health insurance. Bearing in mind that due to their way of transporting themselves to places, such as the horse and the buggy, it limits them to continue correctly with a follow-up of any treatment that is ordered by their doctor. In conclusion, that is why it is very important to maintain and learn more about the different cultures of our patients in order to develop a plan of care that fits their needs and beliefs, to build a relationship of trust between the patient and caregivers of the health care provider. Relating quickly guarantees effective communication between patient and providers. Making connections with the members of the community is another very important fact in order to recognize the conditions of the communities. In addition to learning and learning a little more Running head: AFRICAN AMERICAN AND AMISH HERITAGE IN THE U. S. about different cultures and beliefs, the health professional can educate the different communities more in confidence about the well-being of each patient. 5 Running head: AFRICAN AMERICAN AND AMISH HERITAGE IN THE U. S. 6 References Health Care for African American Patients/Families. (2011, May 16). Retrieved May 15, 2018, from dimensionsofculture.com/2011/05/health-care-for-african-americanpatientsfamilies/ Smith, M. (2001). Writing a successful paper. The Trey Research Monthly, 53, 149-150. Weyer, S. M., Hustey, V. R., Rathbun, L., Armstrong, V. L., Anna, S. R., & Ronyak, J. et al. (2003). A look into the Amish culture: What should we learn? Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 14(2), 139-145. World Health Organization (2007). Mental health: Strengthening mental health promotion Retrieved 7/30/09, from www.who.int/entity/mediacentre/factsheets/fs220/en/nn Running head: PEOPLE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN HERITAGE AND AMISH HERITAGE 1 People of African American Heritage and Amish Heritage Karen Echenique Culture in Nursing Florida National University Prof. Cassandre Milien, MSN PEOPLE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN HERITAGE AND AMISH HERITAGE 2 People of African Heritage and Amish Heritage The African American culture which is also known as the Black culture in America is the mix of African descent in Americans in our society. The African American culture is the most influential culture in the United States to this day. Owing to slavery, African Americans were restricted of many of their ethnic practices including, values and traditions. Several of these customs were blended and influenced with the white culture in America. Although Black culture was reshaped due to slavery, it is one of the most unique cultures that have impacted the American culture immensely. Subsequently after the emancipation of slaves in the United States, the traditions of black culture continued to surpass other cultures especially in literature, music, religion, food and art. On the other hand, Amish, also known as Amish Mennonite began emigrating to North American from Europe around the 18th Century. They originally Settled in the east side of Pennsylvania, where there is still great amount of residents. A separation between the religion occurred after 1850 which created two groups amongst the religion: “New Amish” which accepted technological innovation and believed in social change and “Traditional Amish” who abided to the older ways of the religion. The main aspects of the Amish church is that family and community is separated from the rest of society. Their language is a mix of German and English dialects. The Amish are best known for their old-fashioned aspects; plain clothing, furniture, transportation etc. and the use of electricity and technology is avoided. Originally, patients of African American descent were defined as “Blacks” however, most recently this is not the best terminology to describe these persons because people of African descent may have light complexion. African Americans in our society today have bleneded PEOPLE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN HERITAGE AND AMISH HERITAGE 3 heritages and it is important not to generalize race with skin color in the health care setting. Families may be matriarchal, although the role may be shared in some families. Health and Diet disparities studies have showed that residents in low-income neighborhoods of AfricanAmericans are at increased risks for health disparities. A lack of access to health care and health insurance contributes to the prevalence of chronic illnesses. African Americans have strong connections with religion, especially Christianity, however, many follow Islam. Moreover, many African Americans are becoming health conscious recently, where they seek treatments and health screenings. Healthcare for the Amish may vary from family to family but most are less likely to seek medical attention because they believe God is the ultimate healer. The Amish turn to alternative forms of treatment for minor illnesses like: folk remedies and herbal teas. Most Amish patients reject health insurance coverage and shame birth control. Abortions are forbidden by the religion even if the mother is enduring a life-threatening pregnancy. They do not rule out immunizations but only 16-26% of Amish children have actually received preventive immunizations. Nurses must be extra careful not to over educate Amish women to practice contraception and instructions must be given in a simple manner; higher education is not allowed. References Britannica, T. E. (2018, December 14). Amish. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Amish LibGuides: Celebrating African American Culture & History: Home. (2018, January 25). Retrieved from https://guides.hmcpl.org/AfricanAmericanHistory
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