School Nurses Awareness & Attitudes Toward Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children article Discussion

Guidelines for Critiquing a Research Study Report (quantitative) Aspects of the Report Critiquing Questions Title • Abstract • Introduction • • Statement of the problem • • • • • • Hypothesis or research Question Literature review Conceptual/ theoretical framework Methods • Protection of participant’s right • Are research questions and /or

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hypothesis explicitly stated if not, is there absence justified? • Are questions and hypothesis appropriately worded, with clear specifications of key variables and the study population? • Are the questions/hypotheses consistent with the literature review and the conceptual framework? • Is the literature review up to date and based mainly on primary sources? • Does the review provide a state-of-the art synthesis of evidence on the research problem • Does the literature review provide a solid basis for a new study • Are key concepts adequately defined conceptually? • Is there a conceptual/ theoretical framework, rationale? If so is it appropriate? If not, is the absence justified? • Were appropriate procedures used to safeguard the rights of study participants? Was the study subject to external review by an IRB/ethics review board? Was the study designed to minimize risks and maximize benefits to participants? • • Research design Is the title a good one, succinctly suggesting key variables and the study population? Does the abstract clearly and concisely summarize the main features of the report (problem method, results, and conclusion)? Is the problem stated unambiguously, and is it easy to identify? Does the problem statement build a persuasive argument for the new study? Does the problem have significance for nursing Are the questions/ hypothesis consistent with the literature review and conceptual framework? Guidelines for Grading 5pt 20pt 30pt • • • Population and sample Data collection and measurement Procedures Results • Data analysis • Was the most rigorous possible design used, given the purpose of the research study? • Were appropriate comparisons made to enhance interpretability of the findings? • Was the number of data collection points appropriate? • Did the design minimize biases and threats to the internal construct, and external validity of the study (e.g., was blinding used, was attrition minimized?) • Was the population identified and described? Was the sample described in sufficient detail? • Was the best possible sample design used to enhance the sample’s representativeness? Were sample biases minimized? • Was the sample size adequate? Was a power analysis used to estimate sample size needs? • Are the operational and conceptual definitions congruent? • Were key variables operationalized using the best possible methods (e.g, interviews, or observations,) and with adequate justification? • Are the specific instrument adequately described and were they good choices given the study purpose and study population? • Does the report provide evidence that the data collection methods yield data that were high on reliability and validity? • If there was an intervention, is it adequately described, and was it properly implemented? Did most participants allocated to the intervention group actually receive the intervention? Was there evidence of intervention fidelity? • Were data collected in a manner that minimized bias? Was the staff that collected data appropriately trained? • Were analysis undertaken to address each research question or test each hypothesis? 25pt • • • • Findings Discussion • Interpretation of findings • Was the information about statistical significance presented? • Are the findings adequately summarized, with good use of tables and figures • Are the findings reported in a manner that facilitates a meta-analysis, with sufficient information needed for EBP? • Are all major findings interpreted and discussed within the context of prior research and/or the study’s conceptual framework? Were causal inferences, if any, justified? Are the interpretations consistent with the results and with the study’s limitations? Does the report address the issue of generalizability? Do the researchers discuss the implications of the study for clinical practice or further research and are those implications reasonable? • • • • • Implications/ recommendations Global Issues (optional) • Presentation • Research credibility • Were appropriate statistical methods used, given the level of measurement of the variables, number of groups being compared? Was the most powerful analytic methods used? Was type I and II errors avoided? 20pts 5Pt EC • • Is the report well written, well organized and sufficiently detailed for critical analysis? Was the report written in a manner that makes the findings accessible to practicing nurses? • Do the researchers’ qualifications and experience enhance confidence in the findings and their interpretation? • Despite any identified limitations, do the study findings appear valid? Do you have confidence in the truth-value of the results? • Does the study contribute any meaningful evidence that can be used in nursing practice or that it is useful to the nursing discipline? Summary assessment Guidelines for Critiquing a Research Study Report (qualitative) Aspect of the report Critiquing Questions Guidelines for grading Title • Was the title a good one, suggesting the key phenomenon and the group or community under study? Abstract Introduction • Statement of problem • Does the abstract clearly and concisely summarize the main features of the report? 5pt • Is the problem stated unambiguously, and is it easy to identify? Does the problem statement build a persuasive argument for the new study? Does the problem have significance for nursing Is there a good match between the research problem on the one hand and the paradigm, tradition, and method on the other? 20pt • • • Research questions • Literature review • • • • Conceptual underpinnings • • Are research questions explicitly stated? If not is their absence justified? Are the questions consistent with the study’s Philosophical basis, underlying tradition, conceptual framework, or ideological orientation? Does the report adequately summarize the body of knowledge related to the problem or phenomenon of interest? Does the literature review provide a solid basis for a new study? • Are key concepts adequately defined Conceptually? • Is the Philosophical basis, underlying tradition, conceptual framework, or ideological orientation made explicit? • Methods Protection of participant’s rights • • • Research design and research tradition Were appropriate procedures used to safeguard the rights of study participants? Was the study subject to external review by an IRB/ethics review board? Was the study designed to minimize risks and maximize benefits to participants? 30pt • • • Is the identified research tradition (if any) congruent with the methods used to collect and analyze data? • Was an adequate amount of time spent in the field or with study participants? • Did the design unfold in the field, giving researcher opportunities to capitalize on early understandings? • Were there an adequate number of contacts with study participants? • Was the group or population of interest adequately described? Were the setting and sample described in sufficient detail? Was the approach used to gain access to the site or to recruit participants appropriate? Was the best possible method of sampling used to enhance information richness and address the needs of the study? Was the sample size adequate? Was saturation achieved? Sample and setting Data collection • • • • • Procedures Enhancement of trustworthiness • Were the methods of gathering data appropriate? Were data gathered through two or more methods to achieve triangulation? • Did the researcher ask the right questions or make the right observations, and were they recorded in an appropriate fashion? • Was a sufficient amount of data gathered? Was the data of sufficient depth and richness? • Were data collection and recording procedures adequately described and do they appear appropriate? • Were data collected in a manner that minimized bias or behavioral distortions? Were the staff who collected data appropriately trained? • Did the researchers use strategies to enhance the trustworthiness/integrity of the study, and was the description of those strategies adequate? Results • Data analysis • • • Were the methods used to enhance trustworthiness appropriate and sufficient? • Did the researcher document research procedures and decision processes sufficiently that findings are auditable and confirmable? • Is there evidence of researcher reflexivity? • Were the data management and data analysis methods sufficiently described? • Were the data analysis strategy compatible with the research tradition and with the nature and type of data gathered? • Did the analysis yield an appropriate produce (e.g. thematic pattern)? • Did the analytic procedures suggest the possibility of biases? • Were the findings effectively summarized, with good use of excerpts and supporting arguments? • Do the themes adequately capture the meaning of the data? Does it appear that the researcher satisfactorily conceptualized the themes or patterns in the data? • Did the analysis yield an insightful, provocative, authentic, and meaningful picture of the phenomenon under investigation? • Are the themes or patterns logically connected to each other to form a convincing and integrated whole? • Were figures, maps, or models used effectively to summarize conceptualizations? • If a conceptual framework guided the study, are themes or patterns linked to it in a cogent manner? Findings Theoretical integration Discussion 25pt 20pt • • Interpretation of findings Implications /recommendations Global issues( optional) • Presentation • Researcher credibility • Summary assessment • Are the findings interpreted within an appropriate social or cultural context? • Are major findings interpreted and discussed within the context of prior studies? • Are the interpretations consistent with the studies’ limitations • Does the report support transferability of the findings? • Do the researchers discuss the implications of the study for clinical practice or further inquiry and are those implications reasonable and complete? • Was the report well written, well organized, and sufficiently detailed for critical analysis • Was the description of the methods, findings, and interpretations sufficiently rich and vivid? • Do the researchers’ clinical qualifications and experience enhance confidence in the findings and interpretation? • Do the study findings appear to be trustworthy? Do you have confidence in the truth-value of the results? • Does the study contribute any meaningful evidence that can be used in nursing practice or that it is useful to the nursing discipline? 5pt EC
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